År 1845 fick Sverige sin första moderna lagstiftning för expropriation. Syftet med denna uppsats är att redogöra för det som ledde fram till lagen, hur och varför den utformades som den gjorde samt hur lagstiftningen utvecklats fram till och med 2010 års förändringar. Vidare kommer de förändringar som genomfördes 2010 att jämföras med 1845 års förordning och då särskilt ersättningsreglerna. Det går att argumentera för att vi i 2010 års förändringar sett en återgång till 1845 års principer.

This project investigates the possibility of expropriating the industrial infrastructure of a now defunct oil refinery for the bioremediation of toxic soils, restoration of functional riparian ecologies, and reinhabitation of the site by human and non-human life. The context of the project is based on the assumption that such an undertaking is highly unlikely under the current economic and political paradigm. As such it is situated in the distant future, the result of prolonged liberatory struggles over many generations. / Master of Architecture / On the shores of the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia, the largest and longest operating oil refinery on the east coast has been recently closed following a massive explosion. The 1300+ acre facility is heavily polluted and contaminated with a multitude of toxic chemicals. This project proposes using the existing refinery infrastructure in conjunction with biological processes to clean the contaminated soil and make the site fit for all types of life again. Riparian ecosystems (those at the edges of waterways) are some of the most important to planetary healthy, and as such are an important area of focus in repairing the damage wrought by large-scale industrial and petrochemical processes. Because these processes of repair and reinhabitation require long periods of time, this project is imagined in a distant future.

This diploma thesis deals with expert activities, which are following the connection with expropriation process. The work is divided into three parts, each of them is targeted by specification and contant. First are analyzed the basic related concepts of this thesis, the continuence of expropriation process and historical background of expropriation. Attention is also paid to the protection and limitation of proprietary rights. The second part deals with expert activity and status in the expropriation process. The final part of the thesis is a purely practical one. The content is related to the creation of a practice expert judgement for expropriation purpose, from which describe its structure.

The purpose with this work is to investigate how much effect the value decrease following the expropriation has on the total compensation for acquisitions on expropriation grounds and the extent of acquisitions of entire properties where value decrease may have occurred. The value decrease originates from the business, which expropriation is made for. This value decrease is compensated in the influence rule in the Expropriation Act (1972:719). The reason value decrease has an impact on the total compensation is because no surcharge is given the compensation in the influence rule. While it three years ago was instituted a surcharge of 25% in the Expropriation Act (EA) for the compensation for the property's value at the acquisition date. The strongest reason for the introduction of the surcharge was to strengthen the property rights of property owners when their properties are acquired on expropriations purposes. But the difference in surcharge means that the compensation will be inconsistent, depending on whether the value decrease has occurred or not. The arising of the difference in total compensation has emerged from studies of the EA and its propositions. Furthermore, it emerges from the Environmental Code that properties acquired in its entirety as a result of environmental damage, i.e. activities that lead to damage to other properties, will also be compensated in the influence rule and thus no surcharge will be given. To investigate how many properties that have been acquired on expropriation purposes, where damage may have occurred and is compensated through the influence rule, there has been an empirical study of Trafikverket´s property acquisitions. Furthermore, Malmberget has been included in efforts to highlight the extent of land acquisition where properties may be subject to damages under the influence rule. In the empirical study, 166 properties acquired by Trafikverket in the past three years have been studied. 44 of these have been acquired for the construction of roads or railroads, whose activities may have resulted in a value decrease on the properties acquired. 122 properties were probably acquired as a result of environmental damage. Results from the study show that the influence rule might have been used in several acquisitions made in recent years and therefore had an impact on the total compensation. As the full compensation does not get the surcharge of 25%, the compensation as mentioned earlier becomes inconsistent. This does not seem reasonable when the motive behind the proposition was to strengthen the ownership. Thus, it should be the loss of the owner right that gets compensated and therefore the compensation through the influence rule also should be given the surcharge. / Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka hur stor inverkan företagsskada kan ha på den totala ersättningen vid förvärv på expropriationsgrunder och i vilken omfattning förvärv av hela fastigheter, där företagsskada kan ha förekommit, har skett. Företagsskada är den värdeminskning en verksamhet, vilken expropriation sker för, leder till på fastighet som ska förvärvas. Denna skada ska ersättas enligt influensregeln i expropriationslagen (1972:719). Anledning till att företagsskada har påverkan på den totala ersättningen är att det inte utgår något påslag för ersättning enligt influensregeln, medan det för tre år sedan instiftades ett påslag om 25 % i expropriationslagen (ExL) för den ersättning som ska utgå för fastighetens värde vid förvärvstillfället. Det starkaste motivet till att införa detta påslag var att stärka äganderätten för fastighetsägare när deras fastigheter förvärvas på expropriationsgrunder. Skillnaden med påslaget kan leda till att ersättningen blir inkonsekvent, beroende på om företagsskada föreligger eller inte. Att det uppkommer en skillnad i den totala ersättningen har framkommit i studier av ExL och dess propositioner. Vidare framkommer det av miljöbalken att fastigheter som förvärvas i sin helhet till följd av miljöskada, d.v.s. verksamhet som leder till skada på annan fastighet, även denna ska ersättas enligt influensregeln och inte ges något påslag. För att undersöka hur många fastigheter som har förvärvats på expropriationsgrunder, där skada som ska ersättas enligt influensregeln kan ha uppkommit, har en empirisk studie av Trafikverkets fastighetsförvärv gjorts. Vidare har även Malmberget inkluderats i arbetet för att belysa omfattning av fastighetsförvärv där fastigheter kan vara utsatta för skada enligt influensregeln. I den empiriska studien har 166 fastigheter förvärvade av Trafikverket under de tre senaste åren undersökts. 44 styckena av dessa har förvärvats för att uppföra anläggning, vars verksamhet kan ha lett till företagsskada på förvärvad fastighet. 122 styckena har troligen förvärvats till följd av miljöskada. Resultatet från studien visar att influensregeln kan ha använts vid flertalet förvärv under de senaste åren och därför haft en påverkan på den totala ersättningen. I och med att ersättningen i sin helhet inte ges påslaget om 25 % blir ersättningen som tidigare nämnt inkonsekvent. Detta känns inte skäligt då det i propositionen framgår att det är äganderätten som ska stärkas. Således bör det vid förlorande av äganderätt, till följd av förvärv på expropriationsgrunder, utgå ett påslag även för ersättning som ska bestämmas enligt influensregeln.

When mining companies extract minerals from the earth, they leave huge deposits of soil and ore next to the mining site. These deposits are commonly known as tailings. In most instances, tailings contain a considerable amount of valuable mineral resources which cannot be exploited because of a lack of appropriate equipment, or as a result of economic non-viability. However, many mining companies choose to keep and maintain these tailings, in the hope that such minerals can later be exploited when time or technology allows for this. Under common-law the owner of a property is considered to also own any minerals contained on the property, in terms of the principle of cuius est solum. In South African law, however, a practice evolved whereby owners of minerals separated rights to minerals from the surface rights on the property. This created a mining right which was independent from the land and could be transferred to third parties, often in return for compensation. Under the Minerals Act of 1991 the owner of a mining right over a property (be that the owner of the property or a third-party mining right holder) also held the mining right to tailings which were created as a result of mining activities under the right. Thus, if a mining company performed mining activities on a property, the company was also free to exploit the tailings which were left next to its mine, regardless of whether the dump had remained there for a long period of time. Owing to South Africa's long history of mining, some tailings are over a century old and resemble small mountains rather than mining deposits. The Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act of 2002 changed the entire mineral legislative regime in South Africa. Whereas owners of land were previously free to separate and sell their rights to minerals to anyone they wished, the MPRDA placed the country‟s mineral and petroleum resources under the state's "custodianship." Where the law talks about custodianship, however, it supposedly refers only to minerals that have not yet been extracted from the earth. It is well established in South African law that, once a mineral is extracted, it becomes the movable property of the person who extracted it – in other words, that of the mining company. Does this mean that minerals in tailings also fall under the state's custodianship? The Free State High Court did not think so. In the case of De Beers v Ataqua it held that, in terms of the common law principles of acquisition by way of attachment, tailings are clearly movable property and therefore belong to the mining company who created them. For the MPRDA to hold otherwise would amount to expropriation. The state did not wish for some mining activities to be regulated by a different set of legislation, so it amended the MPRDA to try and define "residue deposits" (the name by which the MPRDA calls tailings) more clearly. However, due to the legislature's unfortunate choice of wording, tailings created before the enactment of the MPRDA are still, strictly speaking, not regulated by that Act. So the legislature proposed another amendment to the Act, this time making sure that any historical mine dump created at any point in South Africa's history are placed under the Act's regime. The subject matter of this study is whether the above amendments to the MPRDA could be considered to be expropriation. For background purposes, a brief overview of the Ataqua decision as well as the subsequent amendments to the MPRDA will be given. Then the history of mining legislation and the development of a separate mining right will be summarised. The reason for this summary is to establish whether, in terms of constitutional litigation, a clear right has been established for purposes of protection under section 25 of the Constitution. The last phase of the study will look at the particular characteristics of expropriation and ask the question whether acquisition of a right by the state is always a fundamental requirement for expropriation to take place. It is submitted that the destruction of an entire class of property by way of legislation, amounts to so-called "institutional expropriation," which is subject to compensation in terms of section 25. / LLM (Environmental Law and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

When mining companies extract minerals from the earth, they leave huge deposits of soil and ore next to the mining site. These deposits are commonly known as tailings. In most instances, tailings contain a considerable amount of valuable mineral resources which cannot be exploited because of a lack of appropriate equipment, or as a result of economic non-viability. However, many mining companies choose to keep and maintain these tailings, in the hope that such minerals can later be exploited when time or technology allows for this. Under common-law the owner of a property is considered to also own any minerals contained on the property, in terms of the principle of cuius est solum. In South African law, however, a practice evolved whereby owners of minerals separated rights to minerals from the surface rights on the property. This created a mining right which was independent from the land and could be transferred to third parties, often in return for compensation. Under the Minerals Act of 1991 the owner of a mining right over a property (be that the owner of the property or a third-party mining right holder) also held the mining right to tailings which were created as a result of mining activities under the right. Thus, if a mining company performed mining activities on a property, the company was also free to exploit the tailings which were left next to its mine, regardless of whether the dump had remained there for a long period of time. Owing to South Africa's long history of mining, some tailings are over a century old and resemble small mountains rather than mining deposits. The Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act of 2002 changed the entire mineral legislative regime in South Africa. Whereas owners of land were previously free to separate and sell their rights to minerals to anyone they wished, the MPRDA placed the country‟s mineral and petroleum resources under the state's "custodianship." Where the law talks about custodianship, however, it supposedly refers only to minerals that have not yet been extracted from the earth. It is well established in South African law that, once a mineral is extracted, it becomes the movable property of the person who extracted it – in other words, that of the mining company. Does this mean that minerals in tailings also fall under the state's custodianship? The Free State High Court did not think so. In the case of De Beers v Ataqua it held that, in terms of the common law principles of acquisition by way of attachment, tailings are clearly movable property and therefore belong to the mining company who created them. For the MPRDA to hold otherwise would amount to expropriation. The state did not wish for some mining activities to be regulated by a different set of legislation, so it amended the MPRDA to try and define "residue deposits" (the name by which the MPRDA calls tailings) more clearly. However, due to the legislature's unfortunate choice of wording, tailings created before the enactment of the MPRDA are still, strictly speaking, not regulated by that Act. So the legislature proposed another amendment to the Act, this time making sure that any historical mine dump created at any point in South Africa's history are placed under the Act's regime. The subject matter of this study is whether the above amendments to the MPRDA could be considered to be expropriation. For background purposes, a brief overview of the Ataqua decision as well as the subsequent amendments to the MPRDA will be given. Then the history of mining legislation and the development of a separate mining right will be summarised. The reason for this summary is to establish whether, in terms of constitutional litigation, a clear right has been established for purposes of protection under section 25 of the Constitution. The last phase of the study will look at the particular characteristics of expropriation and ask the question whether acquisition of a right by the state is always a fundamental requirement for expropriation to take place. It is submitted that the destruction of an entire class of property by way of legislation, amounts to so-called "institutional expropriation," which is subject to compensation in terms of section 25. / LLM (Environmental Law and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Depuis la création de la ville de Shanghai, un système de la gestion de la construction urbaine relativement complet a été formé au fur et à mesure, qui est basé sur le système politique et économique des concessions étrangères , inclut le système de la gestion de l’urbanisme et le système de l’utilisation de terrain. En tant que le soutien technique, l’urbanisme agit sur le système de la gestion de la construction urbaine et il est également réalisé par ce système. Le système de l’expropriation de terrain est le pivot de ce régime et aussi la base de l’évolution de l’espace public, par conséquent, les caractéristiques de l’évolution progressive organique du développement de l’espace public des concessions étrangères ont été formées. La présente thèse fait une recherche sur les facteurs du système au cours de la construction urbaine depuis la création de la ville de Shanghai jusqu’aux années 30 du XXe siècle et également sur son influence sur l’espace public. Les objets de cette recherche sont principalement le comité municipal de la concession internationale, les établissements municipaux de la concession française, de la zone chinoise et de la mairie de Shanghai du parti nationaliste. La conclusion est un résumé sur la relation entre le système de la gestion de la construction urbaine, l’urbanisme et l’espace public et donne de l’aspiration à l’égard de la société d’aujourd’hui. / Since Shanghai’s Opening to foreign trade, a rather complete Urban Construction Administration System has been developed in the foreign settlement. It was based on the political system and economic system, including the Urban Planning Administration System and the Land Use System. Urban Planning was a technical support to the Urban Construction Administration System. However, its realization was based on the system whose key is the institution about Eminent Domain. In such a mechanism lied the reason for the evolution of public space. Thus, an “organic” and gradual changing way became the identity of the public space of the International Settlement. This dissertation is a research on the institutional factors in the urban constructions and the influence they had on the evolution of public space. The research focused on the period from the Opening to the 1930’, and on the area of International Settlement. Some comparisons are made among the municipal councils of International Settlement, the French Concession, and the city government of KMT’s. The epilogue is a summarization of the relationships among the institution, the planning and the public space, and some inspires will be found.

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / This research places in context a proposed case study of land and property rights of a dispossessed Stockenström (Eastern Cape) community forcibly removed to Friemersheim (Western Cape) during the apartheid era, between 1985 and 1986. This dispossessed community has yet to receive appropriate compensation for that expropriation in the form of restoration of their property rights. This study examines the specifics of the legislative framework, which underpinned the circumstances of their land expropriation, as well as the pattern of land dispossession in South Africa during this era. To this end, it examines the impact of land-related apartheid legislation, which directly and indirectly influenced this community. It focuses on discussions, many of the parliamentary proclamations and statutes such as those passed in 1913, and beyond, which provided the legal context for large-scale land grabs, and contrasts these with the post-1994 land reformation programme. Finally, this research examines the practical implementation of the 1994 land reform programme, especially the component of restitution, with particular reference to the displaced Stockenström community who find themselves facing huge challenges in a democratic South Africa, even after they applied the new rights accorded to them in the land reform programme. It outlines the significance of the new legislative rights conferred on those dispossessed and tracks their land claims successes and failures.

No description available.

Diss.--Fachbereich Rechtswissenschaften--Universität Hannover, 1999. / Contient un choix de documents. Bibliogr. p. 227-242.