The present study was undertaken to determine whether significant differences exist between delinquent and non-delinquent adolescent females in terms of three personality variables, specifically: (1) neuroticism, (2) extroversion, and (3) self concept. An underlying assumption of the study was that all three of the variables would be significantly different between the delinquent and the non-delinquent populations. The expectation was that delinquents would score high in neuroticism and extroversion and low in self concept while the non-delinquents would manifest moderate to low scores in neuroticism and extroversion and would score significantly higher than the delinquent group in the area of self concept.The non-delinquent population was selected from a public community school and consisted of 66 subjects who were chosen by their teachers, counselors, and administrators as representing model school citizens. The delinquent population was selected from three separate correctional institutions within the state of Indiana. This population was composed of 51 girls who had been adjudicated delinquent by the court. The total of 117 subjects was ultimately reduced to two groups of 40, giving a total of 80 subjects who met the following criteria: (1) they were females between the ages of 13 and 18, (2) they were of the Caucasian race, (3) they were not suspected of having brain damage or of being functionally retarded, psychotic, borderline psychotic, or dyslexic, (4) they were able to read at the sixth grade level or above, and (5) they met the delinquent or non-delinquent criteria.The Tennessee Self Concept Scale, Eysenck Personality Inventory, and the Wide Range Vocatulary Test were administered to the subjects.The data gathered from the Tennessee Self Concept Scale and the Eysenck Personality Inventory were treated by one-way multivariate analysis of variance, univariate analysis of variance, and Pearson product moment correlation coefficients. Significant correlations were found within each group between the variables of self concept and neuroticism, and the correlations for these variables were negative indicating an inverse relationship. The directions of these variables, as indicated by their group means, were high neuroticism and low self concept for the delinquent group and high self concept and low neuroticism for the non--delinquent group. There was a high positive correlation between the variables of self concept and extroversion among the non-delinquent group; however, the correlation of these two variables for the delinquent group was not significant. Likewise, the variables of neuroticism and extroversion had a significant negative correlation for the non-delinquent population, but did not show a significant correlation for the delinquent population.Univariate analysis of variance indicated that self concept, as measured by the Total P of the Tennessee Self Concept Scale, was significant at the p c.0001 level in differentiating between delinquent and non-delinquent adolescent females. Neuroticism as measured by the Eysenck Personality Inventory was significant at the p c.005 level in differentiating between delinquent and non-delinquent girls. Extroversion was not a significant variable in differentiating between groups.Within the limitations of the study, it was concluded that low self concept and high neuroticism were traits highly characteristic of the delinquent population while high self concept and low neuroticism were traits which were highly characteristic of the non-delinquent population.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2006. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-144). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

M.A. (Industrial Psychology) / The South African Personality Inventory (SAPI) project is an attempt to develop an indigenous personality measure that can be applied within the South African context. Such a measure is important as test developers and users are required to meet the requirements stipulated in South African legislation. The Extraversion cluster is one of the nine factors that make up the SAPI measure. The main aim of this study was to validate the Extraversion cluster for use within South Africa which included testing for equivalence and bias amongst the Germani, Nguni and Sotho language groups. A quantitative, cross-sectional research design was used within the current study. Data was gathered from working South Africans (N= 891) within the Gauteng province. The preliminary Extraversion scale consists of 31 items that yielded a three factor structure, namely Sociability, Talkativeness and Positive Emotionality. The Talkativeness factor was not found to be reliable although the overall Extraversion scale was identified as reliable. It was also found that Extraversion, as the higher order factor, was valid and reliable and had greater explanatory power than that of the individual factors. The results of the study also indicated that some of the language groups viewed the factors differently and that bias did occur for several of the items across the groups.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka om introverta och extroverta individer har samma förutsättningar för att nå arbetstillfredsställelse i aktivitetsbaserade arbetssätt. Studien genomfördes som en explorativ, kvalitativ fallstudie av två IT-företag. Ett målstyrt urval tillämpades och data samlades in med hjälp av enkäter, vilka besvarades av 13 medarbetare på respektive företag. Detta resulterade i totalt 26 enkätsvar lika fördelade mellan extroverta och introverta individer. För att bearbeta och analysera det insamlade materialet användes en tematisk analysmetod vilken resulterade i två huvudteman och fem underteman. Resultatet visade att både introverta och extroverta individer efterfrågade fler, och större variation av, tysta zoner. Det framkom att extroverta individer uppskattade socialt utbyte och interaktion i högre grad än introverta. Introverta individer betonade istället vikten av regler, stördes mer av distraktioner som inte innebar någon direkt interaktion med andra människor och hade ett större behov av en arbetsmiljö med färre distraktioner. Sammantaget visade fallstudien att introverta och extroverta individer har olika förutsättningar för att nå arbetstillfredsställelse, men att deras olika behov kan tillgodoses i aktivitetsbaserade arbetssätt.

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‘Survival of the fittest’ aptly describes the work environment. Employees and the organisations for which they work are therefore required to have various skills sets to afford them a competitive advantage in the job market. This is one of the many reasons why private and public organisations make use of the assessment center, and specifically the behaviour observation exercise to evaluate and select future personnel. Although the behaviour observation exercise provides the rater with rich information regarding a candidate’s skills, rater errors that are often inadvertent can result from a rater’s inherent subjectivity. One such error, central to this study, is Introversion/Extraversion bias. This type of bias plays out when raters rate candidates with personality types similar to their own more favorably than other candidates when the candidate’s degree of introversion or extraversion should not be considered relevant to the selection criteria. This study aims to explore the effect of Introversion/Extraversion bias on the scores of behaviour observation exercises performed during a leadership assessment center in a security environment. The sample consists of 103 participants (14 raters and 89 candidates) all belonging to the same security organisation. The researcher conducts a cross-sectional, non-experimental field study. Candidate as well as rater Introversion/Extraversion preferences are measured by the Jung Personality Questionnaire (JPQ). The scores of two behaviour observation exercises are used to explore the interaction effect between rater Introversion/Extraversion and candidate Introversion/Extraversion. Point-biserial correlations, independent t-tests as well as a one-way ANOVA are used to test the hypotheses. No interaction effect is identified between rater Introversion/Extraversion and candidate Introversion/Extraversion, indicating that raters did not score candidates with similar personality types to their own more favorably. However, the results indicate that extraverted candidates were rated higher by both introverted and extraverted raters and are consequently perceived to have performed better in both behaviour observation exercises. The study postulates that the nature of the exercises, which require high levels of engagement with fellow team members (a typical strength of extraverts), is one of the main contributors to the perception that extraverted individuals are better performers. The results of this study not only contribute to the lacuna in research on the topic, but also to the development of an unbiased behaviour observation exercise within this security organisation. Copyright 2011, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: De Beer, E 2011, The influence of introversion/extraversion bias on leadership assessment with behaviour observation, MCom dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03302012-154446 / > C12/4/136/gm / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Human Resource Management / unrestricted

Heart rate variability as a measure of cardiovascular health and autonomic activity correlates with psychological resiliency but is not consistently related to trait extraversion, a strong predictor of emotional well-being. This study intends to clarify research findings about trait extraversion and heart rate variability by identifying the context and nature of the relationship between extraversion and physiological responses. As a secondary analysis of data from a study comparing biofeedback and compassionate breathing, extraversion scores were compared with heart rate variability data at three different points including prior to a stressor, during exposure to a stressor, and recovery to a stressor to determine the influence of extraversion on stress reactivity and stress recovery. In our sample population of 80 participants who were mostly young and in good health determined by self-report, the average extraversion score 79.14. Linear regression was used to compare differences at each time point and data was analyzed for significance at p=.05; a post-hoc power analysis revealed β = .81, 1 – β. There were no significant findings between extraversion and heart rate variability at any time point. The results of this study support no relationship between extraversion, health, and stress-resiliency.

Sixty-five college students completed the Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity (PONS) and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. The results did not support the hypothesis that introverts would be found to be relatively more sensitive to negative nonverbal cues than to positive cues, and that this difference would be greater for introverts than for extroverts. The outcome did not support predictions concerning the relationship between sensitivity to nonverbal communication and extroversion- introversion based on either Gray's fear-frustration hypothesis or Eysenck's general conditionability hypothesis of extroversion-introversion.

This study investigated the effects of extraversion and maintenance strategy choice on perceived relational satisfaction in marital dyads. Three research questions were addressed in this study. RQ #1 examined the relationship between extraversion and maintenance strategy preference. RQ #2 examined the various introvert/extravert (i/e) combinations to determine if satisfaction was reported higher or lower in any of the dyad combinations. RQ #3 investigated the correlation between maintenance strategy choice and satisfaction. Participants (71 married couples with diverse ages and lengths of marriage) were administered three measures for evaluation: a marital satisfaction measure, an i/e measure, and a maintenance strategy assessment. It was anticipated that individuals characterized by different degrees of extraversion would rely on different relational maintenance strategies to restore marital equity. Out of five groupings of relational maintenance strategies (assurances, positivity, reliance on social networks, openness, and sharing tasks), a statistically significant correlation was found to exist only between extraversion and reliance on social networks. The correlation suggests that the more extraverted a person is, the more he/she will attempt to use communication and disclosure techniques with common friends and family to help maintain the marital relationship. Within the context of reported marital satisfaction, no statistically significant differences were found to exist between any of the four marital pairings for i!e in marital dyads. This finding informs us that marital satisfaction, in and of itself, does not appear to have any significant relationship to the i/e dynamic. Finally, three of the maintenance strategies (positivity, networking, and assurances) were significantly correlated with marital satisfaction. The assurances strategy, in particular, was an especially strong correlate, revealing that couples who use assuring maintenance strategies in their communication report higher satisfaction in their marriages.

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