To master English is a clear advantage in Swedish society and throughout compulsory school, the English subject is mandatory in each grade. Language learning is a lengthy and demanding task that requires effort and determination. Consequently, it is crucial to sustain motivation among the learners, which requires motivational and conscious teaching. There are a number of strategies that through research have indicated motivational capacity. In this empirical study, teachers’ and pupils’ perception of the motivational influence of different strategies were examined. The method was quantitative and surveys were used to collect data from the teachers (N=10) and the pupils (N=142). The results show that the teachers regard their own behavior and a stimulating, varied teaching as most important, whilst the pupils prioritize clear and understandable instructions and are concerned with a pleasant classroom climate, where humour is present and where it is safe to make mistakes. In addition, the results indicate that teachers, as well as pupils, are not particularly interested of a transmission of responsibility from the teachers to the pupils. / <p>Engelska</p>

El objetivo general de esta investigación es explicar, desde las ciencias administrativas, si es posible incrementar extrínsecamente la motivación intrínseca laboral. Para ello, se plantean, explican e interpretan diversas fuentes, correspondientes a autores y teorías varias. Asimismo, se identifican las principales controversias plasmadas por los autores en esas fuentes. Se precisan y explican conceptos esenciales del trabajo: motivación, motivación intrínseca, motivación extrínseca, factores, características, componentes, y las diferencias que existen entre la motivación intrínseca y la motivación extrínseca, y entre los elementos mencionados. Nuestro aporte consiste en plantear una explicación, desde el campo de la experticia y de la neurociencia, de cuál es el mecanismo neurofisiopsicológico correspondiente a la motivación intrínseca. En la investigación, se utiliza la metodología cualitativa, pues este trabajo es una investigación documental que, primero, aplica procedimientos de recolección, evaluación, selección y registro de las fuentes de información, y, luego, técnicas de análisis y sistematización de esas fuentes. Resulta importante señalar que la investigación es relevante por varios motivos, pero especialmente por lo siguiente: porque el tema es esencial en las líneas de carrera de las ciencias administrativas; porque la develación de aspectos inéditos del tema puede contribuir a aplicaciones prácticas con grandes resultados en las organizaciones; y porque se concentra en el análisis de una variable general, como es la motivación, que es común a todos los seres humanos y que, por tanto, trasciende el interés del ámbito de las ciencias administrativas. / The general objective of this research is to explain, from the administrative sciences, if it is possible to increase extrinsically the intrinsic work motivation. For this, several sources are proposed, explained and interpreted, corresponding to authors and various theories. Likewise, it identifies the main controversies expressed by the authors in those sources. Essential concepts of the work are precised and explained: motivation, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, factors, characteristics, components, and the differences that exist between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and between the mentioned elements. Our contribution consists in proposing an explanation, from the field of expertise and neuroscience, of which is the neurophysiological mechanism corresponding to intrinsic motivation. Qualitative methodology is used in the research, since this work is a documentary research that first applies procedures for collecting, evaluating, selecting and recording information sources, and then techniques for analyzing and systematizing those sources. It is important to point out that the research is relevant for several reasons, but especially for the following: because the subject is essential in the career lines of administrative sciences; because the unveiling of unpublished aspects of the subject can contribute to practical applications with great results in organizations; and because it concentrates on the analysis of a general variable, such as motivation, which is common to all human beings and therefore transcends the interest of the field of administrative sciences. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

[pt] Desde 2008, ano em que a disciplina de Filosofia tornou-se obrigatória nas escolas do Brasil, pesquisadores da área intensificaram seus estudos para o ensino dessa disciplina. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo buscar compreender quais são os fatores intrínsecos e extrínsecos que motivam o aluno do Ensino Médio pela disciplina de Filosofia, à luz da Teoria da Autodeterminação. Para tal, utilizou-se uma entrevista semiestruturada e um questionário, aplicados em uma escola pública e em uma escola privada do Rio de Janeiro, com uma amostra de 12 alunos distribuídos entre o primeiro e o terceiro ano do Ensino Médio. Os instrumentos buscavam averiguar a motivação dos alunos para o estudo de Filosofia no Ensino Médio, comparando sua entrada e sua saída desse segmento. Os dados produzidos sugerem uma forte relação entre a aprendizagem de Filosofia e a motivação intrínseca e reiteram a importância do papel motivacional do professor para o aprendizado do aluno. Este trabalho, tendo apresentado as concepções dos estudantes sobre o conceito de Filosofia e seu ensino, contribui, portanto, para a compreensão dos fatores e contextos que motivam alunos do ensino médio a estudarem Filosofia, fornecendo, assim, pistas para a prática docente e para a elaboração do currículo escolar desse segmento de ensino. / [en] Since 2008, the year when Philosophy became a mandatory subject in Brazilian schools, researchers started focusing their studies in the teaching of that subject. Our research seeks to identify intrinsic and extrinsic factors that motivate high school students for the subject of Philosophy, in light of the Self-Determination Theory. To do so, we used a semi-structured interview and a questionnaire, which were applied in a public school and in a private school in Rio de Janeiro, with a sample of 12 students from the 1st and 3rd years of high school. The instruments asked students about their motivation to learn philosophy. The data obtained suggests a strong relationship between the learning of philosophy and intrinsic motivation. In addition, it confirms the importance of teachers motivational role in for the student learning. This work, having presented the conceptions of students about the concept and teaching of Philosophy, contributes to an understanding of the factors and contexts that generate motivation in students for learning philosophy, thus offering hints for the teaching of that subject and for thinking about school curriculum.

Syftet med studien var att jämföra motivation att studera mellan studenter på civilekonomprogrammet och förskollärarprogrammet på Karlstads universitet. Tre frågeställningar konstruerades: ”Finns det en skillnad mellan studenter som läser civilekonomprogrammet och förskollärarprogrammet med avseende på inre motivation?”, ”Finns det en skillnad mellan studenter som läser civilekonomprogrammet och förskollärarprogrammet med avseende på yttre motivation?” och ” Finns det en skillnad mellan studenter som läser civilekonomprogrammet och förskollärarprogrammet med avseende på amotivation?”. För att undersöka detta genomfördes oberoende t-test. Data samlades in via pappersenkäter från 119 deltagare varav 111 användes för analys. Av dessa 111 var 59 civilekonomstudenter och 52 förskollärarstudenter. Självskattningsinstrumentet Academic Motivation Scale användes för att mäta studiemotivation. Den oberoende variabeln var utbildningsprogram på Karlstads universitet med två nivåer, civilekonomprogrammet och förskollärarprogrammet. De tre motivationsperspektiven inre motivation, yttre motivation och amotivation samt undergrupperna att åstadkomma, förståelse, att stimuleras, yttre reglering, inåtvänd reglering och identifierad reglering utgjorde beroende variabler. Resultaten visade en signifikant skillnad mellan programmen för yttre motivation samt för undergrupperna yttre reglering, identifierad reglering, att stimuleras och förståelse. Detta visade att civilekonomstudenterna drivs mer av ett utsatt mål som de vill uppnå och är mer styrda av belöning och yttre krav än förskollärarstudenterna. Det visade även att förskollärarstudenterna värdesätter det egna valet att studera och har mer nyfikenhet och stimulerande konversationer med sina klasskamrater än civilekonomstudenterna. En ojämn könsfördelning mellan de två klasserna ska beaktas i slutsatsen. Civilekonomstudenterna hade en jämn könsfördelning och visade en signifikant skillnad mellan kvinnor och män med avseende på undergrupperna yttre reglering och att stimuleras. Detta visar att kvinnorna upplever en mer kontrollerad motivation än männen och männen visar mer engagemang i olika uppgifter än kvinnorna. Slutsatsen är att det finns en skillnad i studiemotivationen mellan studenterna i de valda utbildningsprogrammen men att den skillnaden är liten. Endast undergruppen yttre reglering hade en större spridning där civilekonomstudenterna skattade högre än 3 förskollärarstudenterna. Denna studie visar att ett beteende inte styrs av antingen inre eller yttre motivation. Motivationen kan variera i styrka och orientering. / The purpose of this study was to examine the difference in academic motivation in students attending two different college programs. Three specific research questions were constructed: “Is there a difference between students attending the economics program and the preschool teacher program with regard to internal motivation?”, “Is there a difference between students attending the economics program and the preschool teacher program with regard to extrinsic motivation?” and “Is there a difference between students attending the economics program and the preschool teacher program with regard to amotivation? To test this an independent t-test was conducted. A questionnaire was constructed to collect data from 119 participants, of which 111 were used for analysis. From the 111 participants there were 59 responses from students attending the economics program and 52 from the preschool teacher program. The self-assessment questionnaire Academic Motivation Scale was used to measure academic motivation. The independent variable was educational programs at Karlstad university with two conditions, the economics program and the preschool teacher program. The three motivational perspectives internal motivation, extrinsic motivation and amotivation including the subscales to accomplish, to know, to experience stimulation, external regulation, introjected regulation and identified regulation were the dependent variables. The results showed a significant difference between the two programs with regard to extrinsic motivation and the motivational subscales external regulation, identified regulation, to experience stimulation and to know. This showed that the students attending the economics program is more driven by an external goal they wish to achieve and are more affected by rewards and external demand than the students attending the preschool teacher program. It also showed that the preschool teacher students value their own choice to study and are more curious and have more stimulating conversations with their classmates than the economics students. An unequal gender distribution between the two college programs is to be considered in the conclusion. The students attending the economics program had an equal gender distribution and showed a significant difference between men and women with regards to external regulation and to experience stimulation. This shows that the women experience a more controlled motivation than the men and the men show more commitment in various tasks than the women. The conclusion is that there is a difference in academic motivation between the two college programs but that difference is small. Only the subscale external regulation had 5 more variance where the economics students showed a higher value then the preschool teacher student. This study showed that a behavior is not controlled by internal or extrinsic motivation. Motivation can vary in strength and orientation.

In previous research, researchers have looked into different gamified applications of citizen science such as fold.it, Zooniverse and Happy Moths. However, the users and participants of these studies are often on different skill levels, or beginners in the field. In this study, 10 expert users who submit their findings of species to Artdatabanken, an organisation that works in the field of biodiversity, were interviewed to find out their motivations for reporting their findings. This was done with the goal of finding what type of gamification that might suit these expert users to increase the quality of the data submitted through Artportalen, together with any obstacles that might hinder it. Through a latent thematic analysis and comparing the themes to Bartle’s Taxonomy of Players, the results show that these users were mainly of the types ‘achiever’ and ‘socialiser’. The answers were also compared to the theory of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, which showed that the users are mainly reporting because of extrinsic motivation. While this supports the implementation of gamification there were things that would rather be solved by increasing usability.

Citizen science is when ordinary people help with scientific research, e.g. within biodiversity, molecular biology and astronomy. At Artdatabanken, which is an organization that observes biodiversity, citizen science is used to enable data gathering of species in Sweden. Previous research has investigated how to maintain long-term engagement by observing motivation for citizen scientists regardless of skill-levels. In this study, the motivations of experienced citizen scientists are investigated. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with citizen scientists at Artdatabanken, and thematic analysis was used to find themes in the answers.  The participants were open both to increase contributions and to report other species. The results showed mainly extrinsic motivations, which could be due to a lack of reflection of intrinsic motivation. Three main themes were found in the interviews. The first theme, Efficiency, was connected to usability-issues, mainly focusing on time-efficiency and simplifying the reporting tool. The acknowledgement-theme involved motivation to receive recognition for the contributions. The third theme, Knowledge and Understanding, was connected to motivation for increased knowledge regarding species and data. Some suggestions for implementation are presented to make the motivations feasible for design implementations of citizen science systems.

The aim of this essay has been to gain knowledge about how authentic experiences affect students' motivation for their learning of Spanish and to compare how their motivation is influenced by different kinds of authentic experiences. According to Bryman (2006) the most common methods when doing investigations about motivation are questionnaires combined with structured interviews, within a mixed method, with both quantitative and qualitative instruments. The research has therefore been carried out at a Swedish high school, applying questionnaires at 122 students and structured interviews with 8 students. The results were analyzed with the motivational theories; Eccles and Wigfield's expectancy-value theory och Deci och Ryan's self-determination theory. The results show a tendency of a positive attitude towards authentic experiences during lessons. These seem to be used by the teachers, especially in the form of authentic music and film, and students also consider those activities to positively influence motivation and most of them believe that different authentic experiences could increase motivation, increase the posibility to integrate to internal motivation towards Spanish as a subject, but most consider that real and virtual meetings with Spanishspeaking probably will not do so, since the ability to integrate them rather seem that it might inhibit the students' psychosocial needs.

This study explored the associations of students’ intrinsic and extrinsic motivation towards high-stake tests in Physical education. The study collected data with questionnaires from 81 Swedish compulsory school students. The questionnaires in this study were based on the Academic Motivation Scale. Furthermore, this study was based on Self-Determination Theory. In congruence with previous research, this study found that females received a significantly higher grade than male students. The results also suggest that there was no significant difference between the different test-groups actual performance. The results of the study concluded that there are no correlations between motivation [towards high-stake tests] and the actual performance of students. Moreover, students were more motivated by external regulation (receiving higher grades) than intrinsic motivation to know (to learn a skill for life). Students perceived higher test anxiety if they were to perform in front of their classmates. However, the test-groups did not perform statistically differently which then leads to the question on the necessities of using these forms of high-stake test since it does not increase performance but is perceived to be more stressful for students. Further research is necessary to draw any generalizable conclusions if there is any correlation between motivation, high-stake tests, and perceived test anxiety.

Inledning: Techbranschen är en relativt ny men stor och omfattande bransch som ständigt växer. Techbranschen spelar en viktig roll för Sveriges nuvarande och framtida ekonomi. Därav anses techbolag vara relevanta att studera. I den här uppsatsen är de det transformativa ledarskapet och motivation inom techbolag som kommer att undersökas. Detta eftersom ett lyckat ledarskap och anställda som är motiverade anses som väsentligt för att företag ska kunna bli framgångsrika. Forskningsfråga: Hur motiveras anställda av ett transformativt ledarskap inom techbolag? Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva och få en förståelse över det transformativa ledarskapets betydelse för anställdas motivation inom techbolag. Genom en ökad förståelse är målsättningen att utveckla ett teoretiskt ramverk. Teoretisk referensram: Den teoretiska referensramen är uppbyggd av de två centrala delarna transformativt ledarskap och motivation. I den teoretiska referensramen presenteras även Job Characteristics Model som utgör en central del i uppsatsen. Referensramen sammanfattas slutligen i en egen analysmodell. Metod: I denna studie användes en abduktiv forskningsansats. Vidare har en kvalitativ studie genomförts där respondenter från två olika techbolag bidragit till empirin genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Litteraturstudien utfördes genom att samla in teorier från tidigare studier.  Empiri: Det empiriska resultatet av de kvalitativa intervjuerna presenteras. Analys: Genom att ha analyserat respondenternas svar framgår det att alla de fyra olika beteendena som det transformativt ledarskap består av har en betydelse för den inre motivationen men i olika stor utsträckning. De beteenden som anses ha störst betydelse för anställdas inre motivation inom techbolag är intellektuell stimulans och individuell omtanke. I slutet av analysen presenteras det teoretiska ramverket som utformats med stöd av studien. Slutsats: Slutsatsen av den här studien är att det transformativa ledarskapet har en stor betydelse för anställdas motivation inom techbolag. Det transformativa ledarskapet har en direkt positiv påverkan på anställdas inre motivation. Intellektuell stimulans och individuell omtanke är de transformativa ledarskapsbeteenden som visade sig ha störst betydelse för anställdas motivation inom techbolag. Vidare visar studien att ledarens egen arbetsbelastning kan påverka det transformativa ledarskapet negativt. I studien har det även framkommit att transformativt ledarskap har en betydelse för anställdas yttre motivation. / Introduction: The tech industry is a relatively new but large and extensive industry that is constantly growing. The tech industry plays an important role in Sweden's current and future economy. Hence, tech companies are considered relevant to study. In this study, it is transformational leadership and motivation in tech companies that will be examined. This is because successful leadership and motivated employees are considered essential for companies to be successful. Research Question: How does transformational leadership motivate employees in tech companies? Purpose Statement: The purpose of this study is to describe and gain a deeper understanding of the transformational leadership significance for employee motivation in tech companies. Through an increased understanding, the goal is to develop a theoretical framework. The theoretical frame of reference: The theoretical frame of reference is made up of the two central parts of transformational leadership and motivation. The theoretical frame of reference also presents the Job Characteristics Model, which is a central part of the thesis. The frame of reference is finally summarized in a separate analysis model. Method: In this study, an abductive research approach was used. Furthermore, a qualitative study was conducted where respondents from two different tech companies contributed to the empiric through semi-structured interviews. The literature study was performed by collecting theories from previous studies. Empirical data: The empirical results of the qualitative interviews are presented. Analysis: By analyzing the respondents' answers, it appears that all the four different behaviors that transformational leadership consists of have significance for the internal motivation but to varying degrees. The behaviors that are most important for employees' internal motivation within tech companies are intellectual stimulation and individual care. At the end of the analysis, the theoretical framework designed with the support of the study is presented. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that transformational leadership is of great significance for employee motivation in tech companies. Transformational leadership has a direct positive impact on employees' internal motivation. Intellectual stimulation and individual care are the transformational leadership behaviors that proved to be most significant for employee motivation in tech companies. Furthermore, the study shows that the leader's workload can negatively affect transformational leadership. The study has also shown that transformational leadership has an impact on employees' external motivation.

Bakgrund: Den 11:e mars 2020 deklarerade världshälsoorganisationen (WHO) att Covid-19 är en pandemi som medförde att alla som hade möjlighet skulle arbeta på distans. Detta ledde till att chefer behövde leda medarbetare på distans, men att medarbetarna utifrån sina arbetsuppgifter fick arbeta kvar på arbetsplatsen. Flera faktorer påverkar medarbetarnas arbetsmotivation och i föreliggande studie kommer fokus att ägnas åt hur motivationsfaktorer och yttre motivation påverkar medarbetare och hur chefer har arbetat med detta under distansledarskapet. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva och analysera hur medarbetarnas arbetsmotivation har påverkats av att chefen utövar distansledarskap under Covid-19 pandemin. Syftet är också att beskriva och analysera hur chefer motiverar medarbetarna när cheferna inte är fysiskt närvarande, med fokus på hur chefer arbetat med motivationsteorier och yttre motivationsfaktorer. Metod: Studien har en kvalitativ ansats och baseras på nio semistrukturerade intervjuer med medarbetare och chefer i vård och omsorg tillhörande kommunal verksamhet. Resultat: Studien visar att det inte finns entydigt svar på hur medarbetarnas arbetsmotivation påverkats av chefens distansledarskap under Covid-19-pandemin. Det framkommer även att arbetsmotivationen hos vissa medarbetare har påverkats negativt av chefens fysiska frånvaro medan andra medarbetare uppgav en oförändrad påverkan på arbetsmotivationen, på grund av den upplevda graden av självständighet i deras arbete. Vidare visar studien att chefer har använt sig av motivationsverktyg såsom: beröm, pushning och feedback. Detta har påverkat medarbetarnas arbetsmotivation positivt. Studiens bidrag: Studien har bidragit till ökad förståelse för hur chefers distansarbete har påverkat medarbetare i verksamheten. Studien bidrar även till en ökad förståelse av hur omställningen från en chef som är fysiskt närvarande till ett oplanerat distansledarskap påverkar medarbetarnas arbetsmotivation. Distansarbetet är inte bara en negativ faktor för arbetsmotivationen utan om chefen bara är tillgänglig och närvarande, finns det möjlighet att motivera medarbetarna till utvecklingsarbete. Praktiska implikationer: Medarbetare inom kommunal verksamhet motiveras inte främst av yttre belöningar, utan feedback, pushning och beröm. Chefens förutsättningar och möjligheter till motiverade medarbetare är inte enbart ekonomiska, utan beröm och pushning från chefen påverkar arbetsmotivationen positivt. / Background: On March 11:th 2020 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared Covid-19 a pandemic which entailed that everyone that have the opportunity to work from home should try to do so. Due to the nature of their work the unit managers had to lead from home while the employees had to stay at the workplace. There are a lot of factors that affects employee workplace motivation, and the focus of this study will be how motivation factors and extrinsic motivation affects employees and how the managers have worked with these factors from home. Purpose: The purpose with this study is to describe and analyze how the employee workplace motivation have been affected by management working from home. This study will also try to describe and analyze how management, when they are not physically present, try to motivate the employees. The study focuses on how management have worked with motivationaltheories and extrinsic motivational factors. Method: This study uses a qualitative approach and is based on nine semi-structured interviews with employees and management in the care and nursing sector at the municipal level. Conclusion: The study shows that there is no conclusive answer to how the employee work motivation was affected by management working from home during the Covid-19 pandemic. Some employees admitted that their work motivation was affected negatively by the loss of physical presence from management. Others declared that the increased level of independence of the work tasks mitigated the negative effects. The study also shows that management have been using different methods to increase employee motivation at work. These methods include praise, pushing and feedback which have had a positive effect on workplacemotivation. Contribution: The study has contributed to an increased understanding of how managers' distance leadership has affected employees in the business. The study also contributes to an increased understanding of how the transition from a manager who is physically present to an unplanned distance leadership affects employee work motivation. Distance work is not only a negative factor for work motivation, but if the manager is only available and present, it is possible to motivate employees to work development. Practical implications: Present study shows that employees in municipal activities are not primarily motivated by extrinsic motivations but by feedback, pushing and praise. Management conditions and possibilities to motivate their employees is not limited toeconomical factors. This study shows that praise and pushing from management affects workplace motivation positively.