Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-03-28T10:24:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Raphael Ricardo de Faro Passos.pdf: 2953171 bytes, checksum: b8763825c445081f91444e111ede8289 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-28T10:24:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Raphael Ricardo de Faro Passos.pdf: 2953171 bytes, checksum: b8763825c445081f91444e111ede8289 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-15 / The present study refers to event and/or fact as the phenomenological basis for an intersection between reality, sign and the law. The study arises firmly grounded on Peirce’s realism alongside introspections on diverse schools of realism, passing through antiquity, the Middle Ages, modern and contemporary periods. The philosophical model is instigated, equally, by the ideas of Merleau-Ponty and Lacan, principally in reference to the gaze that is the interrelationship between man and nature. From there emerges a symbiotic relationship between the sign and the sensitive world in a shuffling of layers relating to Peirce’s ceno-pythagorean categories of firstness, secondness, thirdness. As such, the philosophical parameter appears in order to show that, in terms of sign, there is a sort of imprinting phenomenon of the object onto the subject, deriving from it, an imprinting process that goes on ad infinitum from one sign to the other. That entails two types of signs: imprinting signs and imprinted signs and also two sorts of reality: semeiotic reality (reality of the sign) and summa reality (reality where the events are). The philosophical model is then applied to the law seen as language – a collection of signs (legal signs), which are viewed as imprinting legal signs over the imprinted signs of the ordinary language. In such a context, as the conclusion is that ordinary language extends to the object of summa reality as a result of a continuum of investigation in the sensitive experience, which will be the foundation that will allow legal communication between those who are subject to the law, the findings were that a more adequate theory to describe the legal phenomenon is a so-called “semeiotical↔esthesiological legal theory”. As a reslt of it, the work’s hypothesis is that the law is an esthesiological-semeiotical phenomenon, from which signs tend, in a continuum, to be interrelated to the summa reality, allowing legal communication to be efficiant and, ultimately, the survival of the law in a symbiotic manner to be seen as a social ingredient / Trata-se de estudo referente a evento e/ou fato como ponto de partida para interseção entre realidade, signo e direito. O estudo se erige com pés firmes no realismo peirceano para encontrar confluências em diversas escolas realistas, passando pela Antiguidade, Idade Média, Idade Moderna e Idade Contemporânea. O modelo filosófico é instigado, igualmente, pelas ideias de Merleau-Ponty e Lacan, máxime, no que se refere ao olhar que é o entrelaçamento entre o homem e a natureza, donde também surge uma correlação simbiótica do signo com o mundo sensível num embaralhamento de camadas na perspectiva das categorias ceno-pitagóricas peirceanas da primeiridade, segundidade e terceiridade. Disso eclode o parâmetro filosófico de que, no palco do signo, há uma espécie de gravação que nele resta do objeto da realidade, o que desencadeia um processo de gravação semeiótico ad infinitum de signo para signo, implicando, para fins de um dualismo meramente dogmático-pedagógico, a contemplação de signos gravadores e signos gravados e, igualmente, de uma realidade semeiótica (que é uma realidade do signo) e de uma summa realidade (que é uma realidade na qual estão os eventos do mundo). O modelo filosófico é aplicado ao fenômeno jurídico visualizado na perspectiva do signo ou aglomerado de signos (signos jurídicos), em um panorama de signo gravador (jurídico) e signo gravado (da linguagem cotidiana). Nesse contexto, tendo em vista a tendência, pela qual se conclui, de a linguagem cotidiana se prolongar ao objeto da summa realidade, por conta de um continuum de investigação na experiência objetivo-multidimensional, que é o expediente que permite a comunicação do jurídico aos sujeitos de direito na sociedade de direito, tem-se que uma mais adequada teoria a gravar o fenômeno jurídico seria aquela que se designa “teoria semeiótico↔estesiológica do direito”. Dela exsurge que o direito é um fenômeno semeiótico↔estesiológico donde signos jurídicos tendem, em um continuum, a um entrelaçamento com a summa realidade, o que autoriza uma comunicação jurídica eficaz socialmente, sobrevivendo o direito simbioticamente como ingrediente social e, como consequência, possibilitando-se a perseguição do ideal de uma justiça convencionada

Par le biais d’une analyse textuelle des deux premières grandes Chroniques japonaises, le Kojiki et le Nihon shoki, ce travail aura visé à reconstruire le champ sémantique de la notion de koto en japonais archaïque. Après nous être affranchi des interprétations modernes de type koto-dama, (esprit des mots) nous avons entamé un examen poussé des cas de figure de plusieurs binômes ou trinômes koto-X comme koto-age, koto-muke, koto-yosashi, mi-koto-mochi, et d’autres, qui nous aura guidé vers la possibilité de penser ce koto comme un grand noyau de sens, où des dimensions sémantiques comme « fait », « parole », « essence », « injonction », et « sincérité » s’organisent dans un ensemble cohérent. Cette même cohérence est assurée par la notion de « vérité », qui sera indispensable pour comprendre les rapports d’adéquation entre tous ces versants du koto, notamment entre « faits » et « paroles. » La mise au point de quelques opérateurs heuristiques comme le « concept K » (le koto entendu dans tous ses versants, non seulement ceux les plus orthodoxes de « fait » et « parole ») et le « koto-wari » (un principe actif à caractère néguentropique, qui semble agir tout au long de nos textes sources) nous aura aidé à mieux illustrer la grande fonctionnalité de la notion de koto en japonais archaïque. Une telle variété de sens concentrés dans un seul mot suggère que l’étude de ce dernier peut s’avérer utile pour comprendre certains aspects du champ épistémologique de ce contexte lointain du Japon archaïque. / By means of a textual analysis of the two oldest Records of Japan, the Kojiki and the Nihon shoki, we have tried to reconstruct the semantic field of the koto’s notion in archaic Japanese. After having discarded the modern koto-dama-type interpretations of this word koto, we have proceeded to a long and detailed analysis of the compounds koto-X such as koto-age, koto-muke, koto-yosashi, mi-koto-mochi, and others. This analysis have led us to think the koto’s notion as a big core full of different meanings like « fact », « word », « essence », « injunction », and « sincerity », which are all kept close to one another by the cohesive force of the idea of « truth. » This idea seems to be the instance controlling the adequacy between all these dimensions, especially between the words and the facts described in those same words. We have heuristically created some concepts like the « concept K » (the koto understood as a big whole full of different dimensions, not just as a two-fold notion composed of « fact » and « word ») and the « koto-wari » (an active principle of negative entropy which seems to be present all over these old Records), in order to better illustrate the big functionality of the koto’s notion in archaic Japanese. Such a rich variety of meanings for a single word suggests that its study would help to understand some aspects of the epistemological field of archaic Japan, a context so distant from ours.

Knowledge representation and inference are the backbone of artificial intelligence, and logic programming is one of the most widely used knowledge representation tools. Logic programming with deduction/induction/abduction as the reasoning technique is serving numerous fields of artificial intelligence. In dynamic domains where there are constant changes in knowledge, updating the knowledge base is crucial to keep it stable. This thesis investigates the issues in updating the knowledge base. Two types of logic program based updates are considered, simple fact based updates where the knowledge base is updated by a simple fact, and rule based updates where the knowledge base is updated by a rule. A SLDNF based procedural approach is proposed to implement such updates. This thesis also investigates the issues involved in simple fact based and rule based abduction, and it is observed that updates are closely related to abduction. A SLDNF based procedural approach to perform simple fact/rule based updates and abduction is proposed as a result of this study / Master of Science (Hons)

<p>Background: The modern world is frequently referred to as a world of knowledge. In today’s business the role of knowledge is gradually increasing. The problem of how to manage knowledge to gain efficiency and competitive advantage forced modern companies to think about Knowledge Management and its applications. However, many companies, and SMEs in particular, seem to be not so common to this process. </p><p>Purpose: Since SMEs experience various problems in their daily activities this research aims to make them aware about the potential obstacles in Knowledge Management process. Therefore, this study tries to identify the cultural patterns in Knowledge Management, by considering it as a process. </p><p>Delimitations: Considering the triangle in which corner stones are SMEs, national culture and Knowledge Management this research provides a limited scope on studied area. </p><p>Realization: This study reviews its theoretical assumptions and tests them on the example of two case companies. The empirical findings gathered in those companies enlighten the assumptions of the authors and provide a ground for the analysis. </p><p>Results: Focusing on the case of Turkish SMEs in Sweden the authors of this research were capable to confirm the theoretically driven assumption and to show the relation between the concepts of national culture, SMEs and Knowledge Management.</p>

Background: The modern world is frequently referred to as a world of knowledge. In today’s business the role of knowledge is gradually increasing. The problem of how to manage knowledge to gain efficiency and competitive advantage forced modern companies to think about Knowledge Management and its applications. However, many companies, and SMEs in particular, seem to be not so common to this process. Purpose: Since SMEs experience various problems in their daily activities this research aims to make them aware about the potential obstacles in Knowledge Management process. Therefore, this study tries to identify the cultural patterns in Knowledge Management, by considering it as a process. Delimitations: Considering the triangle in which corner stones are SMEs, national culture and Knowledge Management this research provides a limited scope on studied area. Realization: This study reviews its theoretical assumptions and tests them on the example of two case companies. The empirical findings gathered in those companies enlighten the assumptions of the authors and provide a ground for the analysis. Results: Focusing on the case of Turkish SMEs in Sweden the authors of this research were capable to confirm the theoretically driven assumption and to show the relation between the concepts of national culture, SMEs and Knowledge Management.

No description available.

This exegesis examines how a writer can effectively negotiate the relationship between author, character, fact and truth, in a work of Creative Nonfiction. It was found that individual truths, in a work of Creative Nonfiction, are not necessarily universal truths due to individual, cultural, historical and religious circumstances. What was also identified, through the examination of published Creative Nonfiction, is a necessity to ensure there are clear demarcation lines between authorial truth and fiction. The Creative Nonfiction works examined, which established this framework for the reader, ensured an ethical relationship between author and audience. These strategies and frameworks were then applied to my own Creative Nonfiction.

Current theorising in the area of cognitive arithmetic suggests that simple arithmetic knowledge is stored in memory and accessed in the same way as word knowledge i.e., it is stored in a network of associations, with simple facts retrieved automatically from memory. However, to date, the main methodologies that have been employed to investigate automaticity in simple arithmetic processing (e.g., production and verification) have produced a wide variety of difficulties in interpretation. In an attempt to address this, the present series of investigations utilised a numerical variant of the well established single word semantic priming paradigm that involved the presentation of problems as primes (e.g., 2 + 3) and solutions as targets (e.g., 5), as they would occur in a natural setting. Adult university students were exposed to both addition and multiplication problems in each of three main prime target relationship conditions, including congruent (e.g., 2 + 3 and 5), incongruent (e.g., 2 + 3 and 13), and neutral conditions (X + Y and 5). When combined with a naming task and the use of short stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs), this procedure enabled a more valid and reliable investigation into automaticity and the cognitive mechanisms underlying simple arithmetic processing. The first investigation in the present series addressed the question of automaticity in arithmetic fact retrieval, whilst the remaining investigations examined the main factors thought to influence simple arithmetic processing i.e., skill level, surface form, problem type and split. All factors, except for problem type, were found to influence processing in the arithmetic priming paradigm. For example, the results of all five investigations were consistent in revealing significant facilitation in naming congruent targets for skilled participants, following exposure to Arabic digit primes at the short SOA. Accordingly, the facilitation was explained in terms of the operation of an automatic spreading activation mechanism. Additionally, significant inhibitory effects in incongruent target naming were identified in skilled performance in all of the studies in the present series of investigations. Throughout the course of these investigations, these effects were found to vary with operation, surface form and SOA, and in the final investigation, the level of inhibition was found to vary with the split between the correct solution and the incongruent target. Consequently, a number of explanations were put forward to account for these effects. In the first two investigations, it was suggested that the inhibitory effects resulted from the use of a response validity checking mechanism, whilst in the final investigation, the results were more consistent with the activation of magnitude representations in memory (this can be likened to Dehaene’s, 1997, ‘number sense’). In contrast, the results of the third investigation led to the proposal that for number word primes, inhibition in processing results from the activation of phonological representations in memory, via a reading based mechanism. The present series of investigations demonstrated the utility of the numerical variant of the single word semantic priming paradigm for the investigation of simple arithmetic processing. Given its capacity to uncover the fundamental cognitive mechanisms at work in simple arithmetic operations, this methodology has many applications in future research.

Current theorising in the area of cognitive arithmetic suggests that simple arithmetic knowledge is stored in memory and accessed in the same way as word knowledge i.e., it is stored in a network of associations, with simple facts retrieved automatically from memory. However, to date, the main methodologies that have been employed to investigate automaticity in simple arithmetic processing (e.g., production and verification) have produced a wide variety of difficulties in interpretation. In an attempt to address this, the present series of investigations utilised a numerical variant of the well established single word semantic priming paradigm that involved the presentation of problems as primes (e.g., 2 + 3) and solutions as targets (e.g., 5), as they would occur in a natural setting. Adult university students were exposed to both addition and multiplication problems in each of three main prime target relationship conditions, including congruent (e.g., 2 + 3 and 5), incongruent (e.g., 2 + 3 and 13), and neutral conditions (X + Y and 5). When combined with a naming task and the use of short stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs), this procedure enabled a more valid and reliable investigation into automaticity and the cognitive mechanisms underlying simple arithmetic processing. The first investigation in the present series addressed the question of automaticity in arithmetic fact retrieval, whilst the remaining investigations examined the main factors thought to influence simple arithmetic processing i.e., skill level, surface form, problem type and split. All factors, except for problem type, were found to influence processing in the arithmetic priming paradigm. For example, the results of all five investigations were consistent in revealing significant facilitation in naming congruent targets for skilled participants, following exposure to Arabic digit primes at the short SOA. Accordingly, the facilitation was explained in terms of the operation of an automatic spreading activation mechanism. Additionally, significant inhibitory effects in incongruent target naming were identified in skilled performance in all of the studies in the present series of investigations. Throughout the course of these investigations, these effects were found to vary with operation, surface form and SOA, and in the final investigation, the level of inhibition was found to vary with the split between the correct solution and the incongruent target. Consequently, a number of explanations were put forward to account for these effects. In the first two investigations, it was suggested that the inhibitory effects resulted from the use of a response validity checking mechanism, whilst in the final investigation, the results were more consistent with the activation of magnitude representations in memory (this can be likened to Dehaene’s, 1997, ‘number sense’). In contrast, the results of the third investigation led to the proposal that for number word primes, inhibition in processing results from the activation of phonological representations in memory, via a reading based mechanism. The present series of investigations demonstrated the utility of the numerical variant of the single word semantic priming paradigm for the investigation of simple arithmetic processing. Given its capacity to uncover the fundamental cognitive mechanisms at work in simple arithmetic operations, this methodology has many applications in future research.

This diploma thesis devotes to the questions of general public awareness of themes like visual handicap, integration, the blind and their life in society. The aim was to find out, if fables and distorted images exist, which relate to the phenomenon of amaurosis; to compare the findings regarding the education of informants and also to specify the sources, from which people gather the information of the visual handicap. The thesis also maps the availability of the chosen source of information. The research has shown that people believe the fables and fames which are spread in our society. The most informed in the area of the visual handicap are undoubtedly the informants with university degree education, who gain their knowledge at the university, on the internet or from television. The books, which treat the above mentioned themes, are readily available and a few of them are to be found in every local library.