This project analyzes how an in-situ cell can be developed to withstand high amounts of pressure and temperature of at least 100 bar and 500 °C. A theoretical prototype will be created as a product for Malmö University and other researchers to use or improve. To make this possible, the five step method was used to present a symmetric geometrical concept for the cell. That geometric concept was designed in PTC Creo (Version 6.0.2.0 & 7.0) in 3D and drawings in 2D. The programs GRANTA EduPack (Version 2020 \& Version 2019) along with Hephaestus was used to determine a material selection that will be able to tolerate temperature, pressure and be at least ten percent transparent, to be able for the X-ray to pass through the material and into the sample. The Finite Element Method (FEM) was used to ensure that the cell adheres to the set values of pressure and not cause a catastrophic failure. The result turn out to be a elliptical three part in-situ cell of boron carbide outer shell, a beryllium main dome and a stainless steel plate for the material sample to be on top. The Finite Element Method also showed that the designed in-situ cells meet the requirements and fulfills the goal and purpose. Further development of safety features and the equipment will be needed to minimise the risk of and dangers of beryllium dust. / Detta projekt analyserar hur en in-situ cell kan utvecklas för att motstå höga mängder tryck och temperatur på minst 100 bar och 500 °C . En teoretisk prototyp kommer att skapas som en produkt för Malmö universitet och andra forskare att använda eller förbättra. För att göra detta möjligt användes femstegsmetoden för att presentera ett symmetriskt och geometriskt koncept för cellen. Det geometriska konceptet kommer att utformas 3-dimensionellt i PTC Creo (Version 6.0.2.0  7.0) och 2-dimensionella ritningar . GRANTA EduPack-programmen (Version 2020 \& Version 2019) tillsammans med Hephaestus användes för att bestämma ett materialval som kommer att kunna tolerera temperatur, tryck och vara minst tio procent transparent för att röntgenstrålningen ska kunna passera genom materialet och in i provet. Finite Element Method (FEM) kommer att användas för att säkerställa att cellen följer de inställda tryckvärdena och inte orsakar katastrofala fel. Resultatet visar sig vara en elliptisk tredelad in-situ cell av borkarbid som ett yttre skal, beryllium som huvudkupol och en rostfri stålplatta som underlag för materialprovet. Finite Element Method visade också att den designade in-situ-cellen uppfyller kraven och därför uppfyller målet och syftet. Detta innebär att vidareutveckling av säkerhetsfunktioner och utrustning kommer att behövas för att minimera risken för berusning från berylliumdammet.

The main aim of this thesis is the exploration of the potential use of the parallelism of numerical computations in the field of nonlinear dynamics. In the last decade the dramatic onset of multicore and multi-processor systems in combination with the possibilities which now provide modern computer networks has risen. The complexity and size of the investigated models are constantly increasing due to the high computational complexity of computational tasks in dynamics and statics of structures, mainly because of the nonlinear character of the solved models. Any possibility to speed up such calculation procedures is more than desirable. This is a relatively new branch of science, therefore specific algorithms and parallel implementation are still in the stage of research and development which is attributed to the latest advances in computer hardware, which is growing rapidly. More questions are raised on how best to utilize the available computing power. The proposed parallel model is based on the explicit form of the finite element method, which naturaly provides the possibility of efficient parallelization. The possibilities of multicore processors, as well as parallel hybrid model combining both the possibilities of multicore processors, and the form of the parallelism on a computer network are investigated. The designed approaches are then examined in addressing of the numerical analysis regarding contact/impact phenomena of shell structures.

Drückwalzen als inkrementelles Umformverfahren ist aufgrund seiner Verfahrenscharakteristik mit sehr hohen Rechenzeiten bei der Finite-Elemente-Methode (FEM) verbunden. Die Modelle ModIni und FloSim sind zwei analytisch-elementare Ansätze, um dieser Prämisse entgegenzuwirken. Das für ModIni entwickelte Geometriemodell wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit weiterentwickelt, so dass eine werkstoffunabhängige Berechnung der Staugeometrie ermöglicht wird und ein deutlich größeres Anwendungsspektrum der Methode bereitsteht. Die Simulationsmethode FloSim basiert auf dem oberen Schrankenverfahren und ermöglicht somit eine Berechnung von Zylinderdrückwalzprozessen innerhalb weniger Minuten. Für die Optimierung der Methode FloSim wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit die analytischen Grundlagen für die Berechnung der Bauteillänge sowie der Umformzonentemperatur während des Prozesses erarbeitet. Weiterhin wurde auf Basis von numerisch realisierten Parameteranalysen ein Ansatz für die analytische Berechnung des Vergleichsumformgrades von Drückwalzprozessen entwickelt. Diese drei Ansätze, zu Bauteillänge, Temperatur und Umformgrad wurden in die Simulationssoftware FloSim integriert und führen zu einer deutlichen Genauigkeitssteigerung der Methode. / Flow Forming as incremental forming process is connected with extreme long computation times for Finite-Element-Analyses. ModIni and FloSim are two analytical/elementary models to antagonize this situation. The geometry model, which was developed for ModIni, is improved within the presented work. The improvement enables the material independent computation of the pile-up geometry and permits a wider application scope of ModIni. The simulation method FloSim is based on the upper bound method, which enables the computation of cylindrical Flow Forming processes within minutes. For the optimization of the method FloSim, the basics for the analytical computation of the workpiece length during the process and the computation of the forming zone temperature were developed within this work. Fur-thermore, an analytical approach for the computation of the equivalent plastic strain of cylindrical Flow Forming processes was developed based on numerical parameter analyses. This tree approaches for computing the workpiece length, the temperature and the equivalent plastic strain were integrated in FloSim and lead to an increased accuracy.

Der mit flüssigem Natrium gefüllte Druckbehälter eines Präzessionsexperimentes unterliegt im Betrieb einer Vielzahl an Belastungen. Neben den aus der Rotation und Präzession resultierenden Fliehkräften und dem gyroskopischen Moment müssen ebenfalls die fertigungsbedingten Unwuchten sowie die Fluid-Struktur-Interaktion berücksichtigt werden. Darüber hinaus stellen die bei der Erwärmung bzw. Abkühlung auftretenden thermischen Spannungen eine wesentliche Beanspruchung dar. Es wird ein Algorithmus vorgestellt, der es ermöglicht, alle diese transienten und winkelabhängigen Lasten bei minimalem Rechenaufwand in den Berechnungsprozess einzubeziehen und die für den statischen und zyklischen Festigkeitsnachweis nach FKM-Richtlinie maßgeblichen Beanspruchungen zu identifizieren. Dies ermöglicht die vollflächige Berechnung des Auslastungsgrades in ANSYS Workbench.

The topic of this thesis is the numerical simulation of transversely isotropic 3D structures and laminates by means of the adaptive finite element method. To achieve this goal, the theoretical background of elastic deformation problems, transverse isotropy, plate theory, and the classical laminate theory is recapitulated. The classical laminate theory implies a combination of the membrane problem and the plate problem with additional coupling terms. The focus of this work is the adjustment of two integral parts of the adaptive FE algorithm according to the classical laminate theory. One of these parts is the solution of the FE system; a good preconditioner is needed in order to use the conjugate gradient method efficiently. It is shown via a spectral equivalence bound that the combination of existing preconditioners for the membrane and plate problems poses a capable preconditioner for the combined laminate problem. The other part is the error estimation process; the error estimator determines where the current mesh has to be refined for the next step. Existing results on residual error estimators for the elasticity problem, the biharmonic problem, and the plate problem are combined and extended to obtain a posteriori local residual error indicators for the classical laminate theory problem. The effectiveness of both results is demonstrated by numerical examples.:1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Organisation of this work 1.3 Notation and basic definitions 2 Basic theory of 3D simulation 2.1 Differential geometry 2.1.1 Initial and deformed domain 2.1.2 Strain tensor 2.2 Energy functional 2.2.1 Linearly elastic material law 2.2.2 Equilibrium of forces 2.2.3 Large deformations 2.2.4 Small deformations 2.3 Voigt notation and elasticity matrix 3 Transversely isotropic material law 3.1 Elasticity tensor 3.2 Conversion of the material constants 3.3 Elasticity matrix 3.4 Eigenvalues 3.5 State of plane strain 3.6 State of plane stress 4 Plate theory and classical laminate theory 4.1 The Kirchhoff–Love hypothesis 4.2 Constitutive law and bilinear form of the laminated plate 4.3 Definition of resultants 4.4 Boundary conditions 4.5 From the equilibrium conditions to the weak formulation 4.5.1 Membrane equilibrium 4.5.2 Plate equilibrium 4.5.3 Combined weak formulation 4.5.4 The CLT problem in Voigt notation 5 Discretisation 5.1 Short introduction to FEM 5.2 Adaptive FEM 5.3 Finite elements for 3D elasticity problems 5.4 Finite elements for plates 5.4 Finite elements for plates 5.4.1 BFS rectangles 5.4.2 rHCT triangles 5.5 CLT elements 5.5.1 Rectangles 5.5.2 Triangles 6 Solver and preconditioner 6.1 The preconditioned conjugate gradient method 6.2 Hierarchical basis and BPX preconditioners 6.3 Preconditioning of CLT problems 6.3.1 General laminates 6.3.2 Some special cases and examples 7 A posteriori residual error estimation 7.1 Residual error estimator for 3D elements 7.2 Residual error estimator for plate and CLT elements 7.2.1 Auxiliary definitions and assumptions on the mesh 7.2.2 Interpolation operators 7.2.3 Important inequalities 7.2.4 Cut-off functions 7.2.5 Definition of the error 7.2.6 Reliability inequality 7.2.7 Efficiency inequality 8 Some details of the implementation 8.1 The adaptive FE package SPC-PM 8.2 Remarks on some added features 8.2.1 Capability of the current code 8.2.2 Cuntze’s failure mode concept 8.3 Coordinate transformation of higher-order derivatives 8.3.1 Mapping of coordinates 8.3.2 Transformation of derivatives of up to the third-order 8.3.3 Recursive construction of transformation matrices 8.3.4 Simplification for axis-parallel rectangles 9 Numerical examples 9.1 A three-dimensional example from eniPROD 9.2 Example problems for laminates 9.2.1 Rectangular plate under in-plane load 9.2.2 Rectangular plate under vertical load 9.2.3 L-shaped plate with inhomogeneous natural boundary conditions 10 Conclusion and outlook Bibliography Acknowledgements List of main symbols Theses

Eines der am häufigsten in der Automobilindustrie eingesetzten mechanischen Fügeverfahren ist das Clinchen, auch Durchsetzfügen genannt. Hierbei werden zwei oder mehr sich überlappende Bleche lokal umgeformt, sodass eine form- und kraftschlüssige Verbindung mit matrizenseitiger Überhöhung entsteht. Eine Sonderform des Clinchens ist das Flach-Clinchen zur Herstellung einseitig ebener Clinch-Verbindungen. Mit dem Ziel, die Verfahrensgrenzen des konventionellen Flach-Clinchens zu erweitern, werden im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit zwei neuartige Verfahrensvarianten des Flach-Clinchens entwickelt. Um die Verbindungsfestigkeit der Flach-Clinch-Verbindung zu erhöhen, wird ein zusätzliches Hilfsfügeelement in den Fügepunkt eingebracht. Dies bewirkt zum einen eine Vergrößerung des Hinterschnittes und daraus resultierend eine erhöhte Belastbarkeit gegenüber Kopfzugbeanspruchung. Zum anderen wird der Fügepunkt durch das zusätzliche Material stabilisiert und folglich die Belastbarkeit gegenüber Scherzugbeanspruchung verbessert. Die zweite Verfahrensvariante beinhaltet die Kombination aus Flach-Clinchen und Kleben zum sogenannten Flach-Clinchkleben. Hierbei dient die mechanische Verbindung hauptsächlich als Fixierhilfe bis zur vollständigen Aushärtung des Klebstoffs. Dies ermöglicht eine direkte Weiterverarbeitung des Bauteils nach dem Fügen und somit eine deutliche Verkürzung der Prozesszeiten. Die Entwicklung des Flach-Clinchens mit Hilfsfügeelement und des Flach-Clinchklebens erfolgt ausschließlich mittels numerischer Simulationen. Die hierbei gewonnenen Erkenntnisse werden anschließend experimentell verifiziert und die Verbindungsfestigkeiten der neuentwickelten Verfahrensvarianten bestimmt. / Clinching is one of the most common used mechanical joining processes in automotive industry. Here, two or more overlapping metal sheets are locally formed so that a form- and force-closed joint with diesided protrusion is established. A special type of clinching is the so-called flat-clinching for the production of one-sided planar joints. Within the framework of this thesis, two novel process variants of flat-clinching are developed for enhancing the process limitations of conventional flat-clinching. For increasing the joint strength, a complementary joining element is inserted into the joint. This causes an enlargement of the interlocking, leading to a higher resistance to cross tension loads. Also, the additional material stabilizes the joint and hence improves the resistance to shear load. The second process variant, adhesive flat-clinching, includes the combination of flat-clinching and adhesive bonding. The metal sheets are fixed by flat-clinching and the final joint strength is achieved after the complete curing of the adhesive. This enables a continuous processing of the component and therefore, the process time can be shortened. The development of flat-clinching using complementary joining elements and adhesive flat-clinching is exclusively carried out by using numerical simulation. The knowledge gained from the simulations is subsequently experimentally proven. Also, the joint strength of the novel process variants is experimentally determined.

The touch of textile products is a complex process, depending on the interaction between the human finger and the textile product. The evaluation of the touch, or so named handle properties is complex process, requiring samples, testing humans or special testing devices. The numerical evaluation of the surface is until now not reported, because of the complexity of the textile products. This work presents the current state of the 3D modelling of textile products at yarn and fiber level and the required additional steps in order these models to get applicable for numerical simulation of the fabric touch. This work cover only the aspects related to the textile representation and do not include the modelling of the human finger as mechanical and receptor system during the interaction. / Die Berührung und der Griffevaluation von Textilprodukten sind komplexe Prozesse, die von der Interaktion zwischen dem menschlichen Finger und dem Textilprodukt abhängig sind. Die Bewertung der 'Touch'- oder so genannten Griffeigenschaften ist ein komplexer Prozess, der Proben, Testpersonen oder spezielle Testgeräte erfordert. Die numerische Simulation der Oberflächenbeschaffenheiten ist aufgrund der Komplexität der textilen Produkte bisher nicht bekannt. Diese Arbeit stellt den aktuellen Stand der 3D-Modellierung von Textilprodukten auf Garn- und Faserebene und die erforderlichen zusätzlichen Schritte vor, damit diese Modelle für die numerische Simulation der Haptik von Textilien eingesetzt werden können. Es werden nur die Aspekte abgedeckt, die sich auf die Darstellung der Textilien beziehen und beinhaltet nicht die Modellierung des menschlichen Fingers als mechanisches und rezeptives System während der Interaktion.

In the manufacturing industry, product quality assurance is important to ensure customer safety and product quality. The thesis is based on problems identified with calibration of ultrasonic sensors used in quality assurance of rear shafts for trucks and buses. The ultrasonic sensors operate underwater at a frequency above 20 kHz, utilizing the angle of refraction to analyse the bottom part of weld seams for possible defects. The purpose of the thesis has been to assist Syntronic in designing and evaluating different mechanical solutions for an improved sensor mount, with the aim of increasing repeatability and reducing calibration time. The report follows a product development process, where theory of concept generation methods has been applied. Establishment of product requirements through unstructured interviews were made, where qualitative data was collected. Concept generation was used in respect to the product requirements, followed by detailed design of products intended to solve the identified problems. Furthermore, the concepts were analysed using the SolidWorks FEM tool and compared to each other in a concept selection matrix. The result of the investigation is a product that better meets the product requirements compared to the existing product. Physical testing remains, where an initial prototype is developed and implemented in a test rig, gathering additional data. Furthermore, the report provides a foundation for further product development in the discussion chapter. / Inom tillverkningsindustrin finns ett stort behov av kvalitetssäkring av produkter, detta för att garantera dels säkerhet för kunden, dels kvaliteten på produkten. Examensarbetet grundar sig i problemområden som identifierats vid kalibrering av ultraljudssensorer till ett analysinstrument för kvalitetssäkring av bakaxlar till lastbilar och bussar. Ultraljudssensorerna opererar under vattenytan på en frekvens över 20 kHz där brytningsvinkeln nyttjas för att analysera undersidan av svetsfogarna efter eventuella defekter. Syftet med examensarbetet har varit att hjälpa Syntronic konstruera och utvärdera olika mekaniska lösningar för en förbättrad hållare för ultraljudssökarna där koncepten ämnar öka repeterbarheten och minska kalibreringstiden. Arbetet följer en produktutvecklingsprocess, där teori för konceptgenereringsmetoder applicerats. Rapporten presenterar fastställande av produktkrav genom ostrukturerade intervjuer där kvalitativa data samlades in, konceptgenerering med avseende på funktionalitetskraven, detaljkonstruktion av produkter som ämnar att lösa problemen som identifierats. Vidare analyserades koncepten i SolidWorks FEM-verktyg och ställdes mot varandra i en konceptvalsmatris. Resultatet av undersökningen är en slutprodukt som bättre uppfyller produktkraven än befintlig produkt. Fysisk testning återstår där en första prototyp tas fram och implementeras i en testrigg, där ytterligare data samlas in. Vidare har underlag för vidareutveckling av produkten presenterats i diskussionen.

This master thesis investigates the possibility of using a concrete recipe with only 70 % cement clinker for a building project named Gretas Glänta, regarding the demands of cracking for a suspended slab. The requirement to fulfill was a maximum crack width of 0.2 mm due to drying shrinkage and long- term loading. The purpose of using a lower amount of cement clinker in the concrete mix is to reduce the climate impact from the concrete. The thesis considers material testing and modelling of different concrete recipes with variation of the amount of cement clinker. Fly ash was used as the alternative binder. A total of five concrete mixes was tested. One mix with 100% cement clinker was through laboratory testing compared to mixes with 85 % and 70 % cement clinker content. A concrete mix with only 50 % cement clinker was also tested, but this mix is today not allowed according to the concrete standards, but was included in the study to test different material properties of the fresh and hardened concrete. All concrete mixes were tested with the effectivity factor 1, except for the recipe with 70 % cement clinker, which was tested for effectivity factors of 1 and 0.4. The performed study showed that the concrete mix 4 with 70 % cement clinker and with the effectivity factor 0.4 reached the strength class C35/45 after 28 days and also fulfilled the specified requirement of a maximum crack width of 0.2 mm due to drying shrinkage and long-term loading. Water permeability test showed that the concrete mix with 70 % cement clinker and an effectivity factor of 0.4 was waterproof. The concrete mix 3 with 70 % cement clinker and the effectivity factor 1 reached a strength class C30/37. The concrete mix 1 with 100 % cement clinker obtained the highest strength class C50/60 and the mix 2 with 85 % cement clinker reached strength class C45/55. The concrete mix 5 with 50 % cement clinker reached the strength class C20/25 which is the lowest strength class among the tested recipes. All the concrete recipes seemed to be waterproof according to the water permeability test. A background description of carbon dioxide emission from concrete and cement production is presented in the report. Research about ongoing methods to minimize the emission from concrete and cement industry is also summarized. FE-modelling with the software FEM-design and analytical calculations were performed to investigate the crack width due to drying shrinkage and long-term loading for the slab, for concrete mix 2 with 85 % cement clinker with effectivity factor 1 and mixes 3 and 4 with 70 % cement clinker and effectivity factors of 1 and 0.4. The properties obtained from the laboratory tests were used in the modelling and analytical calculations. Results from FEM-design and analytical calculations showed that concrete mixes 3 and 4 with 70 % cement clinker and effectivity factors of 1 and 0.4, and the concrete mix 2 with 85 % cement clinker with effectivity factor 1, fulfilled the demand on crack width. The calculation was not performed for concrete mixes 1 and 5 with 100 % and 50 % cement clinker, respectively, because they were not to be used in the building project. The results from the performed study showed that concrete mix 4 with 70 % cement clinker and an effectivity factor of 0.4 can be used in the building project Gretas Glänta in order to lower the climate impact from the concrete. / Examensarbetet undersöker möjligheten att använda ett betongrecept med endast 70 % cementklinker för ett husbyggnadsprojekt kallat Gretas Glänta med hänsyn till krav på sprickbildning i en fribärande platta. Kravet som ska uppfyllas är en sprickvidd på max 0.2 mm med hänsyn till krympning och långtidsbelastning. Syftet med att använda en lägre andel cementklinker i betongblandningen är att minska klimatpåverkan från betongen. Examensarbetet består av materialförsök och konstruktionsteknisk modellering för olika betongrecept, där andelen cementklinker varieras. Flygaska användes som alternativt bindemedel. Totalt undersöktes fem betongmixer. En mix med 100 % cementklinker jämfördes genom laboratorietestning med motsvarigheter med 85 % och 70 % cementklinkerinnehåll. Ett betongrecept med 50 % cementklinker undersöktes också i detta examensarbete, trots att detta idag inte tillåts enligt betongstandarderna, men inkluderades i studien för att testa olika materialegenskaper i färskt och hårdnat tillstånd. Alla betongmixerna testades med effektivitetsfaktorn 1 förutom receptet med 70 % cementklinkerandel som testades för både 1 och 0.4 i effektivitetsfaktor. Den genomförda studien visade att betongmix 4 med 70 % cementklinker och med effektiviseringsfaktor 0.4 uppnådde hållfasthetsklass C35/45 efter 28 dagar och uppfyllde också angivet krav på maximal sprickbredd 0,2 mm med hänsyn till krympning och långtidslast. Vattenpermeabilitetstest visade att betongmixen med 70 % cementklinker och effektiviseringsfaktor 0.4 var vattentätt. Betongmix 3 med 70 % cementklinker och effektivitetsfaktor 1 uppnådde hållfasthetsklass C30/37. Betongmix 1 med 100 % cementklinker erhöll den högsta hållfasthetsklassen C50/60 och betongmix 2 med 85 % cementklinker gav hållfasthetsklass C45/55. Betongmix 5 med 50 % cementklinker uppnådde hållfasthetsklass C20/25 vilket var den lägsta av de testade betongrecepten. Alla betongrecepten verkade ge vattentät betong enligt vattenpermeabilitetstest. En bakgrundsbeskrivning av koldioxidutsläpp från betong- och cementproduktion genomförs i rapporten. Forskning om pågående metoder för att minimera utsläppen från betong- och cementindustrin sammanfattas också. FE-modellering med programmet FEM-design och analytiska beräkningar utfördes för att undersöka sprickbredden med hänsyn till krympning och långtidslast för betongplattan för betongmix 2 med 85 % cementklinker och effektiviseringsfaktor 1 och betongmixerna 3 och 4 med 70 % cementklinker och effektiviseringsfaktorerna 1 och 0.4. Egenskaperna som erhölls i laboratorietesterna användes i modellerings och de analytiska beräkningarna. Resultat från FEM-design och analytiska beräkningarna visade att betongmixerna 3 och 4 med 70 % cementklinker med effektiviseringsfaktorerna 1 och 0.4 och betongmix 2 med 85 % cementklinker och effektiviseringsfaktor 1 uppfyllde kravet på sprickbredd. Beräkningen utfördes inte för betongmixerna 1 och 5 med 100 % cementklinker och 50 % cementklinker då de inte var aktuella för att användas i bostadsprojektet. Resultaten från den genomförda studien visade att betongmix 4 med 70% cementklinker och med en effektivitetsfaktor 0.4 kan användas i husbyggnadsprojektet Gretas Glänta för att sänka klimatpåverkan från betongen.

This report formulates the boundary conditions and discretization method for conducting a simulation of heat with liquids and solids through the finite element method. It introduces the reader to the movement that is due today with optimization of heat transport and mitigation generally described as the fourth generation of district heating. It presents the scope: calculating the heat release from pipes in hydronic underfloor heating, and presents the belonging question: how does heat release from different heating pipe patterns affect the body’s heat transfer? Simulation of the work is conducted with the delimitations of using a single boundary slip condition addressing friction and only using water as pipe flow medium. It focuses on the pattern’s ability to affect the heat to the body, of which characteristically manifests a square concrete slab in the running simulations. By using different cases, it analyses how patterns using the same length of pipes emit their average heat to the covering top surface differently, both as the heating level alternates, and duration for response changes. This meanwhile they are affected by analog boundary temperature conditions.    A sensitivity analysis is done answering how the various patterns tested are affected by change of propagation speed for the flowing medium, showing that a spiral formed pattern with evenly spread piping is the least affected. The results show that the pattern with alternating pipe spacing gives the best average heat emission in the simulated cases. It also concludes that minor changes in the pattern area will have profound effect on the average transferred heat from the body’s top surface.