[pt] Esse ensaio se pretende um simples esboço de análise crítica da idéia de Deus como tentativa de resposta metafísica e religiosa ao problema do sentido, assim como de certos argumentos em defesa dessa idéia. - Mas pretende, sobretudo, investigar o fracasso das teodicéias em dar conta do problema do mal. / [en] This essay intends to be a mere effort of critical analysis of the idea of God as an attempt to give a metaphysical and a religious answer to the problem of the sense, as well of certain arguments in defense of this idea. - But mainly this essay intends to investigate the failure of the theodicy in finding a solution to the problem of evil.

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) devices have direct applications in the realm of rehabilitation engineering, physiotherapy, occupational therapy and medicine for research, diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. This thesis presents a novel electrical stimulator for use in a FES system. The stimulator produces regulated current pulses using two switched mode power supplies (SMPS) in series. The first power stage - a flyback converter - steps up the supply voltage using primary side digital control. The second power stage is a buck converter with output current hysteretic control. An output switched capacitor circuit shapes the current pulses. All pulse variables are programmable and various pulses can be formed for virtually any FES application. Compared to previous FES devices, the pulses generated here are sharper, have faster rise time and the amplitude and temporal characteristics are more tightly regulated. A single channel prototype system is implemented and experimental results are shown.

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) devices have direct applications in the realm of rehabilitation engineering, physiotherapy, occupational therapy and medicine for research, diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. This thesis presents a novel electrical stimulator for use in a FES system. The stimulator produces regulated current pulses using two switched mode power supplies (SMPS) in series. The first power stage - a flyback converter - steps up the supply voltage using primary side digital control. The second power stage is a buck converter with output current hysteretic control. An output switched capacitor circuit shapes the current pulses. All pulse variables are programmable and various pulses can be formed for virtually any FES application. Compared to previous FES devices, the pulses generated here are sharper, have faster rise time and the amplitude and temporal characteristics are more tightly regulated. A single channel prototype system is implemented and experimental results are shown.

Šiame baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjamas alavo fosfido fotoelektroninis spektras. Tyrimo objektu pasirinktas Sn2P2S6 kristalas. Jis pasižymi pirmos rūšies faziniu virsmu. Kambario temperatūroje yra feroelektrikas, 360 K temperatūroje paraelektrikas. Darbe nagrinėjami kristalo fotoelektroninio spektro atlikto XPS metodu skitrumai po fazinio virsmo, bei atliktas lyginimas su teoriniu kristalo modeliu. Teorinis modelis remiasi Hartre-Foko-Rutano metodu. / In this graduating master`s work is researched photo electronis spectra of tin fosfydium crystal (Sn2P2S6). It is unique by ability to be feroelectric in ferophase (room temperature) and papaelectric in paraphase (360 K). In this work we are researching XPS differences of given crystal after the phasic transformation. Also we are comparing experimental XPS to theoretical crystal model, made by Hartree-Fock-Rutan method.

Les centres FeS sont un des cofacteurs protéiques majeurs, ils se trouvent aussi bien chez les bactéries que chez les eucaryotes. Ils ont des rôles essentiels de transfert d'électron, liaison de substrat et son activation, régulation d'expression de gènes, donneur de soufre etc. Leur agencement est très varié, allant du centre [2Fe-2S] à l'agrégat plus complexe MoFe7S9X (X = C, N ou O) de la nitrogénase. L'assemblage de ces centres se fait par des machineries protéiques. Nous avons étudié le système ISC (Iron-Sulfur Cluster) chez les bactéries, qui fabrique des centres [2Fe-2S] et [4Fe-4S]. Il est composé des protéines IscS, IscU, IscA, HscA, HscB et d'une ferrédoxine. Deux de ces protéines, IscS, qui est une cystéine désulfurase et IscU, protéine dite échafaudage, sont le cœur de la machinerie puisque IscS apporte le soufre sur la protéine IscU, qui, avec le fer qu'elle aura obtenu d'une autre protéine (non clairement identifiée à ce jour), fabriquera le centre fer-soufre et le transfèrera à une apoprotéine. Nous avons isolé un complexe stable (IscS-D35A-IscU)2 contenant un centre [2Fe-2S] dans des conditions anaérobie. Différentes formes du complexe ont été obtenues et cristallisées afin d'obtenir leurs structures, résolues par remplacement moléculaire. Ces structures nous ont permis de proposer un mécanisme d'assemblage des centres [2Fe-2S] à l'échelle atomique et électronique. Nous avons d'autre part étudié la protéine HmdB probablement impliquée dans la maturation de l'hydrogénase à fer. HmdB fait partie de la superfamille des protéines à radical SAM. Des cristaux de l'apoprotéine ont été obtenus et sa structure a été résolue par remplacement moléculaire. Même si une partie de la structure n'est pas visible du fait de l'absence de centre [4Fe-4S], elle donne une première vue du site actif de la protéine.

Les blessures médullaires induisent chez les sujets atteints des déficiences motrices qui se traduisent par une paralysie partielle ou totale. Face aux limites des méthodes thérapeutiques classiques telles que la chirurgie et les médicaments, la stimulation électrique fonctionnelle (FES) des muscles représente une solution alternative combinant à la fois des bénéfices thérapeutiques largement prouvés et la possibilité de contrôler les membres paralysés à des fins de suppléance fonctionnelle. Cependant, le contrôle artificiel par FES pose un certain nombre de problèmes liés à la nature redondante de l'actionnement musculaire. Par conséquent, le choix des séquences de stimulation électrique est souvent fait de manière empirique, basé sur la seule expérience des cliniciens. Ainsi, la compréhension et la caractérisation des systèmes musculosquelettiques sous FES s'avèrent nécessaire. Elles impliquent la modélisation des différents phénomènes biomécaniques et physiologiques ainsi que l'identification des paramètres du modèle. Les principales contributions de cette thèse sont 1) la mise en place d'un protocole d'identification non-invasif des paramètres du système musculosquelettique sous FES et son application dans le cadre de l'articulation du genou chez les blessés médullaires humains et 2) la synthèse des séquences de stimulation électrique en utilisant des techniques d'optimisation non-linéaire basées sur le modèle identifié.

Submitted by JORGE ESTEBAN BLANCO RODRIGUEZ null (lobogris87@msn.com) on 2016-06-01T14:53:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jorge Esteban Blanco Rodriguez.pdf: 3365866 bytes, checksum: edf247c26e3f44cc20ef44607e947f0e (MD5) / Rejected by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: O mês informado na capa do documento está diferente da data de defesa que consta na folha de aprovação. Corrija esta informação no arquivo PDF e realize uma nova submissão contendo o arquivo correto. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-06-02T13:45:11Z (GMT) / Submitted by JORGE ESTEBAN BLANCO RODRIGUEZ null (lobogris87@msn.com) on 2016-06-02T14:37:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jorge Esteban Blanco Rodriguez 30-03-2016.pdf: 2668564 bytes, checksum: 75234917c13bea3285297fb6aeb7f0ec (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-06-02T16:43:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 blancorodriguez_je_me_ilha.pdf: 2668564 bytes, checksum: 75234917c13bea3285297fb6aeb7f0ec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T16:43:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 blancorodriguez_je_me_ilha.pdf: 2668564 bytes, checksum: 75234917c13bea3285297fb6aeb7f0ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Implementou-se um estimulador elétrico funcional para uso na reabilitação de pacientes hígidos e paraplégicos e que não necessita de alimentação simétrica. O equipamento é constituído por dois estágios, o formador de onda, no qual se define os parâmetros do sinal de estimulação, e o de potência. No formador de onda foi utilizado uma placa Raspberry pi e uma interface de usuário, desenvolvida em Python. O estágio de potência é composto por um espelho de corrente que possibilita a utilização de transistores não casados, e uma estrutura em ponte H, para formar o sinal de eletroestimulação bifásico, sem a necessidade de fonte simétrica, diminuindo assim pela metade a diferença de potencial aplicada na alimentação do circuito. Com o estimulador implementado gerou-se correntes com forma de onda retangular, amplitude de até 120 mA e características adequadas para utilização na reabilitação dos membros inferiores e superiores de pacientes. / A functional electrical stimulator for use in the rehabilitation of paraplegic and healthy patients was implemented. It does not need symmetrical power supply. The equipment consists of two stages, the wave generator, which defines the stimulation signal parameters, and the power stage. In the wave generator we have used a Raspberry Pi board and a user interface, developed in Python. In the power stage we have used a current mirror which enables the use of unmarried transistors and a H-bridge circuit to generate a biphasic signal. With the implemented stimulator, currents with rectangular waveform, range of up to 120 mA, and suitable characteristics for using in rehabilitation of the lower and upper limbs of patients were generated.

Orientador: Aparecido Augusto de Carvalho / Resumo: Implementou-se um estimulador elétrico funcional para uso na reabilitação de pacientes hígidos e paraplégicos e que não necessita de alimentação simétrica. O equipamento é constituído por dois estágios, o formador de onda, no qual se define os parâmetros do sinal de estimulação, e o de potência. No formador de onda foi utilizado uma placa Raspberry pi e uma interface de usuário, desenvolvida em Python. O estágio de potência é composto por um espelho de corrente que possibilita a utilização de transistores não casados, e uma estrutura em ponte H, para formar o sinal de eletroestimulação bifásico, sem a necessidade de fonte simétrica, diminuindo assim pela metade a diferença de potencial aplicada na alimentação do circuito. Com o estimulador implementado gerou-se correntes com forma de onda retangular, amplitude de até 120 mA e características adequadas para utilização na reabilitação dos membros inferiores e superiores de pacientes. / Abstract: A functional electrical stimulator for use in the rehabilitation of paraplegic and healthy patients was implemented. It does not need symmetrical power supply. The equipment consists of two stages, the wave generator, which defines the stimulation signal parameters, and the power stage. In the wave generator we have used a Raspberry Pi board and a user interface, developed in Python. In the power stage we have used a current mirror which enables the use of unmarried transistors and a H-bridge circuit to generate a biphasic signal. With the implemented stimulator, currents with rectangular waveform, range of up to 120 mA, and suitable characteristics for using in rehabilitation of the lower and upper limbs of patients were generated. / Mestre

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