The main objective of this work was to characterize the benefits of functional foods on human health and formulate effective procedure for the implementation of the regional market for food use marketing mix. The thesis was carried out a survey, whose task was to analyze consumers' awareness of functional foods and their preferences in terms of individual marketing mix. Based on this information, was subsequently formulated recommendations to manufacturers that these foods are introduced to the market as new products.

The Thesis acquaints consumers with Czech and European legislation regarding food quality and safety. There are also described in detail the supervisory autorities for food authenticity operating in Czech Republic and related terms such as food quality and safety. The following is a pivotal part dedicated to the food authenticity, which describes the problem of food adulteration, including the reasons and methods of food adulteration. The practical part contains the results of inspections of food by SZPI for the year 2015. The analysis of the data is based on the website "Potraviny na pranýři". Another part relates to the evaluation of questionnaire, which focuses on consumers's relationship to authenticity and adulteration of food on the Czech market. The practical part is concludes by the evaluation of set hypotheses.

LIMA, Paula Joyce Delmiro de Oliveira. Resíduo desidratado de cervejaria na ração de coelhos em crescimento. 2016. xiii, 54 f. : Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências, Departamento de Zootecnia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia. Fortaleza-CE, 2016. / Submitted by Eric Santiago (erichhcl@gmail.com) on 2016-08-03T12:56:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_pjdolima.pdf: 727437 bytes, checksum: 9c852f24ef3b22d2bbb825de8681e260 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-03T13:16:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_pjdolima.pdf: 727437 bytes, checksum: 9c852f24ef3b22d2bbb825de8681e260 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T13:16:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_pjdolima.pdf: 727437 bytes, checksum: 9c852f24ef3b22d2bbb825de8681e260 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Two experiments were conducted, the first to determine the chemical and digestible energy of dried brewers grain (DBG) and the second to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of this ingredient in the feeding of growing rabbits on performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and economic viability. For the digestibility assay a total of 28 males rabbits were used, White New Zealand x California, with 50 days of age with an initial weight of 1.400±0.100 kg, distributed on a completely randomized block design, with two treatments and fourteen replications, using the total of feces method. The treatments were: basal diet (BD) and ration test (RT) comprised 60% of basal diet and 40% dried brewers grain. The dried brewers grain showed 90.43% of dry matter, 37.94% of crude protein, 51.72% of neutral detergent fiber, 22.08% of acid detergent fiber, 8.06% of ether extract, 5.30% of mineral matters and 3371.24 kcal of digestible energy/kg. To test the performance, a total of eighty rabbits (40 males and 40 females), White New Zealand x California, in the period from 40 to 90 days of age, allocated in a completely randomized block design in a 5x2 factorial arrangement, considering five levels of inclusion of the DBG (0, 7, 14, 21 e 28%), and sex (male and female), with four replicates of two animals. No effects were observed on the performance, however, it was observed that the carcass weight decreased linearly, while the pâncreas weight increased, due to the higher level of inclusion of the DBG. The weight of the liver of animals fed with DBG over 14% was lower than in animals that received feed without this ingredient. There was no effect of treatments on quality characteristics of meat rabbits. No effects were observed on relation meat/bone and qualitative meat characteristics. Considering the lower cost value of feed and better economic efficiency and cost indexes, the DBG may be included up to 28% in growing rabbits diets. / Foram realizados dois ensaios, sendo o primeiro para determinar a composição química e a energia digestível do resíduo desidratado de cervejaria (RDC) e o segundo para avaliar o efeito da inclusão deste ingrediente na dieta de coelhos em crescimento sobre o desempenho, características da carcaça, qualidade da carne e viabilidade econômica. Para o ensaio de digestibilidade foram utilizados 28 coelhos machos com 50 dias de idade e peso inicial de 1,400±0,100 kg, distribuídos no delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com dois tratamentos e quatorze repetições, utilizando método de coleta total de fezes. Os tratamentos foram: ração referência (RR) e ração teste (RT) composta por 60% da ração referência e 40% de resíduo desidratado de cervejaria. O resíduo desidratado de cervejaria apresentou 90,43% de matéria seca, 37,94% de proteína bruta, 51,72% de fibra em detergente neutro, 22,08% de fibra em detergente ácido, 8,06% de extrato etéreo, 5,30% de matéria mineral e 3371,24 kcal de energia digestível/kg. Para o ensaio de desempenho foram utilizados 80 coellhos (40 machos e 40 fêmeas) oriundos do cruzamento das raças Nova Zelândia Branco x Califórnia, no período de 40 a 90 dias de idade, distribuídos no delineamento em blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 5x2, considerando cinco níveis de inclusão do RDC (0, 7, 14, 21 e 28%) e o sexo (macho e fêmea), com quatro repetições de dois animais. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre o desempenho dos coelhos, no entanto, observou-se que o peso de carcaça decresceu linearmente enquanto o peso do pâncreas aumentou, em função do maior nível de inclusão do RDC. O peso do fígado dos animais alimentados com rações contendo RDC acima de 14% foi menor em relação aos animais que receberam ração sem este ingrediente. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre a relação carne/osso e características qualitativas da carne avaliadas. Em função do menor valor de custo com alimentação bem como dos melhores índices de eficiência econômica e de custo, o RDC pode ser incluído em até 28% em rações para coelhos em crescimento.

The aim of this work was to characterize the contribution of functional foods for human health and to formulate effective procedures for the implementation of functional foods on the regional food market in the use of marketing mix. He was a pilot market survey questionnaire form. Finally, it was recommended that future functional food manufacturers to determine for how many are able to produce these foods and compare the price that people are willing to pay for this product. When promoting a product would be good to focus on women aged 31-50 years and in leaflets. Important to raise interest in buying a functional food is to give consumers more information about this type of food. Inform them all about their impact on health as scientific evidence.

Within youth soccer high training and match loads warrant appropriate nutritional attention, although research assessing the nutritional intake and habits of youth soccer players is scarce. This thesis aimed to investigate habits and explore experiences of dietary intake methods in an English Premier League youth academy. Study one (Chapter 4) quantified the energy, macro and micronutrient intake of players from age groups under (U) 13 to U18 (7-day food diary, n = 59). Results showed players across all ages were in energy deficit, with low carbohydrate intake, and a large individual variability for micronutrient intake in comparison to current recommendations. However, under-reporting may have influenced these results. Study two (Chapter 5), a qualitative approach, explored nutritional habits (n = 15) with study one participants using one-on-one interviews. The U15 – U18s players consciously periodise their carbohydrate intake throughout the week; U18s stated this was to aid body composition. When discussing their participation in the previous food diary study, U18s expressed that a quicker, more user-friendly method would be desirable. The third study (Chapter 6), therefore, assessed the use of smartphone technology to record dietary intake. Fulltime youth soccer players (n = 22) recorded their dietary intake on a single training day, using a smartphone application and a photography method respectively compared to 24-hr recall. The 24-hr recall provided significantly higher energy and macronutrient intake in comparison to the smartphone methods. This data suggests smartphone technology was more effective in tandem with 24-hr recall. To conclude, youth soccer players are in dietary energy and carbohydrate deficit, with variable micronutrient intake when compared to current recommendations and traditional 24-hr recall is recommend if using smartphone technology. Further research for the accurate quantification of dietary intake and energy demands is required. Dietary advice provision for youth soccer to reach current nutritional recommendations is warranted.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:43:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pinheiro_df_dr_botfca.pdf: 743911 bytes, checksum: 17fb0ca0b0be54d7a31a28d531b7bc84 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar o efeito da suplementação de probiótico, prebiótico e simbiótico sobre o desempenho, peso de órgãos, microflora intestinal, ácidos graxos voláteis e atividade de enzimas digestivas. 2. Foram utilizados 180 pintinhos machos, Cobb, de um dia de idade, distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos casualizados e submetidos a 5 tratamentos (T1 = sem aditivo, T2 = antibiótico, T3 = probiótico, T4 = prebiótico e T5 = simbiótico). 3. Os resultados mostraram que a adição de prebiótico na fase inicial (1 a 21 dias de idade) promoveu melhor conversão alimentar e aumento da atividade da enzima maltase (P<0,05). Neste período, a suplementação de dietas com prebiótico, probiótico e simbiótico aumentou (P<0,05) a população de Lactobacillus e Bifidobacterium em relação a aves que não receberam aditivo na dieta. O valor de pH cecal em frangos alimentados com prebiótico e sem aditivo foi menor (P<0,05) do que aqueles do grupo T2. Entretanto, não houve diferença (P>0,05) na produção de ácidos graxos voláteis entre os tratamentos. A suplementação de prebiótico também aumentou o peso do intestino grosso (P<0,05). 4. Para o período total de criação (1 a 42 dias) não houve diferença no peso e ganho de peso (P>0,05). 5. A suplementação de prebiótico, probiótico e simbiótico não alterou o ganho de peso na fase final de criação. Entretanto, na fase inicial o uso de prebiótico melhorou a conversão alimentar e atividade da maltase. / The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the probiotic, prebiotic and symbiotic supplementation on the performance, weight of organs, intestinal microflora, volatile fatty acids and digestive enzyme activities. 2. A total of 180 one-day- old male chicks (Cobb) was distributed in a complete block design, with five treatments (T1 = no additives, T2 = antibiotics, T3 = probiotics, T4 = prebiotics and T5 = symbiotics). 3. The results showed that the addition of prebiotic in the initial period (1 to 21 days) promoted better feed conversion and increase maltase activities (P<0.05). This period, the supplementing the diets with prebiotic, probiotic and symbiotic increased significantly (P<0.05) Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium population relationship to the birds that did not receive additive. The cecal pH values in broilers fed diets with prebiotic and no additive were significantly lower (P<0.05) than those in the T2 group. However, there was not significant difference in volatile fatty acids (P>0.05) among the treatment groups. The prebiotic supplementation also increased weight of the large intestine (P<0.05) 4. To the 42 days of age, there was difference in the gain weight (P>0.05). 5. The prebiotic, probiotic and symbiotic supplementation did not change the gain weight in the last period. However, in the initial period the use of prebiotic improves feed conversion and maltase activities.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-17T19:34:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-02-24. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-06-18T12:47:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000830190_20170224.pdf: 195911 bytes, checksum: 9529cc4e5fcebdb4ff1bff57ed21e83f (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2017-02-24T13:00:38Z: 000830190_20170224.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2017-02-24T13:01:26Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000830190.pdf: 3956736 bytes, checksum: e0a2b1c975e53b6a075f6ad9d63fa9dd (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Considerando que os tratamentos convencionais da doença inflamatória intestinal não representam a cura ou remissão dos sintomas e produzem intensos efeitos colaterais, a busca por estratégias complementares de prevenção e tratamento desta doença se apresenta como uma perspectiva promissora. Baseado nessas informações, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade anti-inflamatória intestinal das dietas enriquecidas com os frutos do açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) e do buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.f.) na fase aguda do modelo experimental de doença inflamatória intestinal induzida por TNBS (ácido trinitrobenzenosulfônico) em ratos. Devido aos usos populares e conhecidos valores nutricionais, essas duas palmeiras da região amazônica possuem grande potencial de atuarem como prebióticos, antioxidantes e/ou moduladores da resposta imune. Os animais foram submetidos a uma dieta contendo a polpa desses frutos na ração em uma proporção de 10% durante 35 dias. Após 48 horas da indução do processo inflamatório, os animais foram mortos e seus cólons extraídos para a realização dos estudos macroscópicos (escore, extensão da lesão, relação peso comprimento do cólon e ocorrência de diarreia e aderência), histológicos (microscopia óptica) e bioquímicos (conteúdo de glutationa total e atividade das enzimas mieloperoxidase e fosfatase alcalina). Paralelamente foi realizada uma análise comportamental, utilizando modelos experimentais de ansiedade e de atividade geral nos animais submetidos às dietas. As avaliações bioquímicas mostraram que ambas as dietas foram capazes de evitar a depleção dos níveis de glutationa e de diminuir a atividade das enzimas fosfatase alcalina e mieloperoxidase. Estes efeitos protetores foram acompanhados pela recuperação tecidual como observado pelas análises microscópicas. Esses resultados sugerem que a suplementação dietária com os frutos de E. oleracea Mart. (açaí) ... / Whereas conventional treatments of inflammatory bowel disease does not represent a cure or remission of symptoms and produce severe side effects, the search for additional strategies to prevent and treat this disease is presented as a promising prospect. Based on this information, the present study aimed to evaluate the intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of the diets enriched with the fruits of açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) and buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.f.) in the acute phase of experimental model of induced inflammatory bowel disease TNBS (trinitrobenzenosulfonic acid) in rats. Due to popular uses and known nutritional values, these two palm trees in the Amazon region have great potential to act as prebiotics, antioxidants and / or modulators of the immune response. The animals were submitted to a diet containing the pulp of the fruits in the feed in a ratio of 10% for 35 days. After 48 hours of induction of the inflammatory process, the animals were sacrificed and their colons removed for the achievement of macroscopic studies (score, lesion length, weight ratio length of the colon and occurrence of diarrhea and grip), histological (light microscopy) and biochemical (total glutathione content and activity of myeloperoxidase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes). At the same time a behavioral analysis was performed using experimental models of anxiety and general activity in animals which were fed. The biochemical evaluations showed that both diets were able to avoid the depletion of glutathione levels and decrease the activity of the alkaline phosphatase and myeloperoxidase enzymes. These protective effects were accompanied by tissue recovery as observed by microscopic analysis. These results suggest that dietary supplementation with the fruits of E. oleracea Mart. (açaí) and M. flexuosa L. F. (buriti) in a proportion of 10% in the diet was responsible for the improvement of colonic inflammation induced by TNBS in rats, in this ...

Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-20T17:09:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-02-25. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-20T17:26:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000842897.pdf: 1616965 bytes, checksum: 838e64a2503d49e2e30c22a93d3310f8 (MD5) / A beterraba é uma raiz tuberosa de cor vermelho-arroxeada, devido à presença de pigmentos denominados betalaínas, que são potentes antioxidantes. Apresenta grande aceitação sensorial devido seu alto teor de açúcar, tem baixa densidade energética e apresenta quantidades apreciáveis de micronutrientes, principalmente de ferro e potássio, é rica em substâncias antioxidantes como compostos fenólicos, flavonoides, antocianinas e carotenoides. O pré preparo e a cocção dos alimentos podem afetar o teor, a atividade e a biodisponibilidade de nutrientes e antioxidantes, uma vez que podem ser degradados ou lixiviados para a água de cocção. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a aceitabilidade e a qualidade dos nutrientes, compostos bioativos e mudança de cor da beterraba com diferentes métodos de cocção (vapor, pressão, forno e imersão) e de pré preparo (com casca, sem casca, em fatias). As analises realizadas na beterraba crua e após todos os métodos de cocção foram pH, sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável total, umidade, cinzas, matéria graxa, açúcares, proteína, fibras, minerais, vitamina C total, atividade antioxidante, compostos fenólicos, flavonoides, antocianinas, carotenoides, coloração e análise sensorial. Para todos os resultados, exceto para minerais, foi realizada a análise de variância no delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com esquema fatorial 3x4 com Anova, seguida do teste de Tukey para comparações de médias a 5%. Para as comparações da beterraba in natura com todos os tratamentos foi feito delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 13 tratamentos e 3 repetições. Os diferentes pré preparos e os métodos de cocção interferiram na aceitabilidade e na qualidade nutricional das beterrabas. Em todos os tratamentos houve manutenção da capacidade antioxidante, exceto as fatiadas na pressão. A cocção a vapor de beterrabas inteiras ... / The beetroot is a red purplish tuberous root, because has pigments called betalains which are potent antioxidant. This root shows big sensory acceptance, because has lots of sugar, has a low energy density and lots of micronutrients, mainly iron and potassium. It's rich in antioxidants like phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins and carotenoids. The pre preparation and cooking of foods can affect the percentage, activity and bioavailability of the nutrients and antioxidant, since they can be degraded and leaching out of the food and into the cooking liquid. The aim of this study was evaluated assess the acceptability and quality of nutrients, bioactive compounds and changing beet color with different cooking methods (steam, pressure, furnace and immersion) and pre preparation (with shell, shelled, sliced). The analyzes were done on raw beets and after all cooking methods were pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity, moisture, ash, fatty matter, sugars, protein, fiber, minerals, vitamin C total antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanins, carotenoids, color and sensory analysis. For all results, 4 except for minerals, analysis of variance was performed in a completely randomized design with a 3x4 factorial design with ANOVA followed by Tukey's test for comparison of means at 5%. For comparisons of fresh beets with all treatments was made completely randomized design with 13 treatments and 3 replications. Different pre preparation and cooking methods interfere in the acceptability and nutritional quality of beet. All treatments were maintained antioxidant capacity, except the sliced in pressure. The steam cooking of whole beets preserved better anthocyanins and carotenoids. The best acceptance in sensory analysis, for females, was of cooked sliced beets steamed and sliced in pressure were less accepted and for males the most accepted were the whole with shells cooked in the pressure ...

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of global mortality, with the incidence of cardiovascular related pathologies remaining a public health burden. CVD encompasses pathologies of the vascular tree and heart, including, for example, peripheral artery disease, coronary heart disease and ischaemic stroke. Atherosclerosis is the primary pathological process leading to CVD and is characterised by a multifactorial pathophysiology that first manifests in the vascular endothelium. Termed endothelial dysfunction, this early marker of atherosclerosis has become a focus of interest for identifying individuals at risk of a profound cardiovascular insult, particularly arising from lifestyle choices such as physical inactivity and calorie-rich diets. Dietary interventions have received increasing attention in recent years as inexpensive strategies to potentially combat the ever-increasing global burden of CVD. A high dietary flavonoid intake is associated with a reduction in CVD risk and several studies have revealed a strong, inverse relation between the regular intake of tea, a major source of dietary flavonoids, and CVD risk. Tea has demonstrated improved conduit artery endothelial function and glucose handling in both healthy individuals and in those with overt CVD. However, the effects of tea on the microvasculature and cerebrovasculature are not yet understood, particularly in relation to lifestyle factors. The primary aim of this thesis was to explore the impact of tea ingestion on peripheral and cerebral micro- and macrovascular function in humans. In an initial methodological study, the day-to-day reproducibility of thermally stimulated cutaneous microvascular function was assessed. Fifteen, healthy males (28 ± 5 yrs, BMI 25 ± 2 kg/m2) attended two experimental trials 2-7 days apart. During each trial, baseline and maximal thermally stimulated forearm skin responses were examined simultaneously at four sites on the dominant forearm using laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF). The following heating protocols were adopted: 1. Rapid 39°C (0.5°C/5-s), 2. Rapid 42°C (0.5°C/5-s) 3. Gradual 42°C (0.5°C/2-min 30-s) and 4. Slow 42°C (0.5°C/5-min). The coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated for absolute flux, cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC; flux/mean arterial pressure, MAP) and CVC expressed as a percentage of maximal CVC at 44°C (%CVCmax) at three different time points; baseline (33°C), plateau (39/42°C) and maximal (44°C). Reproducibility of baseline flux, CVC and %CVCmax was 17-29% across all protocols. During the plateau, Rapid, Gradual and Slow 42°C demonstrated a reproducibility of 13-18% for flux and CVC and 5-11% for %CVCmax. However, Rapid 39°C demonstrated a lower reproducibility for flux, CVC and %CVCmax (21%). Reproducibility at 44°C was 12-15% for flux and CVC across all protocols. The good-to-moderate reproducibility of the Rapid, Gradual and Slow 42°C protocols supported their (simultaneous) use to assess peripheral microvascular function. The aim of Chapter 5 was to examine the acute (2-hour) cutaneous vascular responses to local skin heating following ingestion of black tea in a healthy adult population. Twenty healthy participants (58 ± 5 yrs, BMI 26 ± 4 kg/m2, 9 men) attended two experimental trials (tea, placebo), 7-days apart in a randomised, controlled, double-blind, cross-over design. Participants ingested a single dose of 200 ml black tea or placebo, followed by assessment of forearm cutaneous microvascular function using LDF and three distinct local skin heating protocols to distinguish between axon- and endothelium-dependent vasodilation: 1. Rapid 42°C, 2. Rapid 39°C and 3. Gradual 42°C. On the contralateral arm, full-field laser perfusion imaging (FLPI) was used to assess forearm cutaneous microvascular function during Gradual 42°C. Data were analysed as CVC and %CVCmax. Rapid local heating to 39°C or 42°C demonstrated no effect of tea for flux, CVC or %CVCmax (all P > 0.05). Gradual local heating to 42°C, however, produced a higher skin blood flow following black tea ingestion for absolute CVC (P=0.04) when measured by LDF, and higher absolute flux (P < 0.001) and CVC (P < 0.001) measured with FLPI. No effect of tea was found for %CVCmax when assessed by either LDF or FLPI. The aim of the study outlined in Chapter 6 was to examine the effect of daily green tea consumption (equivalent to 6 cups/day) on changes in peripheral vascular function and glucose handling after a 7-day ‘unhealthy’ lifestyle in healthy males. Twelve healthy males (29 ± 6 yrs, BMI 25 ± 2 kg/m2) underwent two periods of 7-days ‘unhealthy’ lifestyle (UL) comprising of combined physical activity reduction (-50% steps per day) and high fat, high carbohydrate overfeeding (+50% kcal per day, comprising 65% fat) in a randomised, controlled, double-blind, cross-over design. Each intervention period was separated by a 2-week washout. During each 7-day UL-period, participants ingested three doses of an active green tea drink (UL-Tea) or a placebo drink (UL-Placebo) per day at regular intervals. Participants attended the laboratory before and after each 7-day intervention (a total of 4 visits). During each visit the following were examined: mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), dominant forearm cutaneous microvascular function using LDF and local heating protocols 1. Rapid 42°C, 2. Rapid 39°C and 3. Gradual 42°C, macrovascular function using brachial artery and femoral artery endothelium-dependent function via flow-mediated dilation (FMD), carotid artery vasoreactivity to the cold pressor test (CAR%), cerebrovascular function via CO2 reactivity and dynamic cerebral autoregulation, and insulin sensitivity and glucose handling through a mixed-meal (1200kcal, comprising 60% carbohydrates, 33% fat and 7% protein) tolerance test. Linear mixed models (main effects of intervention and time) were used to examine the impact of the lifestyle intervention (pre vs post) and green tea ingestion (UL-Tea vs UL-Placebo). Body mass demonstrated a slight increase following both UL-Tea and UL-Placebo (P > 0.05). MAP was increased after UL-Placebo, whereas it was reduced after UL-Tea (P=0.06). LDF responses to rapid local heating demonstrated non-significant reductions in CVC following UL-Placebo but no difference following UL-Tea (P > 0.05), with a significant interaction of time*condition*temperature observed following Gradual 42°C (P=0.02). Brachial artery FMD was not different pre vs post or between UL-Placebo and UL-Tea (P > 0.05), whereas femoral artery FMD decreased after UL-Placebo, which was prevented during UL-Tea (P < 0.001). CAR% decreased following UL-Placebo, which was prevented during UL-Tea (P=0.04). CO2 reactivity and dynamic cerebral autoregulation demonstrated no differences between UL-Placebo and UL-Tea or over time. Postprandial glucose was increased after UL-Placebo, whereas a reduction in postprandial glucose occurred after UL-Tea (P=0.03). Postprandial insulin levels were higher after UL-Placebo, consistent with insulin resistance, whereas following UL-Tea the insulin response was reduced and demonstrated an interaction of time*condition (P < 0.001). The aim of Chapter 7 was to examine the effect of acute oral (-)-epicatechin ingestion on cerebrovascular function in healthy adults. Seven healthy males (32 ± 13 yrs, BMI 25 ± 1 kg/m2) attended two experimental trials ((-)-epicatechin and placebo) 7-days apart in a randomised, controlled, double-blind, cross-over design. Participants underwent baseline assessment of cerebrovascular function using transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD), comprising CO2 reactivity to hypercapnia and dynamic cerebral autoregulation via squat-stand manoeuvres at 0.10 Hz and 0.05 Hz. / Following completion of the baseline measures, participants immediately consumed an oral dose of the test product (2 x 50 mg capsules of (-)-epicatechin or 2 capsules of colour-matched placebo) together with a glass of water, following which participants relaxed in the laboratory. 2-hours post-ingestion repeat measures of cerebrovascular function were performed. Linear mixed models (main effects of condition and time) examined the differences between (-)-epicatechin and placebo interventions (pre vs post) on cerebrovascular function. No differences were observed at pre vs post baseline for middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAv) or MAP (all P > 0.05). There were no differences in the cerebrovascular responses to CO2 or dynamic autoregulation between (-)-epicatechin and placebo. The findings from this thesis suggest that, firstly, use of simultaneous skin local heating protocols provides a valuable means of interrogating the cutaneous microvessels for mechanistic insight in intervention studies. Secondly, current findings evidence improved cutaneous microvascular function following acute black tea consumption. Furthermore, the research work undertaken in this thesis provides important insight into the effects of tea consumption on peripheral (micro- and macro-) vascular function and insulin sensitivity, particularly its abrogative effects on lifestyle-induced vascular impairments. However, the effects of tea consumption on the cerebrovasculature remain uncertain. Overall, based on the current findings, tea consumption presents a simple, inexpensive, non-pharmacological cardioprotective strategy to help combat the ever-increasing global burden of CVD.

Orientador: Rogério Lopes Vieites / Banca: Flavia Queiroga A. de Almeida / Banca: Juliana Audi Giannoni / Resumo: A beterraba é uma raiz tuberosa de cor vermelho-arroxeada, devido à presença de pigmentos denominados betalaínas, que são potentes antioxidantes. Apresenta grande aceitação sensorial devido seu alto teor de açúcar, tem baixa densidade energética e apresenta quantidades apreciáveis de micronutrientes, principalmente de ferro e potássio, é rica em substâncias antioxidantes como compostos fenólicos, flavonoides, antocianinas e carotenoides. O pré preparo e a cocção dos alimentos podem afetar o teor, a atividade e a biodisponibilidade de nutrientes e antioxidantes, uma vez que podem ser degradados ou lixiviados para a água de cocção. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a aceitabilidade e a qualidade dos nutrientes, compostos bioativos e mudança de cor da beterraba com diferentes métodos de cocção (vapor, pressão, forno e imersão) e de pré preparo (com casca, sem casca, em fatias). As analises realizadas na beterraba crua e após todos os métodos de cocção foram pH, sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável total, umidade, cinzas, matéria graxa, açúcares, proteína, fibras, minerais, vitamina C total, atividade antioxidante, compostos fenólicos, flavonoides, antocianinas, carotenoides, coloração e análise sensorial. Para todos os resultados, exceto para minerais, foi realizada a análise de variância no delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com esquema fatorial 3x4 com Anova, seguida do teste de Tukey para comparações de médias a 5%. Para as comparações da beterraba in natura com todos os tratamentos foi feito delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 13 tratamentos e 3 repetições. Os diferentes pré preparos e os métodos de cocção interferiram na aceitabilidade e na qualidade nutricional das beterrabas. Em todos os tratamentos houve manutenção da capacidade antioxidante, exceto as fatiadas na pressão. A cocção a vapor de beterrabas inteiras ... / Abstract: The beetroot is a red purplish tuberous root, because has pigments called betalains which are potent antioxidant. This root shows big sensory acceptance, because has lots of sugar, has a low energy density and lots of micronutrients, mainly iron and potassium. It's rich in antioxidants like phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins and carotenoids. The pre preparation and cooking of foods can affect the percentage, activity and bioavailability of the nutrients and antioxidant, since they can be degraded and leaching out of the food and into the cooking liquid. The aim of this study was evaluated assess the acceptability and quality of nutrients, bioactive compounds and changing beet color with different cooking methods (steam, pressure, furnace and immersion) and pre preparation (with shell, shelled, sliced). The analyzes were done on raw beets and after all cooking methods were pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity, moisture, ash, fatty matter, sugars, protein, fiber, minerals, vitamin C total antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanins, carotenoids, color and sensory analysis. For all results, 4 except for minerals, analysis of variance was performed in a completely randomized design with a 3x4 factorial design with ANOVA followed by Tukey's test for comparison of means at 5%. For comparisons of fresh beets with all treatments was made completely randomized design with 13 treatments and 3 replications. Different pre preparation and cooking methods interfere in the acceptability and nutritional quality of beet. All treatments were maintained antioxidant capacity, except the sliced in pressure. The steam cooking of whole beets preserved better anthocyanins and carotenoids. The best acceptance in sensory analysis, for females, was of cooked sliced beets steamed and sliced in pressure were less accepted and for males the most accepted were the whole with shells cooked in the pressure ... / Mestre