Thesis (MPhil (Modern Foreign Languages))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / As computers increasingly seem to gain importance and have become a useful tool to carry out everyday routine tasks and to facilitate communication, task-based and student centred approaches of foreign language teaching and learning need to evaluate how computers can be integrated into the classroom to equip students with the necessary skills they need to master the challenges which may come with these new technologies. Since CALL (computer assisted language learning) -research has also suggested that computers can assist both students and teachers by enhancing L2 learning activities and by providing useful tools to complete them, it seems like there is no way computers can not play a role in L2 teaching and learning today. This thesis aims to give an overview of the use of computer applications in the L2 classroom and illustrates them by giving practical examples for a specific learning environment, namely the Goethe-Zentrum Kapstadt. As informed use of computers in a CALL scenario must be based on a thorough understanding of L2 learning processes, this thesis also provides a critical overview of general L2 teaching and learning theories as well as CALL research in particular. As a theoretical framework may vary according to the specific conditions of the learning environment a description of the Goethe-Zentrum is also given and considered as a criterion for the development and integration of learner-centred and task-based CALL activities at the Goethe-Zentrum.

The problem of this study was to determine the value of certain selected aptitude test scores for predicting student achievement in Spanish, French, and German at North Texas State University. Particular emphasis was placed on freshmen enrolled in beginning courses.

Esta dissertação de mestrado tem por objetivo apresentar, analisar e discutir a experiência de ensino de Francês Língua Estrangeira para estudantes da Escola Politécnica da USP, por meio do Programa CFI (Curso de Francês para Iniciantes). Tal formação, iniciada em 2001, foi concebida pelo Centro de Línguas da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo a pedido da Comissão de Relações Internacionais da Escola Politécnica, e tinha por finalidade preparar os alunos que fossem fazer dois anos de curso em faculdades de engenharia francesas (Ecoles Polytechniques, Ecoles Centrales, Ponts et Chaussés, etc), no âmbito do Programa Duplo Diploma em Engenharia promovida pela Poli-USP. Nosso estudo corresponde ao período em que se decidiu discutir a progressão e o equilíbrio entre as duas modalidades de ensino trabalhadas - o Francês, Língua Estrangeira (FLE) geral e o Francês com Objetivos Específicos (FOS) - na formação dos estudantes, que passara de 2 para 3 anos, incluindo um módulo específico (Módulo France) e cujo número de inscritos havia chegado a quinhentos por semestre letivo. Nesse período, coube à equipe pedagógica a concepção geral do curso e a preparação do material didático de cada um dos seis módulos de ensino oferecidos, o que trouxe resultados bastante positivos, como mostram os questionários respondidos por alunos do Duplo Diploma que participaram de tal formação. / The objective of this undergraduate thesis is to present, analyze and discuss the experience of teaching French as a foreign language for students at the Polytechnic School at University of São Paulo through the FCB Program (French Course for Beginners). This course, started in 2001, was designed by the Language Center at the College of Philosophy, Languages and Human Sciences of the University of São Paulo by request of the International Relations Commission of the Polytechnic School to prepare students who had been selected for the Dual Diploma Program in Engineering sponsored by Poli-USP, that is, a program in which students would spend two years of their undergraduate program at a French College of Engineering (Ecoles Polytechniques, Ecoles Centrales, Ponts et Chaussés, etc). Our study corresponds to the period in which we decided to reevaluate the progress and the balance between the two approaches used during the course general French as a Foreign Language (FFL) and French with Specific Objectives (FSO) a course which had increased from 2 to 3 years and which included a specific module (France module) and whose number of enrolled participants had reached 500 per semester. During this period, the pedagogical team (coordinators and teachers) were responsible for the general conception of the new course and for the textbooks of each one of the 6 teaching modules offered. The results obtained were extremely satisfactory as shown in the questionnaires answered by the Dual Diploma students who took this course.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo geral estudar o trabalho do professor de francês língua estrangeira (FLE) no contexto dos Centros de Estudos de Línguas de São Paulo (CEL) e nos Cursos Extracurriculares de Francês da FFLCH USP. Nosso interesse é verificar em que medida o trabalho do professor de FLE é afetado (ou não) por textos que prescrevem / orientam seu trabalho. Levando em consideração o ensino de francês no contexto brasileiro, percebemos que os textos que orientam o trabalho do professor podem ser insuficientes ou quase inexistentes. A partir dessa constatação, queremos compreender como o professor organiza seu trabalho e qual é a visão de si mesmo nesse trabalho. Para atingir nossos objetivos, nós procuramos e analisamos os textos que orientam o trabalho do professor de FLE nesses dois contextos e, em uma outra etapa, nós também analisamos o que professores falam de seu trabalho a partir das entrevistas de instrução ao sósia (Clot, 1999). O quadro teórico maior que sustenta esta pesquisa é o do Interacionismo Social, notadamente os estudos desenvolvidos por Vigotski (1927-1999) e as vertentes desse quadro maior: o Interacionismo Sociodiscursivo (Bronckart, 1999, 2006, 2008; Machado, 2009), que nos fornece também um modelo de análise de textos a arquitetura textual e as teorias que estudam o trabalho, a Clínica da Atividade (Clot, 1999, 2001, 2008; Faïta, 2011), e sobretudo o trabalho docente, a Ergonomia da Atividade (Saujat, 2002, 2004; Amigues, 2002, 2004). Nós nos servimos também de algumas contribuições dadas por outros autores, sobretudo no que concerne ao enriquecimento da análise dos textos, a saber, Authier-Revuz (1998), Kerbrat-Orecchioni (2006), Maingueneau (1997). A metodologia desta pesquisa inclui a seleção e análise de textos que orientam o trabalho docente e a constituição de um coletivo de trabalho para a realização de entrevistas de instrução ao sósia, uma técnica concebida por Oddone (1981) e desenvolvida por Clot (1999) no quadro da Clínica da Atividade como um método indireto que leva à transformação e compreensão das situações de trabalho a partir das verbalizações dos trabalhadores sobre suas dificuldades, desafios etc. Os resultados de nossas análises revelam, de um lado, um distanciamento dos textos que orientam o trabalho do professor em relação à sua atividade; por outro lado, as análises das instruções ao sósia indicam a emergência de algumas características do gênero profissional, que se constitui para além das especificidades de cada contexto de trabalho. Entre as contribuições desta pesquisa, ressaltamos o caráter potencialmente formativo da constituição do coletivo de trabalho e a contribuição da intervenção para os professores e seus respectivos contextos. / This dissertation has as its broad objective to study the work of a teacher of French as a foreign language in the context of Centers of Studies of Languages of São Paulo and in the Extension Courses of French at FFLCH USP. Our main interest is to verify how the work of a teacher of FFL is affected (or not) by texts which prescribe/orient their work. Taking into consideration the teaching of French in the Brazilian context, it is understood that the texts which guide the work of teachers may not be enough or may be almost inexistent. Based on this finding, we want to comprehend how the teacher organizes his work and what is the view he has of himself in this work. In order to do so, we searched and analyzed the texts which guide the work of teachers of FFL, and on another stage, we also analyzed what the teachers say about their work based on interviews of instruction to the double (Clot, 1999). A greater theoretical background which reinforces this research is the Social Interactionist Theory, notably the studies developed by Vigotski (1927-1999) and the slopes of this greater background: the Socio-Discursive Interactionism (Bronckart, 1999, 2006, 2008; Machado, 2009), which provides us a model of analysis of texts - the textual architecture- and the theories which study the work, the Clinic of Activity (Clot, 1999, 2001, 2008; Faïta, 2011), and above all, the teaching work, the Ergonomics of Activity (Saujat, 2002, 2004; Amigues, 2002, 2004). We have also dealt with some contributions given by authors, mainly those which concern the enrichment of text analysis, namely, Authier-Revuz ((1998), Kerbrat-Orecchioni (2006), Maingueneau (1997). The methodology of this research includes the selection and analysis of texts which guide the teaching work and the constitution of a collective of work for the accomplishment of the interviews of instruction to the double, a technique conceived by Oddone (1981) and developed by Clot (1999) in the background of Clinic of Activity as an indirect method which leads to transformation and comprehension of the work situations from the workers\' verbalizations about their difficulties, challenges etc. The results of these analysis reveal, on one hand, how distant the texts which guide the work of teachers are from their activity; on the other hand, the analysis of the instruction to the double indicate the urgency of some characteristics of the professional genre, which is constituted beyond the specificities of each work context. Among the contributions of these researches, we highlight the potentially formative character of the constitution of the collective of work and the contribution of the teacher\'s intervention and its respective contexts.

Esta tese tem por objetivo investigar o uso pedagógico da imagem nos livros didáticos de Francês Língua Estrangeira (FLE) e sua possível transformação nas últimas décadas. É fato que o suporte visual ocupa uma posição de destaque na sociedade contemporânea e que vivemos em uma civilização da imagem. Pesquisadores como Kress & van Leeuwen (2001, 2006), Dondis (2007) e Joly (2007) nos mostram que a imagem possui uma linguagem que deve ser estudada, lida e analisada com ferramentas que lhe sejam próprias, tanto quanto a linguagem verbal. No entanto, seja na sociedade em geral ou, mais particularmente, na esfera educacional, não somos preparados para essa tarefa. Na área do ensino-aprendizagem de uma língua materna ou estrangeira, a leitura da imagem se faz, sobretudo, por meio do livro didático, um suporte que mantém sua legitimidade como meio principal na transmissão de conteúdos oficiais por uma instituição (CORACINI, 1999). Ora, nas últimas décadas a presença da imagem nos livros didáticos de FLE parece ter aumentado e se desenvolvido em uma progressão bem mais intensa do que as propostas para sua exploração pedagógica. Nesta pesquisa, buscamos verificar essa hipótese por meio de uma análise da presença da imagem em livros didáticos de FLE publicados nas últimas décadas e também das preconizações que essas mesmas publicações fornecem ao professor para o uso do suporte visual. Utilizamos como base teórica a noção de multimodalidade e a Gramática do Design Visual desenvolvidas por Kress & van Leeuwen (2001, 2006). Em uma segunda etapa da análise, definimos funções previstas e funções possíveis para o uso da imagem e do texto multimodal em uma aula de FLE. Dedicamo-nos também ouvir a voz do professor por meio da aplicação de um questionário, com o intuito de compreender suas facilidades e dificuldades ao seguir as orientações fornecidas pelo livro didático e também as adaptações realizadas em sua prática docente no processo de transformação de um artefato em um instrumento (RABARDEL, 2003). Concluímos esta tese indicando possibilidades para a exploração da imagem e do texto multimodal capazes de contribuir para um ensinoaprendizagem do FLE mais reflexivo e produtivo. / The objective of this thesis is to explore the pedagogical use of image in French as a Foreign Language (FFL) textbooks and how this use may have been transformed during the last decades. It is a fact that visual aids have a meaningful position in contemporary society and that we live in a civilization of images. Researchers such as Kress & van Leeuwen (2001, 2006), Dondis (2007) and Joly (2007) show us that the image has a distinct language that must be studied, read and analyzed by means of appropriate tools, in the same manner as the verbal language. Nevertheless, considering society in general or, more specifically, the educational sphere, we are not prepared for this task. In the field of teaching-learning of a mother or foreign tongue, the reading of the image is achieved mainly through textbooks, the medium which holds its legitimacy as main carrier of official content by an institution (CORACINI, 1999). In recent decades, however, the presence of images in FFL textbooks seems to have increased and developed in a progression much more intense than that of the proposals for their pedagogical consideration. In this survey, we seek to confirm this hypothesis though an analysis of the occurrence of images in FFL textbooks published in the last decades along with the recommendations for the use of visual aids the same publishers provide for the teachers. Our theory is based on the notion of multimodality and the Grammar of Visual Design developed by Kress & van Leeuwen (2001, 2006). In a second stage of the analysis, we define the predictable functions and possible functions for the use of images and the multimodal texts in a FFL classroom. We also commit ourselves to listen to the voice of the teacher by administering a questionnaire that aims to help us understand the benefits and difficulties of following the instructions provided by the textbook and what the teacher has adapted during the process of transforming an artifact into an instrument (RABARDEL, 2003). We conclude this thesis by presenting possibilities for exploring images and multimodal texts that will contribute to a more reflective and productive FFL teaching-learning.

No contexto pós-criação do Mercosul (em 1991), quando houve um aumento substancial da demanda e oferta de cursos públicos e privados de Espanhol Língua Estrangeira (IRALA, 2004), tornou-se premente a realização de estudos que contribuíssem para a difusão desse idioma de maneira qualificada (HOPKINS, 1987). Algumas pesquisas (SANTOS, 2007, 2011) indicam que se leve em consideração o trabalho desenvolvido em instituições públicas de ensino de idiomas existentes em diversos estados brasileiros para que se possa realizar um debate teórico fundamentado sobre o tema. Uma dessas organizações é o Centro de Línguas Estrangeiras Modernas do Paraná (Celem), local em que desenvolvemos nossa investigação a qual analisa, fundamentalmente, questões relacionadas à qualidade e à qualificação (MURILLO, 2007; SANTOS, 2011) no ensino de espanhol. O problema central deste estudo revela-se por meio da seguinte indagação: a ação colaborativa entre pesquisador e professores do Celem em seu próprio locus profissional poderia gerar, de fato, um avanço pedagógico no que se refere à qualidade educativa no ensino de espanhol nas três unidades pesquisadas? Partimos da hipótese de que essa interação poderia melhorar significativamente tais contextos de ensino. Para respondermos à pergunta da pesquisa, relacionada às possíveis melhorias das atividades nos cursos estudados, estabelecemos os seguintes objetivos específicos: a) verificar o funcionamento burocrático, pedagógico e organizacional do Celem para aferir se esses componentes oferecem os subsídios necessários a uma prática letiva eficaz (MURILLO, 2007); b) conhecer a concepção de cada docente colaborador sobre o ensino (ROUSSIAU; BONARDI, 2001) das cinco dimensões da qualidade educativa estabelecidas em Santos (2011); c) aferir, por intermédio de estudos preliminares (questionários, entrevistas e observações de aulas), a necessidade de delimitar outras dimensões da qualidade para um entendimento mais preciso dos contextos letivos analisados (demonstrou-se, com essa atividade, a pertinência de inclusão da Dimensão 6: Materiais Didáticos e, também, da Dimensão 7: Motivação e Narrativas dos alunos); d) apurar se houve avanço (HOPKINS, 1987) nas concepções dos docentes e nos cursos observados após as intervenções do pesquisador voltadas à mudança (BLANCO, 2008); e e) averiguar a relevância de ações formativas mais constantes e sistemáticas direcionadas aos profissionais colaboradores com vistas à melhoria de suas práticas (MURILLO, 2007). A metodologia desta investigação foi essencialmente qualitativa (LÜDKE; ANDRÉ, 1986), com a utilização de questionários, entrevistas e observações de aula que forneceram os dados necessários à análise das concepções e ações pedagógicas dos professores estudados. Também fizemos uso da pesquisa-ação crítica (SANTORO FRANCO, 2005), caracterizada pela interação constante entre pesquisador e agentes do contexto estudado, o que possibilitou o desenvolvimento de atividades colaborativas (BARBIRATO, 2005) que levaram a mudanças positivas. Os principais dados obtidos, após a correspondente análise e triangulação, indicaram a pertinência das atividades de qualificação nos cursos dos educadores investigados, posto que, em maior ou menor grau, houve melhorias (HOPKINS, 1987) em suas aulas. Além disso, o exame dos dados revelou também a necessidade de que referidas práticas eficazes tenham continuidade, visto que o êxito duradouro desse tipo de processo demanda reflexão, planejamento e avaliação constantes (MURILLO, 2007, 2008). / After the creation of Mercosul Southern Common Market (in 1991), in which there was a substantial increase in the demand and supply of public and private courses of Spanish as Foreign Language (IRALA, 2004), there was also the necessity of carrying out studies that contributed to the diffusion of the language in a qualified manner (HOPKINS, 1987). Some studies (SANTOS, 2007, 2011) indicate that the work carried out in public language teaching institutions in several Brazilian states should be taken under consideration to have a well-grounded theoretical debate. The research, carried out at the Center for Modern Foreign Languages of Paraná (Celem), fundamentally analyzes issues related to quality and qualification in teaching Spanish (MURILLO, 2007; SANTOS, 2011). This study intends to answer the following question: Could the collaborative action between researchers and Celem teachers in their own professional locus, in fact, generate pedagogical advances considering the Spanish classes quality at the three units that participated the survey? The initial hypothesis indicates that this interaction could significantly improve such teaching contexts. In order to answer the question and to suggest possible improvements of the activities in the courses studied, the following specific objectives were established for this dissertation: a) to verify Celem bureaucratic, pedagogical and organizational operations to verify if these components provide the necessary support to an effective teaching practice (MURILLO, 2007); b) to get to know the understanding of each professional considering teaching practices (ROUSSIAU; BONARDI, 2001) in the five dimensions of educational quality, as stablished by Santos (2011); c) to assess, through questionnaires, interviews, and classroom observations, the need to limit other dimensions of quality for a more precise understanding of the analyzed school contexts (based on these, justifying the relevance of including in the dissertation Dimension 6 : Didactic Materials as well as Dimension 7: Motivation and Narratives of students); d) to determine if there was progress (HOPKINS, 1987) in the teachers conceptions and in the courses observed after the interventions of the researcher (BLANCO, 2008); and e) to ascertain the relevance of more constant and systematic training actions aimed at the improvement of these professionals practices (MURILLO, 2007). The methodology of this research was essentially qualitative. The methodology of this research was essentially qualitative (LÜDKE; ANDRÉ, 1986), using questionnaires, interviews and classroom observations that provided the necessary data to analyze the conceptions and pedagogical actions of the educators investigated. Critical action research was also carried (SANTORO FRANCO, 2005). This approach is characterized by constant interaction between the researcher and the teachers, which allows the development of collaborative activities that lead to positive changes (BARBIRATO, 2005). The main data obtained, after analysis and triangulation, indicated the relevance of the qualification activities in the classes of the teachers who participated in the study, signifying that, to a greater or lesser degree, there were improvements (HOPKINS, 1987). In addition, data analysis has also revealed the need for such qualification practices to continue, since, for lasting successful results, this type of process requires constant reflection, planning and evaluation (MURILLO, 2007, 2008).

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo geral compreender o trabalho do professor iniciante de FLE no contexto dos cursos Extracurriculares de francês da FFLCH- USP. Esse estudo é realizado por meio de análises de textos presentes na situação de trabalho e produzidos por esse professor antes e depois de suas aulas. Nosso interesse é estudar o papel das prescrições/orientações no trabalho desse professor, procurando entender como elas afetam seu trabalho. Pretendemos, também, investigar a atividade do professor a partir do que ele diz sobre seu próprio trabalho e sobre si mesmo enquanto professor nesse contexto. Consideramos, ao lado de Clot (1999) que, para entender o trabalho do professor, deve-se levar em conta o que é pedido para esse trabalhador realizar, o que ele de fato realizou e também o que queria ter realizado, mas que por algum motivo não realizou. Para atingir nossos objetivos, investigamos três textos: i) o documento que orienta o trabalho do professor do contexto estudado; ii) diários de aulas escritos, por esse professor, após suas aulas e iii) textos de entrevistas de instrução ao sósia com o professor sobre seu trabalho. O quadro teórico maior que sustenta esta pesquisa é o do interacionismo social, desenvolvido por Vygotski (1927-2009) e duas de suas vertentes: o interacionismo sociodiscursivo (ISD) (BRONCKART, 1999/2009, 2006, 2008), utilizado como embasamento teórico para a compreensão do trabalho do professor como uma forma de agir e para a análise de todos os textos, fornecendo um modelo de análise textual. Paralelamente aos pressupostos teóricos do ISD, apoiamo-nos também em alguns conceitos das vertentes das ciências do trabalho, mais precisamente, a ergonomia da atividade (AMIGUES, 2002; 2004; 2013; SAUJAT, 2004) e a clínica da atividade (CLOT, 1999, 2001; FAÏTA, 2002, 2004), linhas teóricas que propõem alguns procedimentos que possibilitam a criação de diálogos sobre a atividade de trabalho, como o método de intervenção de instrução ao sósia, utilizado neste estudo. Os resultados de nossas análises revelam alguns recursos intermediários elaborados pelo professor iniciante para superar os obstáculos, em seu contexto de trabalho, no processo de transição entre a vida de aluno e a vida de professor. Dentre as contribuições, propomos uma reflexão sobre o papel dos diários de aulas e do método de intervenção instrução ao sósia na formação inicial de professores. / This dissertation has as its broad objective to understand the work of the beginner teacher of FFL in the context of extracurricular courses of French at FFLCH-USP. This study is carried out through the analysis of the texts which are present in the situation of work and those produced by the teacher before and after his classes. Our main interest is to study the role of the prescriptions/orientations in the work of this teacher, trying to understand how they affect his work. We also aim to investigate the activity of the teacher according to what he says about his own work and about himself as a teacher in this context. We have also considered, according to Clot (1999) that, in order to understand the work of a teacher, it must also be taken into consideration what this worker is asked to carry out, what he actually did and also what he could have done, but for some reason could not do it. In order to achieve our goals, we have investigated three texts: i) the document which orients the work of the teacher in the context studied; ii) teaching diaries written by this teacher after his classes and iii) texts of interviews of instruction to the double with the teacher after his work. The theoretical background that gives basis to this research is the social interactionism developed by Vygotski (1927-2009) and two of its features: the socio-discursive interactionism (SDI) (BRONCKART, 1999/2009,2006,2008), used as theoretical basis for the comprehension of the work of the teacher as a way of acting and for the analysis of all the texts, giving a model of textual analysis. In parallel to the theoretical assumptions of the SDI, we have also used as basis some of the concepts of the branches of the sciences of work, more precisely, the ergonomics of the activity (AMIGUES, 2002; 2004; 2013; SAUJAT, 2004) and the activity-clinic (CLOT, 1999, 2001; FAÏTA, 2002, 2004), theoretical trends which propose some procedures that allow the creation of dialogues about the activity of work, as a method of intervention of instruction to the double, used in this study. The results of this analysis reveal some intermediate resources elaborated by the beginner teacher in order to overcome obstacles, in his context of work, in the process of the transition between the life as a student and the life as a teacher. Among these contributions, we proposed some thought about the role of the teaching diaries and the methods of intervention instruction to the double in the professional qualification of teachers.

O objetivo deste trabalho consiste na análise de narrativas das trajetórias e das experiências de línguas (no caso, o francês) de estudantes de Graduação em Letras da Universidade de São Paulo. Parte-se, aqui, da concepção segundo a qual as línguas não se restringem ao status de meras ferramentas da comunicação e estabelecem com a identidade dos indivíduos uma relação de sensível reciprocidade e de constante implicação. Como decorrência, ressalta que o processo de apropriação de uma língua estrangeira constitui, necessariamente, um processo de alteração e reconfiguração de identidade. Deste modo, a análise dos relatos das trajetórias e das experiências de línguas da população estudada, ou seja, sua (auto)biografia linguageira (obtida através de um questionário submetido aos informantes em junho de 2015), permitiu o acesso a diversos aspectos deste percurso de apropriação-alteração. Entre tais aspectos, mencionemos sobretudo as representações dos indivíduos quanto a suas competências linguísticas, os componentes subjetivos e sociais implicados na apropriação, as motivações, as circunstâncias e a cronologia do processo. / The aim of the present work consists in analysing narratives of the trajectories and language experiences (of French, in this case) of graduation students at the University of São Paulo. We assume, here, the conception according to which all languages are not restricted to the mere status of communication tools and they stablish, associated to the identity of the individuals, a remarkable relation of reciprocity and a constant implication. As a result, it highlights the fact that the appropriation process of a foreign language is necessarily constituted by an alteration process and an identity reconfiguration. Thus, the report analysis of the trajectories and the languages experiences of the population from the study, in other words, its language (auto)biography (obtained through a questionnaire submitted to the informers in June 2015) has allowed the access to various aspects of this path of appropriation-alteration. Among those aspects, we can mention especially the representations of the individuals in terms of their language competences, the subjective and social components involved in the appropriation, their motivations, their circumstances and the process chronology.

Depuis une vingtaine d'années, les chercheurs travaillent sur l'intercompréhension mais il n'y a pas à ce jour de véritable bilan de l'apport de cette nouvelle approche méthodologique sur les compétences langagières en langues étrangères des apprenants qui suivent ces formations. Cette thèse se propose d'analyser les effets d'une formation plurilingue en ligne sur l'acquisition de compétences langagières et, en particulier, en langue cible (français) pour des apprenants de lycée, de Barcelone. Pour pouvoir répondre à l'hypothèse selon laquelle la formation développerait les compétences des apprenants d'une part dans les langues de la formation mais également en français, la méthodologie adoptée a été la réalisation d'un protocole (quasi-) expérimental auprès de lycéens d'un établissement de Barcelone. Ce protocole a consisté à faire participer un groupe d'élèves à une session sur la plate-forme Galanet, de façon intégrée à leurs enseignements scolaires, ainsi qu'à la réalisation de tests pré- et post-formation. Un profil langagier a été complété par les sujets en amont de la formation. Chacun des tests présente le même type d'exercices, portant sur les mêmes compétences, et pour chacune des situations (initiale ou finale), il y a un test dont les supports sont en français et un autre dont les supports sont dans d'autres langues romanes (italien, portugais, roumain et occitan vivarois). Les compétences ciblées par les tests sont la cohérence/cohésion textuelle, la compréhension globale et fine, l'identification du degré de perception de l'interculturalité, la traduction/transposition, la segmentation et la reconnaissance/application d'un modèle discursif. Les données recueillies lors des tests ont fait l'objet d'analyses quantitatives et qualitatives, suivies de traitement statistiques quand il s'est agi d'établir, en particulier, des corrélations. En parallèle, le degré d'interactivité intercompréhensif (prenant en compte l'alternance des langues dans ce contexte bi-plurilingue) des messages de forum déposés lors de la formation plurilingue a été déterminé par le traitement semi-automatique du corpus de messages par la plate-forme Calico. C'est cette double analyse, basée sur des données concrètes expérientielles qui a permis de réaliser une étude de cas et de définir par l'étude longitudinale de leurs différents résultats si le fait de suivre de manière satisfaisante, en terme de participation, une formation en intercompréhension a une incidence positive sur l'acquisition des compétences évaluées par les tests, sur quelles compétences particulières et de quelle manière. / Investigators have been working on Intercomprehension for about twenty years. However, so far, there has not been any real assessment of the impact of this new methodological approach on the foreign language skills of students who have undergone such courses. This thesis aims to analyse the effects that a plurilingual course on line may have on the acquisition of language skills, especially the acquisition of a target language (French) by school students in Barcelona. In order to test the hypothesis that such a course may enhance students' skills both in the languages of the training course and in French, the chosen methodology implied the drafting of an (almost) experimental protocol designed for the students of a school in Barcelona. This protocol involved having a group of students participate in one of the training sessions set up on the Galanet platform, integrating it to their school teachings and including the drawing-up of different tests carried out before and after the course. Moreover, each student had to describe their language profile at the beginning of the training. Each test contains the same type of exercises, focusing on the same skills, and for each situation (either initial or final), there is one test on documents written in French and another on documents (written) in other romance languages (Italian, Portuguese, Romanian and Occitan - from the Vivarois region-). The skills' targets are as follows: textual coherence/cohesion, global and accurate comprehension, the identification of the degree of perception of interculturality, translation/reformulation, segmentation and the identification/ implementation of a speech model. All the data collected during the tests have been subject to both quantitative and qualitative analyses, and complemented by statistic processing, especially when correlations had to be made. At the same time the semi-automatic processing of the corpus of messages that was carried out using the Calico platform helped determine the degree of intercomprehensive interactivity (taking into account the code-switching in a bi/plurilingual context) of the messages posted on the forum during the plurilingual training course. This twofold analysis, based on concrete experiential data made it possible to conduct a case study and to determine, through the longitudinal study of their different results, if undergoing a training course in intercomprehension in a satisfactory way in terms of participation has a positive influence on the acquisition of the skills assessed by the tests, on which particular skill and how.

Les résultats médiocres obtenus en termes de maîtrise de langue étrangère à l’issue de la scolarité obligatoire peuvent certes s’expliquer par des contraintes d’ordre structurel et institutionnel : trop d’effectifs par classe, des programmes parcellés et entrecoupés, peu de coordination entre le primaire, le secondaire et le supérieur, pas assez d’heures consacrées à l’apprentissage et à la pratique des langues, un manque flagrant d’enseignants qualifiés, une formation des enseignants peu adaptée à la réalité du terrain, des contraintes d’ordre matériel limitant l’accès à la recherche et aux expériences d’immersion à l’international.Or, nous posons que les maigres résultats obtenus s’expliquent surtout et avant tout par le traitement qu’inflige l’institution scolaire à la langue « étrangère » posée et présentée comme discipline ou objet d’étude, où l’apprenant est objet, pas sujet, d’un apprentissage perçu comme circonstanciel et limité dans le temps, non comme une étape clé de sa construction identitaire.Cela pousse les acteurs –élèves, enseignants et administrateurs– à se réfugier dans une approche quantitative qui réconforte et dont les retombées doivent être facilement mesurables en termes de succès et de validation, ce que permet et autorise le recours systématique à la grammaire.C’est sur la base l’interaction que l’on bâtit une maîtrise durable et solide d’une langue. C’est la clé de voûte, le pilier, la base de l’échafaudage. Cette langue ne peut continuer d’être présentée comme « étrangère ». Au contraire, son apprentissage doit être conçu comme l’un des multiples versants d’un processus complexe de construction identitaire et intersubjective. La médiation effectuée par l’institution et l’enseignant doivent alors permettre à l’apprenant, au sujet, à ce passant entre les langues, de trouver sa « voix ». / Students rarely develop proficiency in foreign languages during their preK-12 education. This can certainly be explained by a structural and institutional reality: too many students per class; a fragmented curriculum; lack of coordination between the elementary, the secondary, and higher education; not enough instructional time devoted to learning and practicing the language; lack of qualified and talented language instructors whose training is insufficiently adapted to the on-the-ground practical reality; lack of resources that limit access to research and immersion experiences abroad.Nevertheless, we will state that the institutional discourse and general conception of “foreign” languages explains first and foremost this feeble outcome. Languages are usually presented as a content-based school “subject”. We perceive learners as objects regardless of their subjectivity. Authorities, teachers, and the students themselves tend to perceive language instruction as a circumstantial and time-limited requirement, ignoring that we are indeed confronted with a key stage in the learner’s identity construction.Therefore, the educational system tends to favor a quantitative and systematic grammar-based approach that is easily measurable in terms of “success” and “accreditation”.We fundamentally acquire language skills and develop our level of proficiency in languages through interaction. Language instruction cannot continue to be perceived as simply learning a “foreign” language. On the contrary, we must conceive it as one of the many ways in which the subject evolves in its subjectivity and identity construction process. As educators, our mediation should provide the students with the opportunity to build their self and their identity in that second language.