A system is safety-critical if its malfunctioning could have catastrophic consequences for people, property or the environment, e.g., the failure in a car's braking system could be potentially tragic. To produce such type of systems, special procedures, and strategies, that permit their safer deployment into society, should be used. Therefore, manufacturers of safety-critical systems comply with domain-specific safety standards, which embody the public consensus of acceptably safe. Safety standards also contain a repository of expert knowledge and best practices that can, to some extent, facilitate the safety-critical system’s engineering. In some domains, the applicable safety standards establish the accepted procedures that regulate the development processes. For claiming compliance with such standards, companies should adapt their practices and provide convincing justifications regarding the processes used to produce their systems, from the initial steps of the production. In particular, the planning of the development process, in accordance with the prescribed process-related requirements specified in the standard, is an essential piece of evidence for compliance assessment. However, providing such evidence can be time-consuming and prone-to-error since it requires that process engineers check the fulfillment of hundreds of requirements based on their processes specifications. With access to suitable tool-supported methodologies, process engineers would be able to perform their job efficiently and accurately. Safety standards prescribe requirements in natural language by using notions that are subtly similar to the concepts used to describe laws. In particular, requirements in the standards introduce conditions that are obligatory for claiming compliance. Requirements also define tailoring rules, which are actions that permit to comply with the standard in an alternative way. Unfortunately, current approaches for software verification are not furnished with these notions, which could make their use in compliance checking difficult. However, existing tool-supported methodologies designed in the legal compliance context, which are also proved in the business domain, could be exploited for defining an adequate automated compliance checking approach that suits the conditions required in the safety-critical context. The goal of this Licentiate thesis is to propose a novel approach that combines: 1) process modeling capabilities for representing systems and software process specifications, 2) normative representation capabilities for interpreting the requirements of the safety standards in an adequate machine-readable form, and 3) compliance checking capabilities to provide the analysis required to conclude whether the model of a process corresponds to the model with the compliant states proposed by the standard's requirements. Our approach contributes to facilitating compliance checking by providing automatic reasoning from the requirements prescribed by the standards, and the description of the process they regulate. It also contributes to cross-fertilize two communities that were previously isolated, namely safety-critical and legal compliance contexts. Besides, we propose an approach for mastering the interplay between highly-related standards. This approach includes the reuse capabilities provided by SoPLE (Safety-oriented Process Line Engineering), which is a methodological approach aiming at systematizing the reuse of process-related information in the context of safety-critical systems. With the addition of SoPLE, we aim at planting the seeds for the future provision of systematic reuse of compliance proofs. Hitherto, our proposed methodology has been evaluated with academic examples that show the potential benefits of its use. / AMASS

Hoy en día, el desarrollo tecnológico, permite tener más actividades de servicios realizados por personas naturales, las cuales son gravables con el Impuesto a la Renta e Impuesto General a las Ventas y por ende se requerirá un mayor control por parte de la Administración Tributaria. En estos tiempos de millennials uno de los tantos ingresos que se generan utilizando la tecnología, provienen de los Youtubers, quienes por su falta de conocimiento de sus obligaciones tributarias y/o falta conciencia tributaria, incide en que incumplan con el pago de sus impuestos. Dichas omisiones ocasionan una pérdida de importantes ingresos fiscales al Estado Peruano, asimismo, podrían originar pérdidas económicas a los potenciales contribuyentes, Youtubers, por el pago de intereses y multas, en caso de que afronten una fiscalización por parte de la Autoridad Tributaria. Los Youtubers, producto de los ingresos que perciben, es posible que adquieran bienes muebles e inmuebles inscritos en los Registros Públicos; tengan importantes cantidades de dinero depositados en sus cuentas bancarias, las cuales se conocerán a mediante el Impuesto a las Transacciones Financieras (ITF); dicha información reflejará un incremento patrimonial personal, el cual se calificaría como injustificado, en el caso que, estos “contribuyentes” incumplan con el pago de sus obligaciones tributarias. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la relación del Incremento Patrimonial No Justificado y la Fiscalización Tributaria a los Youtubers peruanos con más de 100,000 suscriptores, Lima 2018. La metodología empleada fue mediante un enfoque mixto, de alcance descriptivo, relacional y explicativo, con un diseño no experimental, La muestra estuvo conformada para la parte cualitativa de 1 youtuber y 3 expertos y para la cuantitativa de 23 profesionales entre contadores, tributaristas y auditores, para lo cual se emplearon los instrumentos Entrevistas semiestructurada y los cuestionarios con alternativas dicotómicas. Los resultados de la contrastación de hipótesis al tener un nivel de significancia 0,000 menor a 0,05, se acepta la Hipótesis Alternativa, mediante la cual, el Incremento Patrimonial No Justificado se relaciona con la Fiscalización Tributaria. / At present, technological development allows for a more demanding demand and greater control over tax control. Thus, one of the problems that most afflicts individuals and businesses is the payment of taxes, which can have a significant economic and financial impact on the company, in this sense the current tax scenario is unstable, due to the rapid and constant changes that are introduced in the Tax Rules and in the criteria applied by the Superintendence of Tax Administration - SUNAT, the Tax Court and other bodies related to the matter; Consequently, the taxpayers subject to these taxes in which we find the Youtubers are obliged to obtain a greater amount of resources and tools that will allow them to face this situation. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship of the unjustified capital increase and the tax control of Peruvian Youtubers with more than 100,000 subscribers, Lima 2018. The methodology used was through a mixed approach, descriptive, relational and explanatory, with a Non-experimental design. The sample was made up for the qualitative part one youtuber and of 3 experts and for the quantitative of 23 professionals among accountants, taxpayers and auditors, for which the semi-structured Interview instruments and the questionnaires with dichotomous alternatives were used. The results of the hypothesis test when having a level of significance of less than 0.05, the Alternative Hypothesis is accepted, whereby the unjustified capital increase is related to the tax control. / Tesis

Organizational performance in the healthcare field is of great interest for many stakeholders. Efficient use of resources and delivery of high quality of care should be relevant to any taxpayer hoping to live healthily and grow old in Sweden. Simultaneously, the working conditions for the employees need to be sustainable if the impending lack of 170 000 workers in the healthcare sector by the year of 2030 is to be mitigated (Statistiska centralbyrån, 2012). The scope of this study is to examine how the quality management systems applied to ensure and improve the aforementioned objectives are perceived by the individual employees. Specifically, practitioners in the nursing professions are enquired about the design principles of enabling control as described by Adler and Borys (1996). The study has utilized a quantitative methodology and an online survey to collect personal perceptions and experiences from 400 individuals in the nursing professions on this topic. Major findings are that the majority of the respondents state that they perceive three out of four of the design principles of an enabling system to be present in the quality management system at their workplace. In addition, there is a strong association between the perception of the enabling characteristics flexibility and repair and general job satisfaction. Further studies with larger samples would increase the statistical power of these correlations. In addition, a large proportion of the respondents perceive that the quality management processes is negatively affected by financial constraints. Only a minority of the respondents perceive the workload constituted by tasks connected to quality management as reasonable.

Les systèmes informatiques envahissent de plus en plus notre quotidien, en allant de la plus simple application de lecture des fichiers audio, à la plus critique comme les voitures et les avions. Dans les systèmes critiques, la validation par vérification formelle s'impose. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans ce cadre et tend à doter le langage UML, langage de modélisation standard de facto, d'une sémantique formelle pour des finalités de vérification. En premier lieu, nous avons analysé et révisé le fondement théorique des principales approches de formalisation et de vérification issues de la littérature et se focalisant sur le langage UML, ses profils et les concepts des réseaux de Petri (RdPs). En deuxième lieu, nous avons proposé une nouvelle approche hiérarchique de formalisation des diagrammes globaux d'interactions (IOD). En se basant sur ce point, nous avons développé des formalismes temporels et temporisés des diagrammes de Timing UML2 (TD), appliqués par des exemples d'illustration. Ensuite, nous avons conçu une approche de vérification sur les approches développées, s'intéressant aux Systèmes Temps Réel (STRs), utilisant l'extension temporelle du langage des contraintes objets OCL/Temps Réel (OCL TR), le profil UML MARTE et la logique temporelle temporisée (TCTL), exploitée d'une technique de vérification automatique après la transformation du modèle (Model Checking). Enfin, nous avons appliqué les formalismes proposés sur une étude de cas, afin de garantir leurs efficacités logique et temporelle. / The computer systems have increasingly invaded our daily lives from the simplest application as audio files reading to the most critical one as cars and airplanes. For critical systems, the validation by the formal verification is required. This Thesis concerns this area of research and aims to ensure the betterment of UML language, which is the de facto standard, with formal semantics for verification finality. For the first part, we have analyzed and revised the theoretical foundations the existing formal verification methods used UML, their profiles and the basic concepts of the Petri nets (PNs). For the second part, we have created a novel hierarchical approach to formalize the Interaction Overview Diagrams (IOD). Based on this idea, we have developed temporal formalisms based on the UML2 Timing Diagrams (TD), applied by illustration examples. Then, we have proposed a Formal Verification approach based on last formalisms which are interested in Real Time Systems (RTS) and employ the temporal extension of the Object Constraints language (OCL/Real Time) (OCL TR), the UML MARTE profile and the timed computation Tree logic (TCTL), given by the Model Checking technique after the model's transformation. Finally, we have applied all the proposed formalisms through a case study, in order to ensure its logical and temporal efficiency.

In this licentiate thesis we present a proof of the initiality conjecture for Martin-Löf’s type theory with 0, 1, N, A+B, ∏AB, ∑AB, IdA(u,v), countable hierarchy of universes (Ui)iєN closed under these type constructors and with type of elements (ELi(a))iєN. We employ the categorical semantics of contextual categories. The proof is based on a formalization in the proof assistant Agda done by Guillaume Brunerie and the author. This work was part of a joint project with Peter LeFanu Lumsdaine and Anders Mörtberg, who are developing a separate formalization of this conjecture with respect to categories with attributes and using the proof assistant Coq over the UniMath library instead. Results from this project are planned to be published in the future. We start by carefully setting up the syntax and rules for the dependent type theory in question followed by an introduction to contextual categories. We then define the partial interpretation of raw syntax into a contextual category and we prove that this interpretation is total on well-formed input. By doing so, we define a functor from the term model, which is built out of the syntax, into any contextual category and we show that any two such functors are equal. This establishes that the term model is initial among contextual categories. At the end we discuss details of the formalization and future directions for research. In particular, we discuss a memory issue that arose in type checking the formalization and how it was resolved. / <p>Licentiate defense over Zoom.</p>

Rust is a relatively new programming language with a unique memory model designed to provide the ease of use of a high-level language as well as the power and control of a low-level language while preserving memory safety. In order to prove the safety and correctness of Rust and to provide analysis tools for its use cases, it is necessary to construct a formal semantics of the language. Existing efforts to construct such a semantic model are limited in their scope and none to date have successfully captured the complete functionality of the language. This thesis focuses on the K-Rust implementation, which is implemented in a rewrite-based semantic framework called K, and expands it to include a larger subset of the Rust language. The K framework allows Rust programs to be executed by the defined semantic model, and the implementation is tested with several Rust programs by comparing the results of execution to the Rust compiler itself.

<p>Programs have multiple exits in the presence of certain control structures, e.g., exception handling and coroutines. These control structures offer flexible manipulations of control flow. However, their formalizations are overall specialized, which hinders reasoning about combinations of these control structures.</p> <p>In this thesis, we propose a unifying theory of multi-exit programs. We mechanically formalize the semantics of multi-exit programs as indexed predicate transformers, a generalization of predicate transformers by taking the tuple of postconditions on all exits as the parameter. We explore their algebraic properties and verification rules, then define a normal form for monotonic and for conjunctive indexed predicate transformers. We also propose a new notion of fail-safe correctness to model the category of programs that always maintain certain safe conditions when they fail, and a new notion of fail-safe refinement to express partiality in software development.</p> <p>For the indexed predicate transformer formalization, we illustrate its applications in three models of multi-exit control structures: the termination model of exception handling, the retry model of exception handling, and a coroutine model. Additionally, for the fail-safe correctness notion and the fail-safe refinement notion, we illustrate their applications in the termination model. Six design patterns in the termination model and one in the retry model are studied. All the verification rules and design patterns in the thesis have been formally checked by a verification tool.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Notre recherche étudie les modifications dans la structure de l’entreprise occasionnées par la mise en œuvre de l’innovation ouverte. Plus précisément, nous nous intéressons aux modifications qui ont lieu dans la structure organisationnelle profonde et formelle de l’entreprise. Nous étudions ces modifications en mobilisant des données primaires (entretiens semi-directifs) et secondaires (rapports annuels et articles de presse) issues de neuf entreprises. Les résultats consistent en une nouvelle définition de l’innovation ouverte entrante, en un modèle contingent de l’innovation ouverte au niveau de l’entreprise et en une compréhension approfondie des modifications observées dans la structure organisationnelle profonde et formelle. La définition de l’innovation ouverte que nous proposons insiste sur trois aspects importants : l’intégration de l’ouverture dans la stratégie de l’entreprise en matière d’innovation, le caractère fréquent des collaborations et le caractère systématique de celles-ci. / This thesis studies the changes in the organizational structure determined by the implementation of open innovation. Specifically, we consider the changes in the deep and formal structure of a firm. We study these changes in nine firms by using primary data collected through semi-structured interviews and secondary data consisting of firms’ annual reports and journal articles. Our results consist of a new definition of inbound open innovation, a proposition of a contingency model of open innovation at firm level and a deep understanding of the way open innovation impacts the firm. The definition of inbound open innovation we propose emphasizes three main aspects : the integration the openness of innovation into the firm’s formal innovation strategy and the systematic and frequent use of collaborations with various actors in the innovation process.

Cette thèse porte sur la transformation automatique et sémantique de règles métiers en des règles formelles. Ces règles métiers sont originellement rédigées sous la forme de textes en langage naturel, de tableaux et d'images. L'objectif est de mettre à la disposition des experts métiers, un ensemble de services leur permettant d'élaborer des corpus de règles métiers formelles. Le domaine de la Construction est le champ d'application de ces travaux. Disposer d'une version formelle et exécutable de ces règles métiers servira à effectuer des contrôles de conformité automatique sur les maquettes numériques des projets de construction en cours de conception.Pour cela, nous avons mis à disposition des experts métiers les deux principales contributions de cette thèse. La première est la mise sur pied d'un langage naturel contrôlé, dénommé RAINS. Il permet aux experts métiers de réécrire les règles métiers sous la forme de règles formelles. Les règles RAINS se composent de termes du vocabulaire métier et de mots réservés tels que les fonctions de comparaisons, les marques de négation et de quantification universelle et les littéraux. Chaque règle RAINS a une sémantique formelle unique qui s'appuie sur les standards du web sémantique. La seconde contribution majeure est un service de formalisation des règles métiers. Ce service implémente une approche de formalisation proposée dans le cadre de cette thèse et dénommée FORSA. Ce service propose des versions RAINS des règles métiers en langage naturel qui lui sont soumises. FORSA fait appel à des outils du traitement automatique du langage naturel et à des heuristiques. Pour évaluer FORSA, nous avons mis sur pied un benchmark adapté à la tâche de formalisation des règles métiers. Les données de ce benchmark sont issues de normes du domaine de la Construction / This thesis focuses on automatic and semantic transformation of business rules into formal rules. These business rules are originally drafted in the form of natural language text, tables and images. Our goal is to provide to business experts a set of services allowing them to develop corpora of formal business rules. We carry out this work in the field of building engineering construction. Having formal and executable versions of the business rules enables to perform automatic compliance checking of digital mock-ups of construction projects under design.For this we made available to business experts, the two main contributions of this thesis. The first is the development of a controlled natural language, called RAINS. It allows business experts to rewrite business rules in the form of formal rules. A RAINS rule consists of terms of the business vocabulary and reserved words such as comparison predicates, negation and universal quantification markers and literals. Each RAINS rule has a unique formal semantics which is based on the standards of the Semantic Web. The second major contribution is a service for formalization of business rules. This service implements a formalized approach proposed in this thesis and called FORSA. This service offers RAINS versions of natural language business rules submitted to it. FORSA uses natural language processing tools and heuristics. To evaluate FORSA, we have set up a benchmark adapted to the formalization of business rules task. The dataset from this benchmark are from norms in the field of Construction

The shift towards relationship marketing entails an increased attention directed to buildingcollaborative relationships in the business-to-business market. This has further contributed tothe current interest in the intraorganizational setting in the area of sales and key accountmanagement, and more specifically the notion of sales teams. In light of the above, the purposeof this study is to develop a conceptual framework emphasizing the intraorganizationalperspective of such teams. Within this context, the team’s design and processes have beenhighlighted in relation to its performance and ability to form relationships with customers. Toprovide insights to the purpose of this study a single-case study was conducted in a companyoperating within the cloud software industry. The analysis demonstrates how the design of theteam, depicted by the formalization of procedures and the heterogeneity of team members’expertise, constitutes the frame in which the processes are carried out. Further, the interplay ofcommunication, proactiveness and alignment of goals showed to constitute key processesenabling the team to build relationships with its customers. Thus, by providing a conceptualframework emphasizing the intraorganizational perspective of sales teams, this studycontributes to the theoretical discussion as well as to practitioners in the field.