This thesis deals with the analysis of properties of hard coatings and wear resistance PVD coated technology. It focuses on the preparation, execution and evaluation of test coatings on the front ball milling cutter.

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Previous studies suggest that non-invasive transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied to the prefrontal cortex modulates food choices and calorie intake in obese humans. In a fully randomized, placebo-controlled, within-subject and double-blinded study, we applied single sessions of anodal, cathodal, and sham tDCS to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and contralateral frontal operculum in 25 hungry obese women and investigated possible influences on food reappraisal abilities as well as calorie intake. We hypothesized that tDCS, (i) improves the ability to regulate the desire for visually presented foods and, (ii) reduces their consumption. We could not confirm an effect of anodal or cathodal tDCS, neither on the ability to modulate the desire for visually presented foods, nor on calorie consumption. The present findings do not support the notion of prefrontal/frontal tDCS as a promising treatment option for obesity.:1. Introduction 1.1 Obejective of investigation 1.1.1 Obesity 1.1.2 Homeostasis versus hedonism? 1.1.3 Regulating the desire to eat 1.1.4 Obesity and the brain 1.2 Previous studies 1.2.1 EEG study 1.2.2 Buffet study 1.3 Transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) 1.4 TDCS study 2 Publication 3 Summary of work 3.1 Data Acquisition ans analysis 3.2 Results and discussion 3.2.1 Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence 3.2.2 Multifactorial influence on behavior 3.2.3 Limitations of study design 3.2.4 Limitations of method 3.3 Outlook 4 References 5 Attachments 5.1 Academic contribution 5.2 Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit 5.3 Einreichungserklärung 5.4 Curriculum vitae 5.5 Publications 5.6 Acknowledgements

There is now considerable evidence that both schizophrenia and affective disorders have their origin at least in part in events that occur during early pre- and post-natal development. In the case of schizophrenia, many observations, for example, increased risk for schizophrenia in the offspring of mothers who had influenza A during their second trimester of pregnancy and evidence for abnormal neuronal migration in the cerebral cortex of post mortem tissue from schizophrenic patients, suggest that a second trimester insult may have occurred and that this insult may have increased the risk for the development of schizophrenia in late adolescence or early adulthood. Animal studies have found that rats that undergo excitotxic damage to the ventral hippocampus on postnatal day 7 develop exaggerated sensitivity to dopamine-stimulating drugs or to stressful stimuli that becomes apparent after sexual maturity but not before, providing a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia. Similarly, post-weaning social isolation leads to nehanced responses to dopaminergic drgus and to stress that emerges after sexual maturity. These animal models are proving to be valuable tools to study the neurobiological mechanisms mediating the influence of early insults to the nervous system on later behavioural functins. In the case of affective disorders, although the evidence is not as strong, a number of the same observations have been made suggesting that an insult during early ontogeny may lead to the development of affective disorders later in life. For example, retrospective studies of people with affective disorders showed that they were more likely to have attained motor milestones at a later age and to have had poorer academic performance as children. There is a wealth of evidence suggesting hyperfunctioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in affective disorders. Animal studies have shown that early matenal deprivation can lead to lasting changes in the reactivity of the HPA axis to stressful stimuli, providing another link from early experience to adult psychopathology. Continued studies of the effects of pre- and early post-natal events on the development of the nervous system and the relationships of these events to schizophrenia or affective disorder will provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying these common neuropsychiatric illnesses.

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo principal determinar cuál sistema de etiquetado nutricional frontal tiene mayor eficacia comunicativa según la percepción de los usuarios de Lima Metropolitana. Se planteó como hipótesis que el sistema que cumpla con los principios funcional, estético y cognitivo del diseño de la información resulta ser el etiquetado mejor calificado por los usuarios. El diseño que se estableció para la presente investigación es mixto, pues se centró en obtener datos cualitativos y cuantitativos. Por un lado, se analizaron nueve etiquetados frontales con mayor relevancia a nivel global. Además, se realizaron entrevistas a informantes clave, expertos en diseño de la información, y a usuarios de Lima Metropolitana. Finalmente, se desarrolló una encuesta digital para estos últimos. Como resultados principales se señala que la mayor parte de usuarios vinculan el término sistema de etiquetado nutricional frontal al octógono de advertencia. Asimismo, consideran que esta herramienta logra influir en su percepción y decisión de compra. En cuanto a la percepción de los etiquetados, el semáforo nutricional, el octógono de advertencia y NutriScore son los mejor considerados por los usuarios que participaron en el estudio. Como conclusión se puede señalar que el semáforo nutricional tiene mayor eficacia comunicativa. Las características que refuerzan esto son la aplicación de colores de manera consistente, el texto y la neutralidad. Cabe resaltar que los usuarios tienen gran necesidad de comparar productos a través de este sistema y, por último, logra ser una influencia en la percepción de los usuarios. / The main objective of this research is to determine which front-of-pack label system has the greatest communication effectiveness according to the perception of consumers of Lima Metropolitan Area. The hypothesis is that the system that complies with the principles of information design is more effective in the perception of consumers in Lima Metropolitan Area. These principles are functional, aesthetic and cognitive. The design established for this research is mixed since it focused on obtaining qualitative and quantitative data. On the one hand, nine labels with greater global relevance were analyzed. On the other hand, key informant interviews to experts in information design and consumers in Lima Metropolitan Area were carried out. Finally, a digital survey was developed for the same consumers. The main findings are that most consumers link the term front-of-pack label system to the warning octagon label. They also consider that this tool manages to influence their perception and purchase decision. As for the perception of the labels, the traffic light label, the warning octagon label and NutriScore are the best considered by users of Metropolitan Lima Area. Conclusively, the traffic light label has the greatest communication efficiency. The characteristics that reinforce this are the application of colors in a consistent manner, text, and neutrality. Also, it is concluded that the labeling manages to influence the perception of consumers. Finally, the consumers have the need to compare products through labelling. / Trabajo de investigación

In general, highly hypnotizable individuals ("highs") have exhibited greater abilities to focus attention and inhibit pain than low hypnotizable individuals ("lows"). Furthermore, highs appear to have faster neural processing than lows. The present study investigated differences between lows and highs in morphological volume of some brain structures associated with inhibitory and excitatory neural processing, particularly the corpus callosum (CC). Participants were 18 healthy university students, aged 18 to 29, with no history of concussion or medical disorders. They were in a functional Magnetic Resonance Image (fMRI) study examining the neurophysiology of pain and hypnotic analgesia (Crawford, Horton, Harrington, et al., 1998; Downs et al., 1998). As assessed by the group version (Crawford & Allen, 1982) of the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C (SHSS:C; Weitzenhoffer & Hilgard, 1962), there were eight highs (four women and four men; SHSS:C M = 11.0) and 10 lows (five men and five women; SHSS:C M = 2.1). Highs were able to successfully eliminate perception of pain and distress to experimental noxious stimuli. Their anatomical MRIs were measured to assess relationships between brain structure volume (CC, medial cortex, anterior brain regions) and hypnotizability. In comparison to lows, highs had a significantly larger CC volume in the rostrum and isthmus, inferred to reflect larger transcallosal axon diameter or greater axon myelination. For highs, but not lows, there were significant relationships between forebrain volume and the total CC, rostrum, and splenium. Findings provide support for the neuropsychophysiological model of Crawford and her associates (e.g. Crawford, 1994a, 1994b; Crawford & Gruzelier, 1992) proposing a more effective attentional system of inhibitory processes in highs than lows. Furthermore, the data suggest that the more effective systems of attentional and inhibitory processes enhanced neural processing speed, and interhemispheric transfer times seen in highs than lows, may be associated with morphological differences in certain anterior and posterior CC regions. These regions are known to be involved in the allocation of inhibitory and excitatory transfer of information between hemispheres. / Ph. D.

El objetivo general de esta investigación es analizar la importancia de la iconoplástica y del diseño de información para generar una mejor percepción al diseño del etiquetado frontal en los productos industrializados. Por este motivo, la hipótesis planteada para esta investigación es la propuesta de intervención del estudio iconoplástico y el diseño de información en el sistema de etiquetado frontal generan una mejor percepción en los jóvenes adultos. Esta investigación es cualitativa porque se realizaron encuestas a 50 consumidores para conocer sus molestias visuales sobre el etiquetado frontal. Además, se entrevistó a abogados e ingenieros agroindustriales para saber si el etiquetado frontal de advertencias puede ser modificado. Por último, se entrevistó a diseñadores para corroborar los errores técnicos que presenta este sistema de etiquetado en cuanto a diseño gráfico. Para esta investigación la solución consiste en la modificación del etiquetado frontal de productos industrializados. Para ello, se utiliza una retícula para ordenar la información de manera profesional, se cambió la forma de octágono porque da más espacio a la composición. Como resultados se obtuvo que los consumidores consideran una buena propuesta ya que los símbolos se organizan de mejor manera dentro de un espacio reducido. Las conclusiones de este proyecto es que el estudio iconoplástico y el diseño de la información ayudan a resolver la gráfica del etiquetado frontal puesto que la información se organiza mejor. Además, este proyecto fue testeado por un público piloto y se concluyó que generaría impacto en cualquier grupo porque la está mejor organizada. / The main objective for this research is to analyze the importance of iconoplastic and design information to create a better perception on front-of-pack labelling of industrialized products. For this reason, the hypothesis is that the intervention approach of the iconoplastic study and design information on front-of-pack labelling creates a better perception in young adults. This research is qualitative because surveys were made to 50 consumers that confirms their visual disturbance about the front-of-pack labelling design. Also, lawyers and Agro-industrial engineers were interviewed to prove that this labelling could be modified in the future. Finally, designers were also interviewed to corroborate some graphic design technical issues. The research’s solution consists on modifying the front-of-pack labelling of industrialized products. For this, a grid was used for organizing all the information to create uniformity between the symbols, the form was changed from octagon to hexagon, the typography was changed to Franklin Gothic Condensed because it leaves more blank space for the composition. As a result, it was obtained that consumers consider this is a good solution because the symbols are organized in a better way. The conclusions that were found at the end of this project are that the iconoplastic study and the design information help to resolve graphic problems that preset the front-of-pack labelling because the information is organized on grids. Also, this project was only tested on a small group of people, but they consider this solution could generate impact in any public because the information is better organized. / Trabajo de investigación

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第20664号 / 医博第4274号 / 新制||医||1024(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 髙橋 良輔, 教授 伊佐 正, 教授 井上 治久 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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The Whole thesis is in Afrikaans: Epilepsy is a phenomenon that can manifest in a variety of ways, which differ mainly in severity, appearance, aetiology, effect and control thereof. In this study a lack of knowledge and education about epilepsy is pointed out as a factor that was neglected over the years. It is of utmost importance to distinguish between three main categories of epilepsy as all three types have a restraining effect that may leave any learner vulnerable. The popular belief about the concept epilepsy until recently did not recognize the type of epilepsy where a disturbance in consciousness or relapse in consciousness only occurred as in the case with elementary partial attacks (temporal and frontal lobe epilepsy). Ignorance about temporal and frontal lobe epilepsy, as well as the fact that the physical symptoms of this type of epilepsy are very subtle in nature, may be the cause why acceptance of this condition has been slow or undervalued. In reality learners with lobe epilepsy are not regarded as disabled and should such a learner not be diagnosed and not receive the correct treatment, he/she will not be able to function optimally. The researcher has made a study of epilepsy as well as the physical, cognitive, emotional, social, self image impact on the learner in family and school context. The impact of epilepsy on the primary school learner was studied from a gestalt point of view. In this study the researcher employed both a quantitative and qualitative research approach. It was therefore fitting to formulate a research question and a hypothesis. The research question formulated for this study is as follows: What is the knowledge basis of teachers regarding learners with lobe epilepsy? The empirical study indicated that the researcher could provide an answer to the research question by way of semi-structured interviews that indicated that the knowledge basis of the teachers was not sufficient to identify learners with this phenomena. The researcher determined through these interviews that teachers experienced a need to extend their knowledge about temporal and frontal lobe epilepsy. The hypothesis formulated for this study is as follows: Should information and clear guidelines regarding the identification of a learner with lobe epilepsy be offered to teachers, the learner with lobe epilepsy would be identified timeously in the school system. The researcher did a pre-test on the knowledge levels on lobe epilepsy among teachers by way of questionnaires. The pre-test was followed by a structured information session after which an after-test was done by way of questionnaires to determine the change in the teachers’ knowledge basis. The empirical study showed that the teachers’ knowledge basis increased due to the information session offered to them. After this study the teachers could identify learners and refer them for diagnosis and treatment as a result of an increased knowledge basis about this phenomena. The study was followed up by guidelines offered to the teachers on identifying the primary school learner with temporal and frontal lobe epilepsy. / Thesis (DPhil (Social Work))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted