東協國家的發展對日本無論是在國際政治上或經濟重新再起都是很重要的一環。然而冷戰後中國崛起、各國新舊領導人交替，在這樣複雜的環境變化下，日本如何因應這些變化，興起本論文研究的動機。 本研究目的在於分析日本對東協國家的政策從冷戰到現在有什麼改變，而隨著時間演進，這些政策改變之後，日本與東協國家之間的關係發生了什麼樣的變化，是否有趨勢可循。本研究將從非傳統安全議題中的環境保護與防災合作，以及經濟議題中的FTA／EPA來作切入。 本研究企圖以「層次分析」構築全篇論文的研究架構，分別從國際和國家以及個人三個分析層次探討日本對東協國家外交政策中非傳統安全政策與經貿政策面的變化，並解釋國際層次、國家層次以及個人層次中的各個變項如何影響日本與東協國家之間的互動。 本研究認為日本對東協國家外交政策最終促使日本與東協成員國的關係更加緊密。在非傳統面向中，國際層次因素是促使日本與東協國家在非傳統安全合作上影響最深的要素。實際施作的細節則是受到國家層次因素的影響，主要由外務省定出支援方針，由JICA具專業知識與充足經驗的專家在第一線實際操作。在經濟面向，國際層次上，區域經濟整合已經成為不可阻擋的潮流，對此，日本國內雖有不同看法，卻已逐漸凝聚共識，東協的經濟成長力是讓日本經濟再起不可或缺的重要助力。

金融危機後，東協尋求進一步區域經濟合作，中國大陸有爭逐區域霸權的思維，提供市場及其他公共財予東協，兩者開展合作；而日本憂慮中國大陸崛起，也積極與東協合作，但是多邊制度甚至一開放的東亞區域經濟建制對日本有利，不過欲保持自身自主性的東協及欲排除其美國於東亞勢力的中國大陸並不贊成。中國大陸也認知到區域內需中日共存與合作；日本雖欲建立制度領導，但仍遭遇東協與中國大陸之疑慮，況又有來自國內保守壓力；但是東協透過集體與中國大陸簽訂「自由貿易協定」，再由東協成員國個別與日本簽訂自由貿易協定的方式，尋求東亞經濟合作，使得東亞區域雖無一正式化經濟合作制度，但彼此卻已展開實質經濟合作，本論文將要探討在這過程中，東協國家如何彈性地避開爭議又獲得東亞地區實質合作的進展。 / After the financial crisis, ASEAN sought for further regional economic cooperation. China bearing the thought to pursue becoming the regional hegemony provides ASEAN with public goods and ASEAN started to cooperate with China. And Japan who was worried about the rise of China began to cooperate with ASEAN actively. But the multilateral regime, or a open-end East Asia regional economic regime is more beneficial to Japan. ASEAN who wants to keep their self-autonomy and China who has a strong wish to exclude the U.S. influence form East Asia do not approve to build the multilateral economic system in East Asia. China recognizes that China and Japan must work economically together and co-exist in East Asia. Although Japan who needs to handle the doubts of ASEAN and China hopes to build a system and to lead the economic cooperation within the region, Japan encounters the conservative power domestically. ASEAN who looks for the economic cooperation in East Asia by concluding the Free Trade Agreement with China collectively and Japan individually to make real economical cooperation in East Asia. This paper is going to discuss how does ASEAN flexibly avoid the disputes and achieve real economic cooperation progress during the economic cooperation process.

<p>Foreign Direct investment (FDI) has been recognized as a vital source of development for African countries, which are mainly capital importing countries. This has led to a quest for effective regulation of the activities of foreign investors in a country while considering the profit making goals of the investors as well. As there is a need to strike a balance between the need to regulate entry and activities of investors and reaping the immense benefits of FDI such as growth and development. The regulation of FDI thus becomes important. However, there is no universal multilateral agreement on Investment (MAI) that binds most states oft the world. What we have is attempts at regional levels to regulate Investment uniformly. This quest has led to debates with many developing countries (Africa Inclusive) resisting attempts to formulate a MAI. This paper will start with an introduction of the importance of FDI as well as the various attempts that have been made to regulate FID on a multilateral level. Then the paper will go on to examine two Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) Botswana-China BIT on Promotion and Protection of Investments 2000,Czech-Tunisia BIT for the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investment 1997, and two Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) - Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 1990 and the investment provisions of the U.S &ndash / Morocco Free Trade Agreement 2004, to identify those trends that are common to these agreements that have been entered into by African countries. It will examine these provisions in line with the rights and obligations they create for the investors as well as the host countries.</p>

This thesis investigates the use of the pragmatic particles (PPs) 'enfin' and 'écoute' in French film dialogue, and their translations in British English subtitles. Using a corpus of nine films and eight episodes drawn from two television series – all released in the UK between 2005 and 2015, and equating to approximately twenty-two hours – the study identifies tokens across a much wider range of contexts than has previously been possible using traditional corpora. The main contribution is an analysis of PP functions. The results for 'enfin' show a different functional distribution of the particle to other corpora, with corrective 'enfin' occurring significantly less frequently. The relatively large number of tokens of performative and emotional (or affective) 'enfin' allows for an elaboration of these two categories, and a tendency is observed for 'enfin' to appear as an apparent disagreement mitigator in discussions between peers. With regard to 'écoute', it is argued that écoute1 functions as a face-threat mitigator in unequal relationships and écoute2 as an FTA, although the particle is multifunctional and some tokens exhibit characteristics of both categories. Attention is given to combinations of 'enfin' and 'écoute' with other particles: while there is a clear tendency for disagreement-mitigating 'enfin' to co-occur with 'mais', and for the precision and restrictive subcategories of the corrective to co-occur with 'je veux dire', other previously documented combinations ('enfin bon' and 'ben écoute') are not frequently occurring in the present corpus. The thesis also makes a significant contribution to the field of Audiovisual Translation (AVT). The English subtitles show high rates of omission for both particles consistent with previous research, with disagreement-mitigating 'enfin' particularly vulnerable to omission. However, the analysis reveals a surprising pattern regarding 'écoute': a clear division of labour between ‘look’ (used to translate more confrontational tokens) and ‘listen’ (more conciliatory and socially distant). The study includes an experimental analysis of the subtitles relative to their character limits, demonstrating a potential new approach for researchers wishing to investigate the impact of various subtitling constraints.

The subject of this thesis consists in comparing means of request expression in French and Czech language in pursuit of scaling them by their politeness level, taking into account the socio-pragmatic environment of both languages. Apart from that, a syntactic realisation of request is analysed in both languages as well as morphological, lexical and stylistic instruments that either increase or decrease the degree of politeness and the effect of performed request. Attention is primarily focused on indirect requests in both French and Czech in order to identify an appropriate translation equivalent expressing the same degree of politeness. The fundamental source for the contrastive analysis lies in InterCorp parallel corpus data. This research is further extended with survey that verifies the previous findings.

Dentro de la investigación se busca analizar los factores determinantes que influyen en las exportaciones de palta Hass, con partida arancelaria 08.04.40.00.00, de Perú hacia Países Bajos durante los años 2012-2019 en el marco del Tratado de Libre Comercio con la Unión Europea (UE). Acorde a las estadísticas de comercio exterior, se conoce que Países Bajos es el principal destino de las exportaciones de palta Hass peruana, representando durante los años de estudio más del 32% de la cantidad del total de las exportaciones de palta peruana al mundo. Para analizar los factores que han influido durante esos años se tomaron las variables de producción, precio, certificaciones y el TLC de Perú con la UE. La metodología utilizada fue un enfoque mixto, mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas a expertos en el tema y una regresión lineal múltiple de los posibles factores determinantes seleccionados. Para la parte cualitativa, se realizaron entrevistas a distintos representantes de empresas exportadoras de palta Hass hacia Países Bajos, así como también de la CCL, PROHASS, PromPerú, SENASA, además de un académico y expertos en el tema. Por el lado de lo cuantitativo, según el análisis realizado con el SPSS, se concluyó que la producción y un periodo anterior de las exportaciones de palta Hass son significantes en el modelo planteado. / The research seeks to analyze the determining factors influencing Hass avocado exports, with tariff item 08.04.40.00.00, from Peru to the Netherlands during the years 2012-2019 within the framework of the Free Trade Agreement with the European Union (EU). According to foreign trade statistics, it is known that the Netherlands is the main destination of Peruvian Hass avocado exports, representing during the years under study more than 32% of the amount of total Peruvian avocado exports to the world. To analyze the factors that have influenced during those years, the variables of production, price, certifications and the FTA of Peru with the EU were taken. The methodology used was a mixed approach, through semi-structured interviews with experts in the field and a multiple linear regression of the possible determinants selected. For the qualitative part, interviews were conducted with different representatives of companies exporting Hass avocado to the Netherlands, as well as representatives of the CCL, PROHASS, PromPerú, SENASA, in addition to an academic and experts in the field. On the quantitative side, according to the analysis carried out with SPSS, it was concluded that the production and a previous period of Hass avocado exports are significant in the model proposed. / Tesis

Compressive strength is one of the most monitored parameter of hardened concrete and it is usually determinated by destructive testing. Non-destructive testing applied on existing constructions uses regression analysis to estimate compressive strength. High variability of outputs and eventually failure of necessary requirements for using regression analysis complicate these methods. The aim of this thesis is to show posibility of using fuzzy clustering in this topic and to compare outputs with classic methods.

This thesis is about the risks, what is the risk and what methods exist for risk analysis with the focus on HAZOP, FMEA, ETA and FTA. At the end of the thesis is described RTC system, design and inpmelentation of extesion for the system.

Construction is one of the oldest of industries in the world, with the first establishedconstruction company being established around 230 BC. One of the biggest industries inEurope, at an estimated €900 billion a year, it also accounts for 40% of total energy consumption and 40% of total waste generation in the EU1 . Although the majority ofthese are from the use phase of the built environment, there is a lack of a comprehensiveenvironmental risk management system for the construction phase. This study proposesan environmental risk management framework based on the Beer-Ziolkowski model of risk management for both site specific and non-site specific construction operations witha stakeholder centric approach. It proposes stakeholder involvement to identify the risksaided with trend analysis of strategic regulatory implications from the concernedauthority - Norwegian Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development and thecurrent orgnisational practice of objective environmental risk identification from ISO14001 guidance. Scope of site specific and non-site specific risks are narrowed down tosite operational setup and construction materials respectively, consistent with theorganisations view of the most important risks from those two classes of risks. Riskassessment is suggested through Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) method for site specific risksand European Union System for the Evaluation of Substances (EUSES) for non-sitespecific risks. Total Cost Accounting (TCA) of project alternative evaluation isrecommended with a view to internalise the external costs. A two tiered integration ofrisk information in the buisess process is suggested – categorised risk reduction processat the level of projects and general good practice aided with risk information at the policylevel. Being a framework for management of environmental risk as opposed to a methodfor a specific environmental risk, the principles and suggestions are broadly scoped withcase studies for identification and analysis of risks.Through the practice of prudent engagement of stakeholders and scientific risk assessments, this framework would help the organisation enable safer operational practices in the context of environmental effects. In foresight this in turn will have rendered the host firm more competent in terms of making sustainable business decisions. / Byggindustrin är en av de äldsta industrierna i världen. Det första företaget etabeleradesca 230 BC. Byggindustrin är även en av de största industrierna i Europa med €900miljarder i omsättning varje år, men ansvarar även för ungefar 40% av energiförbrukningen och 40% utav den totalla avfallsgeneringen i EU1. Trots att det mesta av dessa miljöfarliga aspekter kommer ifrån användningsphasen av den byggdamiljön, finns det en brist på omfattande hanteringssystem för miljörisker vid uppbyggnadsphasen. Denna studie föreslår en hanteringsmodell, baserad på Beer-Ziolkowski-modellen för riskhantering, som innehåller både byggplats baserade och icke byggplatsbaserade risker med en centrerad orientering vid just aktieägare samt andraberörda.Denna modell föreslår, att alla som skulle bli berörda vid förändring, engagerar sig för att identifiera risker med assistering utav strategisk vägledning hos den lämpliga förvaltningen - Kommunal- og regionaldepartementet samt med det närvarande organisationspraxisesn av indentifiering av de objektiva miljöriskerna med råd ifrån ISO140001. Omfattningarna av byggplats-beroende och icke byggplatsberoende riskkategorier fokuseras på layouten av byggplats och byggmaterial, enligt företagetsåsikt vilken av dessa två riskgrupper som är viktigast. Riskshantering föreslås med fel träanlys (FTA) metoden till byggplats beroende risker och European Union System for the Evaluation of Substances (EUSES) till icke byggplats beroende risker.Helkostnadsbokföring (TCA) för projektets olika alternativ rekommenderas som åtgärd för att inkludera de vanliga ytterliggande kostnaderna. En två spårig integration av risksbeskedet föreslås – katagoriserad riskminskning vid projektsnivå och vanliga goda affärsprincipier tillsammans med riskmedvetenhet på policy nivå.På grund av att modellen är en ram för riskhantering, som skilljer sig ifrån en metod fören särskild risk, granskas priciperna så som föreslaget med fallstudier för identifieringoch analys av risker.Genom att engagera aktieägare och andra intressenter men även natuvetenskaplig riskbedömning, ska denna modell hjälpa företaget till att möjligöra en säker bedrivningutav företagspraxisen i kombination med ett stärkt intresse utav miljöaspekter. I framtiden ska detta i sin tur ge företaget större kompetens när det gäller att planera och skapa en hållbar affärsplanering. / www.ima.kth.se

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