Depuis plus de trois décennies, l'un des aspects par lequel se manifeste la mondialisation est la mobilité internationale des firmes et des facteurs de production. L'interdépendance croissante des économies, qui résulte de l'expansion des échanges et du développement des mouvements des capitaux, est devenue incontournable. La mondialisation a donné lieu à la promotion du libéralisme économique, et au développement d'un processus mondialisé des activités, dans lesquels les IDE se font une place centrale, dans les politiques de développement des pays d'accueil. Qu'ils soient pays développés ou PED, ces derniers se livrent à une concurrence acerbe, pour l'attractivité des flux d'IDE sur leur territoire. Les FMN ont gagné une place centrale dans ce nouveau schéma. Après avoir suscité la méfiance et l'hostilité des gouvernements des PED, elles sont devenues une composante principale dans la stratégie de développement. Suivant leurs propres préoccupations (gains de productivité, sources d'approvisionnement, etc), les FMN établissent des stratégies dans une perspective internationale, et intègrent dans les activités leur responsabilité sociale et environnementale. Les IDE ont fait l'objet d'une forte controverse sur leurs potentialités à faire profiter les pays d'accueil des « spillovers ». Une inégale répartition des flux d'IDE, amène les PED à mettre en place des politiques d'attractivité ambitieuses (exonérations fiscales, subventions, etc.). L'Algérie a engagé, à l'instar d'autres PED, une série de réformes pour s'inscrire dans une nouvelle logique qui consacre les lois du marché et la libéralisation de l'économie touchant tous les secteurs d'activité. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'évaluer empiriquement les déterminants d'attractivité des IDE dans le modèle algérien, de la conduite de sa politique de promotion et de son évaluation. La qualité des institutions est bel et bien validée comme déterminant central dans la conduite de la politique d'attractivité de l'Algérie. La construction de la matrice d'attractivité a révélé que l'Algérie se place dans le cercle des « pays potentiels », qui pourraient figurer un jour dans la « short-list », à condition d'améliorer certaines composantes de leur attractivité. Des réformes cohérentes restent à faire pour une insertion effective dans l'économie internationale. / For over three decades, one aspect by which manifests globalization is the international mobility of firms and factors of production. Growing interdependence of economies resulting from the expansion of trade and development of capital movements has become unavoidable. Globalization has given rise to the promotion of economic liberalism, and development of a process of global activities in which FDI are central in the development policies of host countries. Whether developed or developing countries, these one are engaged in a bitter competition for FDI attractiveness of flux of FDI in their territory. The MNF has taken a central place in this new scheme. After arousing the suspicion and hostility of the governments of developing countries, they have become a key component in the strategy of development. Following their own concerns (productivity gains, exoneration, etc.), the MNF gone to research an international perspective, and integrate their activities in the social and environmental responsibility. The FDI has been subject of an important controversy over their potential to benefit the host countries of the "spillover". An unequal distribution of FDI, make the developing countries to take up an attractive ambitious policies (tax holidays, subsidies etc.). Algeria has committed, like other developing countries, a series of reforms to be part of a new logic that embodies the laws of the market and liberalization of the economy, affecting all sectors of activity. The objective of this thesis is to empirically assess the determinants of FDI attraction in the Algerian model, the conduct of its promotion policy and its evaluation. Quality of institutions is indeed well validated as a central determinant in the conduct of political attractiveness of Algeria. The construction of the matrix of attractiveness revealed that Algeria is located in the circle of ?potential countries", and that could one day appear in the "short list", provided certain components to improve their attractiveness. Consistent reforms are still needed for effective integration into the international economy.

Intermitted Water Supply strategy is implemented commonly in some developing countries nowadays in order to minimize the water scarcity problems. Unstable hydraulic conditions in the distribution system, low pressure, high risk of water contamination, wasting water, rising costs paid by consumers and water providers, failures and problems with consumption metering and inconvenience to consumers are some of the consequences. Risk Analysis Methodology is developed to handle with intermittent water supply systems in developing countries conditions that include undesired events identification; risk estimation and risk evaluation and reduction plan, the catalogue list of potential undesired events (UE) which may occur in these types of systems have been also developed using the HAZard and OPerability technique (HAZOP). The developed methodology is implemented and tested in this research on one of the potential undesired events UE _ Low operational pressure

The Paper is focused on risk analysis of composite bumper Arway S production process. The bumper is produced by Composite Components company for Iveco bus producer. According to discussions of expert team, several types of quality discrepancies were discovered. By using FTA analysis we discovered causes of those discrepancies. FMEA method and Pareto Analysis helped to set most dangerous discrepancies which cumulative seriousness reached 54 %. In discussion, the expert team set corrective action. In parallel with FMEA and Pareto Analysis 8D method was used. It's results were in line with other methods and complete the whole image of the issue. Arway S is a key product and so some of those proposed corrective actions were realized immediately. As a result, the appearance of rejections with specific defect almost vanished.

Hoy en día, los desarrollos tecnológicos están vinculados a la vida diaria de cada persona, reducen las distancias entre la gente y contribuyen a que los procesos empresariales sean más efectivos. El rubro con mayor impacto ha sido el comercio, las transacciones electrónicas han tomado protagonismo en todo el mundo, convirtiéndose en una alternativa viable, con diversas herramientas, capaz de atender las necesidades de clientes. Por ello, muchas empresas han decidido incorporar al comercio electrónico en el desarrollo de sus actividades, pueden obtener beneficios tales como la reducción de costos fijos, competitividad, captación de clientes, entre otros. En el Perú el comercio electrónico se ha venido desarrollando lentamente y de manera focalizada en grandes empresas, creando la falsa idea que es necesario invertir mucho dinero para incorporarlo en las actividades comerciales, lo que ha generado desconfianza y rechazo a los usuarios por temor a ser estafados. El objetivo principal de la tesis es determinar los principales factores del uso del E-commerce en las Mypes del sector textil - confecciones en el Emporio de Gamarra. Nos enfocamos en Gamarra por ser principal punto de actividad económica en el Perú. Actualmente, muchas entidades como la Cámara de Comercio de Gamarra contribuyen con la promoción y competitividad de Gamarra, mediante el soporte de un equipo de profesionales innovadores, cuyo principal aporte es la explotación de tecnologías de la información y comunicación, con el objetivo de promover a las empresas y/o usuarios a utilizar herramientas como el E-commerce, para poder expandir o incrementar ventas. / Nowadays, technological developments are linked to the daily life of each person, reduce the distances between people and contribute to making business processes more effective. The area with the greatest impact has been commerce, electronic transactions have taken center stage throughout the world, becoming a viable alternative, with various tools, capable of meeting the needs of customers. Therefore, many companies have decided to incorporate electronic commerce in the development of their activities, can obtain benefits such as the reduction of fixed costs, competitiveness, customer acquisition, among others. In Peru, electronic commerce has been developing slowly and focused on large companies, creating the false idea that it is necessary to invest a lot of money to incorporate it into commercial activities, which has generated distrust and rejection of users for fear of being scammed. The main objective of the thesis is to determine the main factors of the use of E-commerce in the Mypes of the textile sector - confections in the Emporium of Gamarra. We focus on Gamarra as the main point of economic activity in Peru. Currently, many entities such as the Chamber of Commerce of Gamarra contribute to the promotion and competitiveness of Gamarra, through the support of a team of innovative professionals, whose main contribution is the exploitation of information and communication technologies, with the aim of promoting Companies and / or users to use tools such as E-commerce, to expand or increase sales. / Tesis

[Truncated abstract] The collection of buccal cells is common practise in the epidemiological and forensic science. Unlike venipuncture collection of blood; it is a safer, non-invasive method for collection of biological material. The methods by which these cells are collected from the inner cheek of an individual and stored are the key elements in preserving DNA. Typically, forensic samples require long term storage. Samples are commonly collected on cotton swabs and stored moist at low to ultra-low temperatures (less than -20oC). Although this is the method of choice in most forensic facilities, there are drawbacks. The samples are inherently contaminated with microflora within the oral cavity and the moisture allows a plethora of microorganisms to grow. As the time frame that has elapsed from collection to storage increases, there is an exponential increase in bacterial cells. Storage of containers containing swabs coated with cells at temperatures below 20oC is also costly due to requirements for large freezers which are running and monitored over 24 hours. In the pass 10 to 15 years, researchers have focussed on alternative ways to store buccal cells. The FTA card system by Whatman is one such development. The FTA card is unique in that it provides a means for the collection of buccal cells for storage at room temperature. DNA profiling from samples stored in this way for 11 years has been successfully achieved. The filter paper matrix of the FTA card binds and subsequently lyses cells. ... (2) The second component of this thesis describes a study which subjected cells on buccal swabs to various conditions of increased temperature over periods of time to establish if DNA could be amplified. The aim was to mimic exposure to the vigours of field conditions, particularly in the extreme local environments that prevail in the United Arab Emirates. a. Initially, buccal cells stored at -20oC over 360 days were used to mimic standard archiving procedures. The cells were subsequently transferred to FTA cards, amplified and profiled by using ABI AmpFLSTR Identifiler PCR Amplification Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Complete STR profiles were successfully recovered from the archived swabs. In most cases 100% of alleles were recovered, suggesting that it is feasible to transfer DNA from properly archived buccal swabs to FTA cards. b. The second phase involved the storage of fresh swabs that had been artificially aged by using incubation temperatures ranging from 40oC to 100oC. Partial profiles resulted from artificially aged samples, indicating that the prevailing conditions prior to low temperature storage of the swabs plays an important role in ensuring cellular integrity and thus, DNA quality. Results from this study suggest that it is possible for biological samples stored under correct conditions to be transferred from swabs to FTA card. In combination, the two chapters presented in this study show that it is feasible to transfer achieved forensic biology samples from swabs to the FTA card system. However, it is necessary to ensure that the samples are treated in the correct manner so as to minimise contamination from external sources and to maintain the correct environmental state to maintain intact cells and usable DNA.

<p>Detta examensarbete har genomförts på uppdrag av Försvarets Materielverk (FMV). </p><p>Det påstås att evaluering av komplexa/sammansatta system är svårt, om inte omöjligt. Common Criteria (CC) är en ISO/IEC-standard för evaluering av produkter och system. Även Information Technology Security Evaluation Criteria (ITSEC) används för samma ändamål. Jag har undersökt vad som är möjligt och denna uppsats beskriver alternativa evalueringslösningar med hjälp av CC/ITSEC, dock primärt enligt CC; där fokus hela tiden vilar på ackreditering av system och produkter inom det svenska försvaret. </p><p>Metoden som används bygger på kvalitativ och utredande analys vilken baseras på empirisk kunskap inhämtad från nyckelaktörer på marknaden samt en teoretisk referensram vilken utgörs av nyckelstandarder och för arbetet/uppsatsen relevanta dokument. </p><p>Jag har undersökt SYSn och FTA vilka är två ytterst intressanta lösningar för två olika typer av evalueringssituationer vid informell evaluering. Båda lösningarna fokuserar på systemevalueringar men produktevalueringar stöds även de. SYSn och FTA är framtagna av UK:s myndighet CESG vid GCHQ. </p><p>SYSn är en mer pragmatisk, kostnadseffektiv, snabb (med avseende på total evalueringstid) och flexibel lösning än existerande formella CCoch ITSEC-lösningar. Samtidigt bygger SYSn på CEM vilket gör att SYSn åtnjuter många av CC:s och CEM:s fördelar med avseende på bland annat återanvändbarhet och god struktur. SYSn erbjuder motsvarande assurans som CC: s EAL (SYS2 ≈ EAL2, SYS3 ≈ EAL3, SYS4 ≈EAL4).. Spårbarhet gällande utfall, testprocedurer, använd metodik etc. bibehålls. </p><p>FTA å andra sidan är ett avsevärt snabbare evalueringsinstrument där avkall på återanvändbarhet, struktur, dokumentation och förtroende görs. FTA är en lösning vilken fokuserar på best effort och ger inga direkta garantier om assuransnivåer etc. När det är ont om tid och inget certifikat eller ett formellt utlåtande för evalueringsresultatet efterfrågas är FTA en tilltalande lösning. Evaluering genomförs i enlighet med Fast Track Assessment Methodology (FTAM).</p>

Detta examensarbete har genomförts på uppdrag av Försvarets Materielverk (FMV). Det påstås att evaluering av komplexa/sammansatta system är svårt, om inte omöjligt. Common Criteria (CC) är en ISO/IEC-standard för evaluering av produkter och system. Även Information Technology Security Evaluation Criteria (ITSEC) används för samma ändamål. Jag har undersökt vad som är möjligt och denna uppsats beskriver alternativa evalueringslösningar med hjälp av CC/ITSEC, dock primärt enligt CC; där fokus hela tiden vilar på ackreditering av system och produkter inom det svenska försvaret. Metoden som används bygger på kvalitativ och utredande analys vilken baseras på empirisk kunskap inhämtad från nyckelaktörer på marknaden samt en teoretisk referensram vilken utgörs av nyckelstandarder och för arbetet/uppsatsen relevanta dokument. Jag har undersökt SYSn och FTA vilka är två ytterst intressanta lösningar för två olika typer av evalueringssituationer vid informell evaluering. Båda lösningarna fokuserar på systemevalueringar men produktevalueringar stöds även de. SYSn och FTA är framtagna av UK:s myndighet CESG vid GCHQ. SYSn är en mer pragmatisk, kostnadseffektiv, snabb (med avseende på total evalueringstid) och flexibel lösning än existerande formella CCoch ITSEC-lösningar. Samtidigt bygger SYSn på CEM vilket gör att SYSn åtnjuter många av CC:s och CEM:s fördelar med avseende på bland annat återanvändbarhet och god struktur. SYSn erbjuder motsvarande assurans som CC: s EAL (SYS2 ≈ EAL2, SYS3 ≈ EAL3, SYS4 ≈EAL4).. Spårbarhet gällande utfall, testprocedurer, använd metodik etc. bibehålls. FTA å andra sidan är ett avsevärt snabbare evalueringsinstrument där avkall på återanvändbarhet, struktur, dokumentation och förtroende görs. FTA är en lösning vilken fokuserar på best effort och ger inga direkta garantier om assuransnivåer etc. När det är ont om tid och inget certifikat eller ett formellt utlåtande för evalueringsresultatet efterfrågas är FTA en tilltalande lösning. Evaluering genomförs i enlighet med Fast Track Assessment Methodology (FTAM).

本研究以美國歐巴馬政府之「重返亞太」戰略，以及美國於亞太地區所倡導「太平洋經濟合作協議」──TPP為研究標的，並以國家利益理論為研究理論基礎，分析美國面對亞太地區經濟力的強勁成長，以及中國大陸以飛奔之勢成為世界第二大經濟體，美國基於國家利益而開始主導TPP之成立與運作。在這過程之中，美國與中國之戰略如何運用?而台灣在國民黨與民進黨兩大黨都支持加入TPP的情況下，台灣加入TPP之途，到底可能面對那些中國與美國的戰略運用?台灣加入TPP之利與弊各有那些?本研究以以歷史研究法、文獻分析法為研究方法，經由所得文獻之整理、分析、歸納，提出本研究之研究成果有三項: 一、中國國力提升將拉高台灣進入TPP的機會 隨著中國國力提升，美國對中國的「圍堵」，將更加緊繃嚴密，台灣角色必然也會越來越突顯，在美國強力圍堵的戰略運作下，台灣進入TPP之機會越來越高。 二、 海島型經濟特色的台灣，向區域開放市場，是台灣唯一的選擇 台灣海島型經濟，產業大幅仰賴出口，目前中國大陸又是台灣主要出口的地區，面對市場主要對手如南韓、日本已積極簽署FTA，台灣必須積極投入，才不致被邊緣化，中國大陸市場也才不會被對手所取代。 三、TPP與FTA是全球化趨勢下的必然結果 在各式區域經貿協議之中，施行零關稅及強調非關稅的壁壘，簡化文書作業及海關程序，更是打破國與國之間疆，使得關稅制度保護本土產品的制度設計初衷，不復存在，如此強者愈強，弱者愈弱，區域經濟形成一種M型化的競爭態勢。 / This thesis focuses on strategy of U.S. Pivot to Asia Pacific region and the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) with the theory of state interest to analyze how the U.S. manages the establishment and operation of TPP on the consideration of the strong economic growth of Asia-Pacific region and the status of rising China as the second largest economic entity around the world. During the process, what is the strategy of the U.S. and China? On the other hand, under the domestic support of two major parties in Taiwan to join TPP, Kuomintang (KMT) and Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), on the way to join TPP, what diplomatic strategies will Taiwan confront when it deals with China and the U.S.? In other words, what are the pros and cons for Taiwan to join TPP? Based on historical analysis, document analysis, this thesis found three major findings: 1. The increase of power of Rising China will enhance the opportunity of Taiwan to join TPP As China’s state power increases, the U.S. will adopt much more serious “Containment” strategies. Under this circumstance, the role of Taiwan will become much more important. Therefore, under the intense U.S. containment strategies, the opportunities for Taiwan to join TPP will become higher. 2. Open market to the region is the choice for sea-island economic Taiwan Taiwan belongs to sea-island economic, which relies on export on the development of industry, and China becomes the major export partner of Taiwan. Facing the challenge of South Korea and Japan which have signed FTA with China, Taiwan has to engage in a more active way to the open market to avoid isolation on the competition of Chinese market. 3. TPP and FTA are the definite result of globalization Among all kinds of regional agreements, zero tax barrier and simplification of administration process on document and custom examination are the keys to break the obstacle between country and country. Moreover, by doing so countries could break the limitation on protecting the local products, which further fosters the M shape competition among the regional economic development between the strong and weak countries.

The article reflects on the roll that has the European Union like cohesion factor, considering that the relations are not limited the commercial plane in a context in which the Andean Community of Nations has had difficulties not only in its process of internal consolidation, but also to forge a common foreign policy. One discusses some differences with the FTA with the U.S.A., and the relations in these South-North agreements with regional integration.Of another side, one becomes a balance of the commerce flows, investment and cooperation between the EU and the Andean Community, being in evidence the fundamental importance that they have these bonds, beyond conjunctural losses of relative weight in the commercial aspect. There are limitations, but beyond the European restrictions or external these are fundamentally of internal character: insufficient exportable supply, competitiveness, infrastructure, etc. / El artículo reflexiona sobre el rol que tiene la Unión Europea como factor de cohesión, teniendo en cuenta que las relaciones no se limitan al plano comercial, especialmente en un contexto en el cual la Comunidad Andina de Naciones ha tenido dificultades no solo en su proceso de consolidación interna sino también en aquel que tiene como fin forjar una política exterior común. Se discute también algunas diferencias con el TLC con los Estados Unidos y las relaciones de estos acuerdos norte-sur con laintegración regional.De otro lado, se hace un balance de los flujos de comercio, inversión y cooperación entre la UE y la CAN, lo que evidencia la importancia fundamental que tienen estos vínculos, más allá de pérdidas  coyunturales de peso relativo, en el aspecto  comercial.Si bien existen limitaciones, más allá de las  restricciones europeas o externas, estas son fundamentalmente de carácter interno: oferta exportable insuficiente, competitividad, infraestructura, etcétera.

Magister Legum - LLM / This mini thesis examines the repercussions of the establishment of institutions under the Tripartite Free Trade Area (TFTA) Agreement on countries that have multiple regional economic community (REC) memberships. The study notes that even though the TFTA initiative is being touted as a major milestone towards the ultimate establishment of the African economic Community (AEC) and that it will help solve problems associated with multiple REC memberships, the initiative may come at a cost to countries, especially those that have maintained multiple REC memberships. The study observes that the institutions that have been established under the TFTA are a mirror reflection of the already existing institutions in the three existing regional blocks forming the TFTA, thus the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), East African Community (EAC) and the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC). The mini thesis argues that the creation of new TFTA institutions, in addition to the similar existing regional institutions, will translate into more financial costs; increased human resource cost for government officers; increase in non-financial treaty related obligations; and a high possibility of reaping fewer trade related gains, for countries that have multiple REC memberships. The mini thesis further demonstrates how the lack of clarity and hierarchy in the relationship between the TFTA institutions and the RECs’ institutions may negatively impact on countries that have multiple REC memberships. The mini thesis concludes by offering recommendations on how these challenges or costs on countries with multiple REC memberships can be addressed or ameliorated. / Government of Malawi