Este trabalho realizou o estudo do comportamento de misturas de solo arenoso e argila, estabilizado quimicamente com cimento, para aplicação em barreiras de proteção ambiental. A proposta essencial foi a utilização de um solo arenoso, proveniente da Formação Botucatu, presente em vastas áreas do território brasileiro e através de um processo de alteração, torná-lo apto à utilização em barreiras de proteção ambiental. O projeto e análise de experimentos foram realizados através da técnica de planejamento fatorial 23 composto. Foram consideradas três variáveis independentes: teor de umidade (w), porcentagem de cimento (C) e quantidade de argila (A), variando em dois níveis cada. Foi utilizado cimento Portland CP II-Z 32 e argila bentonita sódica comercial. Foram avaliados os comportamentos de fluxo e transporte de água e contamintante (KCl), realizados através de ensaios de percolação em coluna e com permeâmetros de parede rígida com carga constante e ensaios de equilíbrio em lote. Foram avaliados os parâmetros de resistência do solo com os ensaios de resistência à compressão simples (RCS) e cisalhamento direto (CD). Também foram avaliados os comportamentos de expansão e contração das misturas. Foram realizados ensaios de porosimetria por intrusão de mercúrio para verificar a alteração microestrutural das misturas. Após realização dos ensaios, as analises estatísticas permitiram avaliar os efeitos das variáveis independentes sobre as propriedades das misturas. Os fatores w, C e A se mostraram adequados para descrever o comportamento das propriedades avaliadas das misturas. Os parâmetros de fluxo e transporte se mostraram adequados para a finalidade do material. As misturas solo-cimento-argila apresentaram ganho elevado de resistência e comportamento mais estável frente a contração quando comparadas as misturas solo-argila. Foi empregado o método de superfície de respostas para interpretar o comportamento e identificar a tendência de alteração das propriedades. Com o procedimento proposto foi possível avaliar a influência dos fatores e descrever as alterações causadas pelas misturas com cimento e argila. / In this research the behavior of sandy soil and clay mixtures, chemically stabilized with cement, for application in environmental protection barriers was determined. The essential proposal was to use of a sandy soil, from Botucatu Formation, present in vast areas of the Brazilian territory and through an alteration process, make it suitable for use in environmental protection barriers. The design and analysis of experiments were performed using the 23 factorial composite technique. Three independent variables were considered: moisture content (w), percentage of cement (C) and amount of clay (A), varying in two levels each. Portland cement CP II-Z 32 and commercial sodium bentonite clay were used. Flow and transport behavior of water and contaminant (KCl) were evaluated through column percolation tests and with rigid wall permeameters with constant load and batch equilibrium tests. The soil resistance parameters were tested with the simple compression strength (RCS) and direct shear test (CD). The expansion and contraction behavior of the mixtures were also evaluated. Mercury intrusion porosimetry tests were performed to verify the microstructural alteration of the mixtures. After the statistical analysis, it was possible to evaluate the effects of the independent variables on the properties of the mixtures. The moisture, cement and clay contents were adequate to describe the behavior of the evaluated properties of the mixtures. The flow and transport parameters were adequate for the purpose of the material. The soil-cement-clay mixtures presented a high gain of resistance and a more stable behavior against contraction when compared to soil-clay mixtures. The response surface method was used to interpret the behavior and to identify the tendency of the properties. With the proposed procedure it was possible to evaluate the influence of the factors and to describe the changes caused by the mixtures with cement and clay.

<p>The purpose of this diploma work was to investigate the problem of insufficient fibre recovery in the dissolved air flotation-cell at the new thermomechanical pulping-line at Braviken Paper Mill. An investigation of the effect of process parameters on the removal efficiency in the micro-flotation process was undertaken.</p><p>The experiments were carried out for two setups at the Noss pilot plant with a small-scale flotation unit. Factorial design helped plan the experiments and four factors were controlled; temperature, fibre-size distribution, water quality and feed concentration. Three samples, feed, overflow and filtrate, were taken from each experiment and concentration measurements were made. The results were analyzed using the software MODDE.</p><p>The results from showed an influence from the fibre-size distribution. To see if the fibre-size distribution really had an effect on the results, follow-up experiments were carried out. These experiments showed no influence from temperature, fibre-size distribution or water quality. This concludes that none of those three factors influenced the results significantly.</p><p>Additional experiments were done to examine the influence from concentration and fibre-size distribution on the flotation efficiency and these showed an influence from the feed concentration. When increasing the feed concentration the efficiency of the flotation process decreased.</p>

This thesis consists of three chapters, covering topics in both the design and modeling aspects of computer experiments as well as their engineering applications. The first chapter systematically develops a new class of space-filling designs for computer experiments by splitting two-level factorial designs into multiple layers. The new design is easy to generate, and our numerical study shows that it can have better space-filling properties than the optimal Latin hypercube design. The second chapter proposes a novel modeling approach for approximating computationally expensive functions that are not second-order stationary. The new model is a composite of two Gaussian processes, where the first one captures the smooth global trend and the second one models local details. The new predictor also incorporates a flexible variance model, which makes it more capable of approximating surfaces with varying volatility. The third chapter is devoted to a two-stage sequential strategy which integrates analytical models with finite element simulations for a micromachining process.

The purpose of this diploma work was to investigate the problem of insufficient fibre recovery in the dissolved air flotation-cell at the new thermomechanical pulping-line at Braviken Paper Mill. An investigation of the effect of process parameters on the removal efficiency in the micro-flotation process was undertaken. The experiments were carried out for two setups at the Noss pilot plant with a small-scale flotation unit. Factorial design helped plan the experiments and four factors were controlled; temperature, fibre-size distribution, water quality and feed concentration. Three samples, feed, overflow and filtrate, were taken from each experiment and concentration measurements were made. The results were analyzed using the software MODDE. The results from showed an influence from the fibre-size distribution. To see if the fibre-size distribution really had an effect on the results, follow-up experiments were carried out. These experiments showed no influence from temperature, fibre-size distribution or water quality. This concludes that none of those three factors influenced the results significantly. Additional experiments were done to examine the influence from concentration and fibre-size distribution on the flotation efficiency and these showed an influence from the feed concentration. When increasing the feed concentration the efficiency of the flotation process decreased.

Producing since 1995, Bozova Field is a mature oil field to be re-evaluated. When evaluating an oil field, the common approach followed in a reservoir simulation study is: Generating a geological model that is expected to represent the reservoir / building simulation models by using the most representative dynamic data / and doing sensitivity analysis around a best case in order to get a history-matched simulation model. Each step deals with a great variety of uncertainty and changing one parameter at a time does not comprise the entire uncertainty space. Not only knowing the impact of uncertainty related to each individual parameter but also their combined effects can help better understanding of the reservoir and better reservoir management. In this study, uncertainties associated only to fluid properties, rock physics functions and water oil contact (WOC) depth are examined thoroughly. Since sensitivity analysis around a best case will cover only a part of uncertainty, a full factorial experimental design technique is used. Without pursuing the goal of a history matched case, simulation runs are conducted for all possible combinations of: 19 sets of capillary pressure/relative permeability (Pc/krel) curves taken from special core analysis (SCAL) data / 2 sets of pressure, volume, temperature (PVT) analysis data / and 3 sets of WOC depths. As a result, historical production and pressure profiles from 114 (2 x 3 x 19) cases are presented for screening the impact of uncertainty related to aforementioned parameters in the history matching of Bozova field. The reservoir simulation models that give the best match with the history data are determined by the calculation of an objective function / and they are ranked according to their goodness of fit. It is found that the uncertainty of Pc/krel curves has the highest impact on the history match values / uncertainty of WOC depth comes next and the least effect arises from the uncertainty of PVT data. This study constitutes a solid basis for further studies which is to be done on the selection of the best matched models for history matching purposes.

A bascule bridge is a type of movable bridge that can be opened or closed to facilitate the movement of water-borne traffic such as ships and yachts. Trunnion-Hub-Girder (THG) assembly plays a role as a fulcrum in the bascule bridge. To make the fulcrum, the trunnion is shrink-fitted into the hub, and then the trunnion-hub assembly is shrink-fitted into the girder. Hundreds of thousands of dollars could be lost due to failures during this step. Crack formations in the hubs of various Florida bascule bridges during assembly led the Florida Department of Transportation to commission a project with USF professors to investigate.Finite elements method (ANSYS package) is employed to model the THG assembly procedure and solve for the critical crack length and critical stress in this transient thermal structural problem. Design of experiments (DOE) is used with different cooling processes and the geometrical dimensions of the THG assembly to find the sensitivity of these parameters on the outputs.The influence of the hub outer diameter and the radial interference (between the trunnion and hub) is at different levels on the critical crack length and the stress ratio as it is dependent on fulcrum geometry. If we include four staged cooling methods as follow Type 1: liquid nitrogen Type 2: dry-ice/ alcohol bath followed by liquid nitrogen Type 3: refrigerated air chamber followed by liquid nitrogen Type 4: refrigerated air chamber followed by dry-ice/alcohol bath and then by liquid nitrogenthe cooling type factor contributes the most to both critical crack length (up to 79%) and the stress ratio (up to 84%) in the TH assembling procedures in all three considered bascule bridges. The staged cooling procedure type 2, which is, immersing the TH assembly into the dry ice medium, followed by immersing the TH set into the liquid nitrogen, give larger critical crack length (up to 400%) and stress ratio (up to 87%) compared to the case that used only liquid nitrogen.

Hydrothermally treated biomass could not only be used as a fuel or a fertilizer but it can also be refined into high-value products. Activated carbons are one of those. In the studies of this thesis, four different hydrothermally carbonized (HTC) biomasses, including horse manure, grass cuttings, beer waste and biosludge, have been successfully made into activated carbons. The activated carbon materials were in the forms of powdered activated carbons, powdered composites of activated carbon and iron oxide nano-crystals, and activated carbon discs. The HTC biomasses and the activated carbons were characterized and analyzed using several methods. The biomasses were carbonized to different extent during the hydrothermal treatment, which depended on the different natures of the biomasses. The HTC biomasses were activated into powdered activated carbons by both physical activation, using CO2, and by chemical activation, using H3PO4. Full factorial design matrices were applied to design experiments and study the influence of different parameters used during both physical and chemical activation. Activated carbons with embedded iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized through hydrothermal carbonization followed by CO2 activation. These composites had high surface areas and showed a strong magnetism, and the powders could be separated from liquid phase by applying a magnetic field. Strong and dense activated carbon discs were also prepared from powdered HTC beer waste by pulsed current processing (PCP) and a subsequent CO2 activation procedure. The potential for carbon dioxide separation from nitrogen, and methylene blue adsorption in aqueous solution, were assessed for the powdered activated carbons produced from HTC biomasses. They showed good performance in both applications. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: In press.</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:07:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PatriciaNM_DISSERT.pdf: 6134806 bytes, checksum: 48ee86ee041e8aea24a2f38fd4fbf43a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-01 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Synthetic inorganic pigments are the most widely used in ceramic applications because they have excellent chemical and thermal stability and also, in general, a lower toxicity to man and to the environment. In the present work, the ceramic black pigment CoFe2O4 was synthesized by the polymerization Complex method (MPC) in order to form a material with good chemical homogeneity. Aiming to optimize the process of getting the pigment through the MPC was used a fractional factorial design 2(5-2), with resolution III. The factors studied in mathematical models were: citric acid concentration, the pyrolysis time, temperature, time and rate of calcination. The response surfaces using the software statistica 7.0. The powders were characterized by thermal analysis (TG/DSC), x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and spectroscopy in the UV-visible. Based on the results, there was the formation of phase cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) with spinel structure. The color of the pigments obtained showed dark shades, from black to gray. The model chosen was appropriate since proved to be adjusted and predictive. Planning also showed that all factors were significant, with a confidence level of 95% / Os pigmentos inorg?nicos sint?ticos s?o os mais utilizados em aplica??es cer?micas por apresentarem uma excelente estabilidade qu?mica e t?rmica e tamb?m, em geral, uma menor toxicidade para o homem e para o meio ambiente. No presente trabalho, o pigmento cer?mico preto CoFe2O4 foi sintetizado pelo M?todo de Polimeriza??o de Complexos (MPC) visando a forma??o de um material com boa homogeneidade qu?mica. Com o objetivo de otimizar o processo de obten??o do pigmento atrav?s do MPC foi utilizado um planejamento fatorial fracionado 2(5-2), com resolu??o III. Os fatores estudados na modelagem matem?tica foram: concentra??o de ?cido c?trico, tempo de pir?lise, temperatura, tempo e taxa de calcina??o. As superf?cies de resposta utilizando o programa statistica 7.0. Os p?s obtidos foram caracterizados atrav?s de an?lises t?rmicas (TG/DSC), difra??o de raios-x (DRX), microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV) e espectroscopia na regi?o do UV-vis?vel. Com base nos resultados, foi verificada a forma??o da fase ferrita de cobalto (CoFe2O4) com estrutura espin?lio. A cor dos pigmentos obtidos apresentou tonalidades escuras, do preto ao cinza. O modelo escolhido foi adequado, visto que mostrou-se ajustado e preditivo. O planejamento tamb?m mostrou que todos os fatores foram significativos, com n?vel de confian?a em 95%

The concern about fossil fuel reserves depletion, pollution due to extensive use of conventional fuels and stricter standards for emission are the forces that drive research on alternative fuels. Amongst these are the biodiesel in which the use of vegetable oils has become an attractive to replace diesel from petroleum because of its physico-chemical characteristics and no toxic emissions. This work aimed to study the effect of diferente variables on conversion of peanut oil to biodiesel; determine the influence of temperature and pH in the purification process in order to optimize the amount of water used and study the thermodynamic equilibrium of the system biodiesel-glycerine-alcohol (decreasing the production of effluents). The process of production and purification of peanut biodiesel obtained by transesterification was studied. In this reaction was used sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a basic catalyst, anhydrous ethanol and peanut crude oil (non-degummed) in a pilot production unit. In the purification process was used sulphuric acid diluted in distilled water and drying agent (magnesium sulphate). A 22 factorial design was performed to determine the influence of chemical variables on the amount of water required for thepurification. The variables for the production process were: temperature (30o, 70oC), stirring speed (150 rpm, 350 rpm), molar ratio oil/alcohol (1:4 and 1:10), amount of catalyst (0,5% and 1,5%) and reaction time (0,5 h, 2 h). For the purification process the variables analysed were: temperature (30o and 70oC) and pH (2 and 5). For the study of the system´s thermodynamic equilibrium was used purified biodiesel, jacketed glass reactor with circulating water, titration with biodiesel and glycerine. The evaluation parameter for the production process is the conversion to biodiesel determined by gaseous chromatography and for the purification process were the amount of water utilized and the determination of the influence of the temperature on the system´s thermodynamic equilibrium. The conversion to biodiesel varied between total saponification to a conversion of 87%. In the purification was observed that the effect of the pH variable could be ignored and the effect of the temperature and the interaction of the temperature and pH can be considered. The thermodynamic equilibrium of the system biodiesel/glycerine/alcohol and the tie lines did not have its behaviour influenced by the different temperatures, not influencing the miscibility of the mixture. / A preocupação com o esgotamento das reservas de combustíveis fósseis, a poluição devido ao grande uso de combustíveis convencionais e as normas rigorosas em relação às emissões são as forças que impulsionam as pesquisas com combustíveis alternativos. Dentre estes, temos o biodiesel no qual o uso de óleos vegetais tem se tornado uma alternativa atrativa em substituição ao diesel do petróleo devido às suas características físico-químicas e emissões não tóxicas. Esse trabalho teve como objetivos estudar o efeito de diferentes variáveis na conversão do óleo de amendoim a biodiesel; determinar a influência da temperatura e do pH no processo de purificação, a fim de otimizar a quantidade de água utilizada e, estudar o equilíbrio termodinâmico do sistema biodiesel-glicerina-álcool (diminuindo a produção de efluentes). Foi estudado o processo de produção e purificação do biodiesel de amendoim, obtido através da reação de transesterificação. Nessa reação foi utilizado hidróxido de sódio (NaOH) como catalisador básico, etanol anidro e óleo de amendoim bruto (não-degomado) em uma unidade piloto de produção. No processo de purificação foi utilizado ácido sulfúrico diluído em água destilada e agente dessecante (sulfato de magnésio). Um planejamento fatorial 2² foi realizado a fim de se determinar a influência das variáveis químicas na quantidade de água requerida para a purificação. As variáveis para o processo de produção foram: temperatura (30° e 70°C), velocidade de agitação (150 rpm e 350 rpm), razão molar óleo/álcool (1:4 e 1:10), quantidade de catalisador em massa (0,5% e 1,5%) e tempo de reação (0,5 h e 2 h). Para o processo de purificação foram analisadas as variáveis: temperatura (30° e 70°C) e pH (2 e 5). Para o estudo do equilíbrio termodinâmico foi utilizado o biodiesel purificado, reator de vidro com camisa de circulação de água, titulação com glicerina e biodiesel. O parâmetro de avaliação para a produção é o rendimento em biodiesel determinado por cromatografia gasosa e para o processo de purificação, a quantidade de água utilizada e a determinação da influência da temperatura no equilíbrio termodinâmico do sistema. A conversão a biodiesel variou de total saponificação até uma conversão de 87%. Na purificação, foi observado que o efeito da variável pH pode ser desprezado e o efeito da temperatura e da interação dessas duas variáveis pode ser considerado. O equilíbrio termodinâmico do sistema biodiesel/glicerina/álcool e suas tie lines não sofreram influência de comportamento nas diferentes temperaturas estudadas, não influenciando na miscibilidade da mistura.

Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2014-09-17T15:13:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabio Neves Dissertação.pdf: 1617814 bytes, checksum: 880cf6fc37213ab6dcd60cf882b1ffb3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Fatima Cleômenis Botelho Maria (botelho@ufba.br) on 2014-09-19T12:31:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabio Neves Dissertação.pdf: 1617814 bytes, checksum: 880cf6fc37213ab6dcd60cf882b1ffb3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-19T12:31:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabio Neves Dissertação.pdf: 1617814 bytes, checksum: 880cf6fc37213ab6dcd60cf882b1ffb3 (MD5) / O monômero cloreto de vinila (MVC) é a principal matéria-prima utilizada na produção do Policloreto de vinila (PVC). Sendo assim, o controle da pureza do MVC é fundamental para o controle da reação de polimerização, bem como para as propriedades do PVC, visto que alguns contaminantes orgânicos reagem como co-monômeros. Portanto, faz-se necessário o desenvolvimento de metodologias para identificação das substâncias presentes como contaminantes do MVC. Neste trabalho, foram desenvolvidos métodos de identificação dos contaminantes, baseados na sua pré-concentração por adsorção em Tenax-TA e Tenax- TA/Carboxen1000/CarbosieveSIII, seguidos de dessorção térmica e análise por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (TD-GC-MS). A otimização desses métodos foi realizada utilizando-se planejamento fatorial de experimentos completo e fracionário. Os métodos otimizados foram utilizados na identificação dos contaminantes do MVC nas etapas do processo de obtenção, armazenamento e recuperação do monômero, correspondendo a quatro pontos distintos de coleta das amostras. Foram identificadas ao todo dezenove substâncias dentre as quais hidrocarbonetos alifáticos e aromáticos, organoclorados, alcoóis, fenóis e fenonas. Destas, doze estavam presentes no MVC virgem, treze no MVC da esfera de armazenamento, doze no MVC da entrada dos reatores de polimerização e dezesseis no MVC recuperado. Os contaminantes presentes com as maiores concentrações relativas nos diferentes pontos foram estireno, aromático C6, tolueno, naftaleno, 1-octanol e 1,3- butadieno. Destes, estireno e 1,3-butadieno tem sido relatados na literatura como sendo fortes inibidores de polimerização para o MVC. Através da análise de componentes principais foi possível comprovar que há diferenças nas características do MVC, a depender do ponto do processo de onde ele é captado. Além disso, foi possível classificar as amostras de MVC, provenientes de diferentes pontos do processo, em três agrupamentos distintos, bem como identificar em cada agrupamento os principais contaminantes responsáveis pelas diferenciações. Considerando que o controle da pureza do monômero é fundamental para a qualidade do PVC, estes resultados demonstram a importância de realizar experimentos em escala de laboratório com o MVC proveniente de cada ponto, a fim de verificar a influência dos seus contaminantes característicos sobre as propriedades do PVC produzido. Com essas informações será possível buscar estratégias para a eliminação ou redução dos principais contaminantes responsáveis pelas alterações nas propriedades do produto final. / The Vinyl Chloride Monomer (MVC) is the main raw material used in the production of Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC). Thus, the control of MVC purity is essential to control polymerization reaction, as well as the properties of PVC, since some organic contaminants react as co-monomers. Therefore, it is necessary to develop methodologies for the identification of substances as contaminants MVC. In this work, we developed methods for identifying contaminants, based on your pre- concentration by adsorption on Tenax-TA and Tenax- TA/Carboxen1000/CarbosieveSIII, followed by thermal desorption and analysis by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). The optimization of these methods was performed using full factorial design of experiments and fractional. The optimized methods were used in the identification of contaminants in the MVC stages of acquisition, storage and retrieval of the monomer, corresponding to four distinct points of sample collection. We identified a total of nineteen substances among which aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorine, alcohols, phenols and fenonas. Of these, twelve were present in virgin MVC, MVC thirteen in the storage sphere, twelve in MVC input of polymerization reactors and sixteen in MVC recovered. Contaminants with higher relative concentrations in different points were styrene, benzene, toluene, naphthalene, 1-octanol and 1,3-butadiene. Of these, 1,3-butadiene and styrene have been reported in the literature as strong polymerization inhibitors for MVC. Through Principal Component Analysis was possible to prove that there are differences in the characteristics of the MVC, depending on the point in the process where it is captured. Moreover, it was possible to classify the samples MVC from different points of the process in three distinct clusters and identify each cluster major contaminants responsible for differentiation. Whereas the control of the purity of the monomer is critical to the quality of the PVC, these results demonstrate the importance of conducting experiments on a laboratory scale with the MVC from each point, in order to check the influence of its contaminants on the characteristic properties of PVC produced. With this information you can find strategies for elimination or reduction of major pollutants responsible for changes in the properties of the final product.