Cette thèse se compose de trois chapitres distincts. Le premier chapitre étudie la tentative d'harmonisation de la réglementation financière et de la divulgation de l'information financière par l'Union Européenne. Ces réglementations financières sont appliquées à travers un ensemble de directives avec un objectif commun. Nous étudions l'impact de ces changements sur l'asymétrie d'information. Nous considérons également le rôle des caractéristiques du pays et des entreprises. Nos résultats montrent que l'asymétrie d'information a diminué après le changement de régime réglementaire de l'UE. Nous démontrons que les pays dont la règlementation antérieure est d'un niveau de qualité élevé avec un système juridique efficient ont connu une réduction d'asymétrie d'information plus importante. Selon les résultats, l'impact des réglementations sur l'asymétrie d'information est plus important pour les entreprises qui avaient un meilleur environnement avant le changement de régime. Le deuxième chapitre étudie l'efficacité de l'utilisation de la juste valeur en comptabilité pour fournir des informations plus pertinentes sur la valeur des banques. Les études pertinence de la valeur ont été menées en quatre étapes. Tout d'abord, nous comparons la pertinence de la valeur des actifs et passifs tels qu'ils sont inscrits dans les bilans. Nous constatons que les actifs et passifs pris à la juste valeur sont plus pertinents pour expliquer la valeur de marché des capitaux propres. En outre, on observe que la crise financière de mi-2008 n'a pas d'impact significatif sur la pertinence des actifs et des passifs pris en FV et, que la qualité de l'audit améliore la pertinence des actifs pris en FV. Dans la deuxième étape, nous nous concentrons sur la mesure de la juste valeur et nous trouvons que les actifs basés sur « marked-to-market » sont plus pertinents que les actifs « marked-to-model » et que la haute qualité de l'audit a un impact positif sur la pertinence des actifs basés sur les niveaux de FV 1 et 2. Dans la troisième étape, nous examinons la pertinence de la valeur incrémentale des justes valeurs, en étudiant la pertinence du contenu de l'information fournie par la différence entre les justes valeurs et les coûts historiques. Pour terminer, nous évaluerons la pertinence des deux modèles que nous proposons en comparant les résultats obtenus au titre de celui de « la juste valeur totale » à ceux obtenus par le modèle « du coût historique ». Dans le troisième chapitre, nous cherchons à savoir dans quelle mesure la juste valeur en comptabilité permet de mesurer l'exposition aux risques prise par les banques. Nous étudions le rôle de la taille des banques et celui de la situation économique du marché financier. Nous démontrons que pour un échantillon global, les ratios d'endettement de coût historique et la GAAP, sont plus liés au risque de la banque que les ratios fondées sur les justes valeurs. Pour les petites banques le ratio de levier financier de la GAAP et du HC expliquent mieux le risque de défaut des banques que le ratio de levier financier de FV, et pour les grandes banques cet ordre s'inverse. Nos résultats fournissent la preuve que, pendant les périodes stables, le ou la GAAP et le ou la HC sont plus pertinentes que le risque par FV. En période de crise cet ordre s'inverse, et les ratios de FV expliquent mieux les attentes du marché concernant le risque de défaut de toutes les banques. / This dissertation consist three distinct essays that study the effectiveness of financial disclosure regulations. The first essay studies the effectiveness of EU regulatory changes aimed to harmonize and enhance EU financial information environment. Unlike literatures that study the adoption of a single regulation, we consider a set of EU regulations that have common objectives. We find that the adoption of these regulation have decreased information asymmetry in financial markets. We also show that the effectiveness of regulatory changes varies across counties. We find that firms that needed the improvement in financial information environment the most benefited the least from implementation of regulations under study. We argue that EU capital market impacts generally attributed to the adoption of IFRS are likely to come from regulatory changes concomitant to IFRS. We then focus on banks and find that EU regulatory changes had a more significant impact on banks than other firms. The second essay studies the effectiveness of fair value accounting in providing more value-relevant information. The value relevance studies have been conducted in four stages. First, we compare the value relevance of assets and liabilities as they are carried in balance sheets and find that assets and liabilities carried at fair value are more value-relevant than those carried at cost. Furthermore, we illustrate that the 2008 financial crisis had no significant impact on the value relevance of FV assets and liabilities. Also high audit quality improves the value relevance of assets carried at FV. Second, we focus on fair value measurement levels and find marked-to-marked fair values to be more value-relevant than marked-to-model fair value assets and high audit quality has a positive impact on value relevance of assets carries at FV levels 1 and 2. Third, we focus on the incremental value relevance of fair values, where we study the value relevance of fair value information over those conveyed by costs data. Finally, we compare the relative value relevance of a full fair value versus full cost accounting. The third essay looks at the risk relevance of fair value accounting. We compare the accounting-based debt ratio with fair values, cost and US GAAP data for explaining market assessments of bank risk. We find that although in overall US GAAP information and cost accounting are more risk relevant than fair values, relative value-relevance of the ratios depends on bank size and general economic condition. During financial crisis and for large banks fair values are more risk-relevant than HC and GAAP. Overall, this dissertation sheds light on the effectiveness of financial regulations regarding information disclosure and the impact of influential factors with an emphasis on banks.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O presente estudo analisou a relevância (value relevance) do valor justo dos ativos biológicos, propriedades para investimento e instrumento financeiros apurado pelas empresas brasileiras não financeiras de capital aberto nos anos de 2010 e 2011 (após implementação das normas internacionais de contabilidade) na formação do preço de suas ações. Foram selecionadas para o estudo empresas não financeiras de capital aberto que foram impactadas pelo CPC 28 Propriedades para Investimento e pelo CPC 29 Ativos Biológicos, sendo identificadas 70 empresas no ano de 2010 e 76 no ano de 2011. Foi utilizada como procedimento metodológico análise quantitativa, realizada através de estatística univariada (teste de diferença de média) e estatística multivariada (utilizando-se o modelo de Ohlson (1995)). O estudo constatou que: (a) 8% das empresas brasileiras não financeiras de capital aberto foram impactadas pelo CPC 29, enquanto que 16% foram impactadas pelo CPC 28; (b) na média, o efeito do valor justo dos ativos biológicos e propriedades para investimento reconhecido no resultado contribuiu para o aumento dessa variável contábil das empresas analisadas, enquanto que o efeito do valor justo proveniente dos instrumentos financeiros contribuiu, na média, para diminuir o resultado das empresas analisadas; (c) o teste de diferença de média (Wilcoxon) apontou que as alterações do valor justo foram responsáveis por diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as variáveis contábeis (patrimônio líquido e resultado) com o efeito do valor justo e sem o efeito do valor justo em todos os anos e casos analisados; e (d) os resultados do modelo de Ohlson indicam que efeito do total do valor justo reconhecido no resultado foi detectado como relevante em 2010, assim como o valor justo das propriedades para investimento, e instrumentos financeiros. No pooled, foram encontradas evidências da relevância do efeito do valor justo provenientes do CPC 28, CPC 29 e CPC38. Não foram encontradas evidências da relevância do valor justo no ano de 2011. / This study examined the relevance (value relevance) of fair value of biological assets, investment properties and financial instruments established by Brazilian companies not traded in financial years 2010 and 2011 (after implementation of international accounting standards) in the formation of its share price. Were selected for the study of non-financial companies traded that were impacted by CPC 28 - Investment Property and CPC 29 - Biological Assets, identified 70 companies in 2010 and 76 in 2011. It was used as a methodological procedure quantitative analysis performed using univariate statistical test (mean difference) and multivariate statistics (using the Ohlson (1995)). The study found that: (a) 8% of non-financial Brazilian companies traded were impacted by CPC 29, while 16% were impacted by CPC 28 (b) on average, the effect of fair value of biological assets and properties investment recognized in earnings contributed to the increase in this variable accounting of the companies analyzed, while the effect of fair value from financial instruments contributed, on average, to decrease the income of the companies analyzed, (c) test the mean difference ( Wilcoxon) pointed out that the changes in fair value accounted for statistically significant differences between the accounting variables (income and equity) with the effect of fair value and without the effect of fair value for all years and cases analyzed, and (d) the results of Ohlson model indicate that the total effect of the fair value recognized in earnings was detected as relevant in 2010 as well as the fair value of investment properties and financial instruments. In pooled, we found evidence of the relevance of the effect of fair value from the CPC 28, CPC 29 and CPC38. There was no evidence of the relevance of fair value in the year 2011.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O presente estudo analisou a relevância (value relevance) do valor justo dos ativos biológicos, propriedades para investimento e instrumento financeiros apurado pelas empresas brasileiras não financeiras de capital aberto nos anos de 2010 e 2011 (após implementação das normas internacionais de contabilidade) na formação do preço de suas ações. Foram selecionadas para o estudo empresas não financeiras de capital aberto que foram impactadas pelo CPC 28 Propriedades para Investimento e pelo CPC 29 Ativos Biológicos, sendo identificadas 70 empresas no ano de 2010 e 76 no ano de 2011. Foi utilizada como procedimento metodológico análise quantitativa, realizada através de estatística univariada (teste de diferença de média) e estatística multivariada (utilizando-se o modelo de Ohlson (1995)). O estudo constatou que: (a) 8% das empresas brasileiras não financeiras de capital aberto foram impactadas pelo CPC 29, enquanto que 16% foram impactadas pelo CPC 28; (b) na média, o efeito do valor justo dos ativos biológicos e propriedades para investimento reconhecido no resultado contribuiu para o aumento dessa variável contábil das empresas analisadas, enquanto que o efeito do valor justo proveniente dos instrumentos financeiros contribuiu, na média, para diminuir o resultado das empresas analisadas; (c) o teste de diferença de média (Wilcoxon) apontou que as alterações do valor justo foram responsáveis por diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as variáveis contábeis (patrimônio líquido e resultado) com o efeito do valor justo e sem o efeito do valor justo em todos os anos e casos analisados; e (d) os resultados do modelo de Ohlson indicam que efeito do total do valor justo reconhecido no resultado foi detectado como relevante em 2010, assim como o valor justo das propriedades para investimento, e instrumentos financeiros. No pooled, foram encontradas evidências da relevância do efeito do valor justo provenientes do CPC 28, CPC 29 e CPC38. Não foram encontradas evidências da relevância do valor justo no ano de 2011. / This study examined the relevance (value relevance) of fair value of biological assets, investment properties and financial instruments established by Brazilian companies not traded in financial years 2010 and 2011 (after implementation of international accounting standards) in the formation of its share price. Were selected for the study of non-financial companies traded that were impacted by CPC 28 - Investment Property and CPC 29 - Biological Assets, identified 70 companies in 2010 and 76 in 2011. It was used as a methodological procedure quantitative analysis performed using univariate statistical test (mean difference) and multivariate statistics (using the Ohlson (1995)). The study found that: (a) 8% of non-financial Brazilian companies traded were impacted by CPC 29, while 16% were impacted by CPC 28 (b) on average, the effect of fair value of biological assets and properties investment recognized in earnings contributed to the increase in this variable accounting of the companies analyzed, while the effect of fair value from financial instruments contributed, on average, to decrease the income of the companies analyzed, (c) test the mean difference ( Wilcoxon) pointed out that the changes in fair value accounted for statistically significant differences between the accounting variables (income and equity) with the effect of fair value and without the effect of fair value for all years and cases analyzed, and (d) the results of Ohlson model indicate that the total effect of the fair value recognized in earnings was detected as relevant in 2010 as well as the fair value of investment properties and financial instruments. In pooled, we found evidence of the relevance of the effect of fair value from the CPC 28, CPC 29 and CPC38. There was no evidence of the relevance of fair value in the year 2011.

nÃo hà / A adoÃÃo das Normas Internacionais de Contabilidade no Brasil trouxe modificaÃÃes no critÃrio de mensuraÃÃo de itens patrimoniais, tendo a mensuraÃÃo de alguns itens do balanÃo alterado devido a este critÃrio; quer seja apenas na mensuraÃÃo inicial ou na mensuraÃÃo subsequente. Muitas crÃticas foram levantadas em relaÃÃo à utilizaÃÃo do valor justo, principalmente quanto a subjetividade inerente ao uso dos nÃveis 2 e 3 de mensuraÃÃo e a possibilidade de sua utilizaÃÃo oportunista. A pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar o efeito da utilizaÃÃo do critÃrio de mensuraÃÃo a valor justo em relaÃÃo ao uso do critÃrio do custo histÃrico nas demonstraÃÃes contÃbeis, na realidade econÃmica brasileira. Parte-se da hipÃtese de que, no Brasil, as mensuraÃÃes contÃbeis produzidas pelo valor justo reduzem o valor patrimonial de forma significante em relaÃÃo Ãs mensuraÃÃes apuradas com base no critÃrio do custo histÃrico. Tal possibilidade pode ser explicada levando em consideraÃÃo o conceito de PrudÃncia, ainda em vigor na Ãpoca, e pelos conceitos constantes na NBC TG 00 (2008), para a quantificaÃÃo das mutaÃÃes que alterem o patrimÃnio lÃquido; assim, esperava-se adoÃÃo do menor valor para os componentes do ativo e de maior avaliaÃÃo para os itens do passivo e por consequÃncia reduÃÃo do patrimÃnio lÃquido. Para a realizaÃÃo do estudo foram analisadas as contas patrimoniais que foram objeto de alteraÃÃo do critÃrio de mensuraÃÃo do custo histÃrico para o valor justo de 559 empresas que apresentaram, nos anos de 2008 e 2010,perÃodo de impantaÃÃo parcial e full das Normas Internacionais de Contabilidade informaÃÃes considerando os dois critÃrios. A amostra foi submetida a testes de mÃdias para amostras emparelhadas T-student e Wilcoxon por conta, por nÃvel de hierarquia de mensuraÃÃo do valor justo, por grupos de contas e por setores de atividade econÃmica. AlÃm disso tambÃm foram realizados testes de ANOVA com as diferenÃas apuradas entre a mensuraÃÃo a valor justo e a custo histÃrico tendo como fatores os seguintes itens: nÃvel, conta e grupos de conta e testes post-hoc de comparaÃÃo mÃltipla de Turkey entre os grupos. Os resultados da pesquisa rejeitam a hipÃtese estabelecida de que as mensuraÃÃes contÃbeis produzidas pelo valor justo reduziriam o valor patrimonial de forma significante em relaÃÃo Ãs mensuraÃÃes apuradas com base no critÃrio do custo histÃrico. Os testes demonstraram assimetria positiva entre as mÃdias mensuradas a valor justo, gerando aumento no valor do patrimÃnio lÃquido da ordem de 26% do PL. Constatou-se ainda, que as diferenÃas identificadas entre os nÃmeros mensurados a custo histÃrico e a valor justo advÃm, provavelmente, da defasagem dos valores mensurados a custo histÃrico devido a altos nÃveis de inflaÃÃo ao longo do tempo na economia brasileira. Na alteraÃÃo da contabilidade em razÃo da implantaÃÃo de novo padrÃo contÃbil, as empresas utilizaram a legislaÃÃo para atualizar os nÃmeros de seus ativos e passivos. Outra evidÃncia identificada à que quanto maior o nÃvel de subjetividade (nÃveis 2 e 3) na mensuraÃÃo a valor justo, maiores as diferenÃas das mensuraÃÃes a custo histÃrico e a valor justo. Entretanto, nÃo se consegue concluir se os ajustes referem-se tÃo somente à defasagem da inflaÃÃo, à utilizaÃÃo de tÃcnicas matemÃticas pouco difundidas no Brasil, ou atà mesmo à possibilidade de gerenciamento de resultado. Identificou-se ainda que, no Brasil, as mensuraÃÃes a valor justo tendem a se concentrar nos nÃveis mais subjetivos de mensuraÃÃo (2 e 3), o que pode se dever à incipiÃncia de mercados ativos para os bens avaliados

This thesis examines the factors affecting audit and non-audit fees and the effects of the joint provision of audit and non-audit services on auditing. The first essay focuses on environmental factors. Using data for Swedish listed companies over a six year span, including pre-crisis, crisis and post-crisis periods, the essay investigates whether changing economic conditions affect the level of fees paid for audit and non-audit services. The finding suggests that auditors increase their risk premium for auditing during a financial crisis andtend to charge higher audit fees as a response to lower risk levels in the post-crisis period. On the other hand, a significant reduction in non-audit fees suggests that companies are less willing to invest in consulting services during thecrisis and post-crisis periods. The second essay also studies the effects of environmental factors on audit pricing. Using data for financial institutions in 24 European countries, the study examines whether the level of effort spent on the evaluation of fair values is higher for more uncertain fair values.The result suggests that an increasing level of complexity and risk requires greater audit effort. Furthermore, the results showthat the strength of a country’s institutional setting is positively associated with the effort spent on the evaluation of high uncertainty fair value estimates. The finding implies that auditors spend more effort in stronger regulated countries, possibly due to higher potential litigation costs. The third essay focuses on the factors related to an individual audit partner. Based on the data of publicly listed Swedish companies, it investigates whether partner special competencies are reflected in the prices charged for auditing. The findings show that partner industry expertise and client-specific expertise are associated with higher audit fees. A further finding isthat female partners are considerably under-represented among specialists. However,the under-representation of females among higher qualified partners does not seem to negatively affect their possibilities to earn higher fees. The fourth essay investigates how the joint provision of audit and non-audit services affects perceived knowledge spillover and audit efficiency. The essay makesuse of survey data from a large sample of Swedish auditors and finds that the levels of communication and trust are positively associated with knowledge spillover. The result further suggests that the information gained from the provision of non-audit services can reduce auditors’ effort (time) spent on different audit procedures, thereby increasing audit efficiency.

Sammanfattning   Titel: Efterlevnaden av upplysningskraven i IFRS 13 vid värdering till verkligt värde - En studie om efterlevnaden av IFRS 13 bland börsnoterade fastighetsbolag i Sverige, Tyskland och Storbritannien    Nivå: C-uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomi   Författare: Fredrik Hallin Johansson & Sebastian Warren   Handledare: Fredrik Hartwig   Datum: 2017 – juni   Syfte: Företag som brister i den finansiella rapporteringen lever inte upp till IFRS krav på transparens, kompabilitet och en enhetlig redovisning i Europa. Relevant information riskerar därmed att undanhållas från investerare, analytiker och övriga intressenter på kapitalmarknaden. Att redovisningsstandarder efterlevs är avgörande för att uppfylla dessa målsättningar. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur variablerna företagsstorlek, revisionsbyrå, skuldsättningsgrad, lönsamhet, likviditetsnivå, tid och kluster påverkar efterlevnad av de obligatoriska upplysningskraven i IFRS 13 hos börsnoterade fastighetsbolag i Sverige, Tyskland och Storbritannien.    Metod: Deduktiv ansats där hypoteser formuleras för att testa ett antal oberoende variablers påverkan på fastighetsbolagens efterlevnad av IFRS 13. Ett upplysningsindex konstrueras för att operationalisera efterlevnaden där analysen av insamlad data från årsredovisningar genomförs med multipel regressionsanalys och korrelationsanalys.    Resultat & Slutsats: Studien visar att det finns ett positivt signifikant samband mellan tid och efterlevnadsgrad, vilket innebär att företagen har en högre efterlevnad av de obligatoriska upplysningskraven i IFRS 13 2015 jämfört med 2013. Ett signifikant negativt samband mellan likviditetsnivå och efterlevnadsgrad kan också konstateras där fastighetsbolag med lägre likviditetsnivå har en högre efterlevnad. Studien visar även att efterlevnaden av de obligatoriska upplysningskraven var relativt hög överlag med en genomsnittlig efterlevnad på 76,1 % för 2013 och 81,6 % för 2015. Vi kan slutligen konstatera varierande resultat mellan Sverige, Tyskland och Storbritannien, vilket visar att de studerade variablerna har olika stor påverkan på efterlevnaden av upplysningskraven i dessa länder.   Förslag till fortsatt forskning: En begränsning med denna studie är att vi enbart studerar hur tid, kluster och ett antal företagsspecifika faktorer påverkar efterlevnaden av obligatoriska upplysningskrav. Tidigare forskning visar att det finns landspecifika faktorer som också kan ha en påverkan på efterlevnaden i olika länder. Det vore därmed intressant att även inkludera dessa variabler i vidare studier för att studeras dess påverkan. Den finansiella sektorn står ut med en generellt låg efterlevnad av obligatoriska upplysningskrav i IFRS och det vore därmed också intressant att studera vilka faktorer som kan förklara variationer i efterlevnaden inom denna sektor.      Uppsatsens bidrag: Studien ger bevis på vad som kan förklara skillnader i efterlevnadsgraden av IFRS 13 hos svenska, tyska och brittiska fastighetsbolag. Studiens praktiska bidrag är att den kan ge intressenter en större förståelse för vilka faktorer som kan påverka i vilken utsträckning fastighetsbolag efterlever obligatoriska upplysningskrav. En sådan ökad förståelse leder förhoppningsvis till tydligare standarder och en högre efterlevnad i framtiden vilket innebär en högre kvalité i den finansiella rapporteringen. / Title: Compliance with IFRS disclosure requirements when valuating at fair value – A study examining the compliance with IFRS 13 within listed real estate investment companies in Sweden, Germany and Great Britain.   Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration   Author: Fredrik Hallin Johansson & Sebastian Warren   Supervisor: Fredrik Hartwig   Date: 2017 - June   Aim: Companies that lack in their financial reporting do not live up to IFRS requirements of transparency, comparability and uniform accounting in Europe. Relevant information risk to be withheld from investors, analysts and other stakeholders on the capital market. Compliance with accounting standards is crucial to reach these goals. The purpose of this study is to examine how the variables company size, auditor, leverage, profitability, liquidity, time and cluster affects compliance with the mandatory disclosure requirements of IFRS 13 within listed real estate investment companies in Sweden, Germany and Great Britain.   Method: Deductive approach where hypotheses are formulated to test several independent variables impact on real estate investment companies compliance with IFRS 13. A disclosure index is designed to operationalize the compliance level, where the analysis of gathered data from annual reports is performed with multiple regression- and correlation analysis.   Result & Conclusions: The result of this study shows a positive significant relationship between time and compliance level, which means that companies have a better compliance with the mandatory disclosure requirement of IFRS 13 for the year 2015 compared to 2013. A significant negative relationship between liquidity and compliance level can also be found, which means that companies with a lower level of liquidity tend to comply better with the mandatory requirements of IFRS 13. The study also shows a relatively high compliance overall with an average compliance level of 76,1 % for 2013 and 81,6 % for 2015. We can finally conclude a varying result between Sweden, Germany and Great Britain, which shows that the examined variables have different effects on the compliance level in the different countries.   Suggestions for future research: A limitation within this study is that we only examine how time, clusters and several firm specific factors affect the compliance of mandatory disclosure requirements. Prior studies shows that country specific factors also could have an impact on the compliance level in different countries. Therefore it would be interesting to include these variables in further studies to see if they affect the compliance level. The financial sector has been shown to have low level of compliance with IFRS mandatory disclosure requirements and it would therefore also be interesting to examine explanatory factors for compliance level within this sector.   Contribution of the thesis: This study provide evidence of what can explain the differences between Swedish, German and British real estate investment companies level of compliance with mandatory disclosure requirements of IFRS 13. This paper could be useful for different stakeholders by giving them a greater understanding for which factors that can affect to what extent real estate investment companies comply with mandatory disclosure requirements. A greater understanding will hopefully result in clearer standards and higher compliance in the future which thereby would result in a higher quality in the financial reporting.

No abstract available. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Mercantile Law / unrestricted

Värdering till verkligt värde anses vara både relevant och tillförlitligt vid effektiva marknader och därmed användbart vid beslutsfattande. Eftersom det sällan existerar effektiva marknader uppkommer en problematik i bland annat fastighetsbolag genom att värderingen av förvaltningsfastigheter försvåras. Dessa värderingar präglas av subjektiva bedömningar och eftersom förvaltningsfastigheter ofta utgör en stor del av de totala tillgångarna ökar osäkerheten i värderingarna ytterligare. Värdering till verkligt värde riskerar således att brista i både relevans och tillförlitlighet.Syftet med studien var att beskriva och analysera om det finns ett samband mellan orealiserade värdeförändringar i förvaltningsfastigheter, vid värdering till verkligt värde, och fastighetsbolags börsvärde respektive resultat, samt mellan resultat och börsvärde. Antalet undersökta börsnoterade fastighetsbolag uppgick till 14, där samtliga omfattas av standardenIAS 40 som reglerar hur förvaltningsfastigheter ska redovisas. Studien omfattade åren 2006–2016. Sekundärdata i form av fastighetsbolagens omsättning och resultat hämtades från Infotorg. Orealiserade värdeförändringar och börsvärde samlades in från fastighetsbolagensårsredovisningar. Insamlade data exporterades till SPSS för vidare analys i form av deskriptiv statistik, Pearson`s korrelationstest samt multipel linjär regression.Studiens resultat visar att orealiserade värdeförändringar har ett positivt och signifikant samband med börsvärde. Dessutom har orealiserade värdeförändringar och resultat ett positivt och signifikant samband. Vidare framkommer att det finns ett positivt och signifikant samband mellan resultat och börsvärde. Avslutningsvis tyder studiens resultat på att det kan finnas andra bakomliggande problem än placeringen av posten orealiserade värdeförändringar i resultaträkningen och resultatets volatilitet. Problem kan grunda sig i själva värderingen vilket kan innebära att det viktiga är att de finansiella rapporterna är transparanta samt att de redovisningsberättigade anser att värdering till verkligt värde fyller sitt syfte som användbarvid beslutsfattande. / Fair value seems to be both relevant and reliable when markets are efficient and thereby decision useful. Since there is a lack of efficient markets there are arising problems among real estate companies that makes the valuation of investment properties more difficult. The valuation of fair value is characterized by subjective assessments. Since investment propertiesoften make up a large part of total assets, the uncertainty according to the valuation increases, thus, there is a risk that fair value decreases in both relevance and reliability.The aim of the study was to describe and analyze if there is a relationship between unrealized changes in fair value in investment properties and real estate companies market capitalization and earnings. Further, the eventual relationship between earnings and market capitalization. There were 14 real estate companies included in the study, where all of these are involved inthe IAS 40 standard, which regulates how investment properties should be accounted for. The study included the years 2006-2016. Secondary data in terms of companies’ turnover and earnings were collected from Infotorg, while market capitalization and unrealised changes in fair value were collected from annual reports of real estate companies. The collected data were exported to SPSS where descriptive statistics, calculations of Pearson´s correlations andmultiple linear regression analysis were produced for further analysis.The results of the study show that unrealized gains and losses are positively and significantly related to market capitalization. Moreover, unrealized gains and losses and earnings are positively and significantly related to each other. Furthermore, there is a positive and significant relationship between earnings and market capitalization. Finally, the results indicate that there might be other underlying problems than the presentation of unrealised gains and losses in the income statement and earnings volatility. However, the problem may be based on the valuation itself, which implies that the transparency in financial statements is important and also stakeholder’s opinions about fair value´s decision usefulness. / <p>Betyg B, 170602</p>

My thesis is concentrated on basic types of securities, derivates and hedge accounting according to Czech legislation and International Financial Reporting. The main part is about equity, debt securities and forms of derivates and their accounting and presentation at the statements.

The goal of this study is to analyze the current methods of expression the Value of Long-term Assets. The captures are in such order that after the explanation of basic terms there is application of the Measurment methods to different types of Assets, like tangible or intangible assets.