Bibliography: pages 131-140. / Kinetic Family Drawings (KFDs) are Projective drawings which require the drawer to give 'action' to the depicted figures. A number of studies have been conducted following its inception in 1970. (Burns & Kaufman, 1970; 1972). Upon examination of these studies, however, it is evident that those studies pertaining to aspects of family functioning obtained significant results to a greater degree. It was the contention of the present study, that the KFD may be measuring aspects of family functioning. The present study thus incorporated a measure of family functioning, the McMaster Family Assessment Device (FAD) (Epstein, Baldwin & Bishop, 1983), to assess whether KFD depictions were indices of family functioning. The results were obtained through KFDs of 96 individuals who constituted 24 families. These individuals consisted of (n=48) parents and (n=48) adolescents. Due to constraints of research design, there were unequal numbers of males and females i.e. 38 males and 58 females.

The theoretical part of the thesis deals with key issues of children's drawings, clinical psychology, development of children's drawing and projective techniques in general. Furthermore, my thesis concentrates on family and its impact on the child. The practical part consists of the research in which I focused on a group of children from 5 to 9 years of age. The subjects of my research are children's drawings of a normal family and an enchanted family. To achieve the objective, I chose a method of work and available literature which deals with human drawing development and child development. Key words: Drawing of family, drawing of enchanted family, family

ABSTRACT The discriminative ability and interrater reliability of one quantitative method of scoring Kinetic Family Drawings, (KFDJs), was explored, focusing on a little researched population - that of sexually abused versus non-referred Zulu speaking females between 7 and 11 years of age. An additional 20 indicators, suggested by various research to be frequent in the human figure drawings of (Western) sexually abused children, were also evaluated. The KFD's of 28 subjects were obtained. The 14 experimental group subjects were drawn from an organisation which deals extensively with the child survivors and perpetrators of sexual abuse. The 14 control group subjects were drawn from alocal primary school and had no known history of sexual abuse. Results were interpreted empirically. Results suggested that although the scoring system may be reliable, it is sensitive to the training, theoretical stance, etc. of the user. It was also suggested that the indicators used were not, as used by the scorers, able to distinguish between the KFDJs of the control and experimental groups. The relevance of certain of the indicators to South African populations was questioned since they were not scored at all by the scorers. In view of the researcher's perception of shortcomings with this approach, she attempted to describe more fully that which was depicted in the KFD's collected. Finally, several comments on the utility of viewing drawings from social constructivist, deconstructionist and social constructionist understandings as a complement to qualitative and quantitative approaches to the KFD were made. Suggestions as to how the KFD could be fruitfully used were proffered. It was contended that the KFD technique is not suitable for the use of lower level health care workers, that KFD's may have value in therapeutic settings, and that quantitative methods are simply one set of meanings which could be used to (partly) understand KFD's - attending to the child's context and the meanings he/she attributes to the various aspects of the KFD was contended to be important. / Thesis (M.Ed.) - University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1999.

The master's dissertation work is focused on the psychological diagnostics method - the test of an enchanted family drawing of the young children. The theoretical part of the diploma work generally describes the age of young children, children's family background, the ways of family functioning, development drawing of the young children and the method - the test of an enchanted family drawing. The practical part analyses the collection of 57 children's drawings to describe the most frequent symbols of the enchanted family drawing.

The master's dissertation work is focused on one of the psychological diagnostics methods {--} the test of an enchanted family drawing. The theoretical part of the diploma work generally describes child's family background, relationship between members of the family and character of an incomplete family. The attention is also paid to the specificity of child's creative development and drawing psychological diagnostics methods. The practical part analyses the collection of 56 children{\crq}s drawings with a view to express the most common tendencies in enchantment and adumbrate projections of family members characteristics and family aspects into the enchanted family drawing.

Les changements sociaux mettent aujourd’hui en question les identités individuelles et collectives, le rapport à soi-même et aux autres. À partir d’une méthodologie croisée, ce travail interroge la construction de l’identité en fonction du lien social, en comparant les dessins d’enfants québécois et ivoiriens (méthode projective de quatre dessins : libre, bonhomme, famille, famille idéale). Huit études de cas, de même qu’une comparaison statistique avec des données internationales (France, Russie, Vietnam), mettent en lumière des différences culturelles. La primauté de la représentation de soi-même, spécifique au Québec, et l’absence du sujet dans le dessin, particulière à la Côte d’Ivoire, font l’objet d’un examen particulier. Le dessin témoignant des identifications à l’interface subjective et sociale, la synthèse des résultats révèle la possibilité d’un lien entre le sujet solipsiste moderne et une organisation identificatoire privilégiant des figures du Même ou du semblable, qui implique des aspects régressifs. L’identification (secondaire) à des figures de l’Autre, nécessaire à la construction d’idéaux et d’une identité qui puisse se projeter dans l’avenir, paraît facilitée dans un lien social où une tradition symbolique fonctionne. De manière générale, l’identité est à penser comme un équilibre entre mêmeté et altérité, dont le lien social viendra faire varier la configuration. / Today, social changes question individual and collective identities, or the sense we have of our selves and our relation to others. Based on a crossed methodology, this thesis thinks the problem of identity construction depending on the social link, by comparing the drawings of children from Quebec and Ivory Cost (four drawings projective method: free drawing, human figure, family and ideal family). Eight cases studies, and a statistical comparison with international data (France, Russia, Vietnam), bring to light cultural differences. Priority of self-representation,specific to Quebec, and the subject’s absence in the drawing, particular to Ivory Cost, are studied more precisely. Since drawings testify of identifications at the subjective and social junction, the results synthesis reveals the possibility of a relation between the modern solipsist subject and identification to Same figures, or similar figures, involving regressive aspects. Identification (secondary identification) to Other figures, necessary for the construction of ideals and for an identity that can be projected in the future, seems facilitated in a social link where a symbolic tradition works. In general, we can think identity as an equilibrium between sameness and otherness,witch is influenced by the social link.

Darbe analizuojama šeimos santykių raiška vaikų piešiniuose. Tyrime dalyvavo 5 - 9 metų vaikai: 20 vaikų augančių darniose šeimose ir 20 vaikų, augančių krizę išgyvenančiose šeimose. Objektyvesnei, papildomai informacijai gauti apie vaikus, jų šeimas, buvo atliktas interviu su šešiomis pedagogėmis. Vaikai piešė savo ,,Šeimos“ ir ,,Gyvūnų šeimos“ piešinius. Tyrime buvo siekiama įvertinti ir palyginti šeimos narių tarpusavio santykius darniose ir krizę išgyvenančiose šeimose. Tyrimo išvados: 1. Vaikų piešiamuose ,,Šeimos“ ir ,,Gyvūnų šeimos“ piešiniuose, kaip realybė ar siekiamybė, atsispindi šeimos narių tarpusavio santykiai. Piešiniai gali būti naudojami emocinių ryšių šeimoje įvertinimui. „Šeimos“ piešiniuose labiau atsispindi ir atsiskleidžia reali šeimos situacija ir šeimos narių emociniai ryšiai, o ,,Gyvūnų šeimos“ piešiniuose - vaikų lūkesčiai, troškimai, susiję su norima šeima ir norimais šeimos narių santykiais. Ši tendencija nurodoma ir kitų autorių darbuose. 2. Darniose ir krizę išgyvenančiose šeimose augančių vaikų piešinių analizės rezultatai nevienareikšmiški. Abiejų tipų šeimose yra ir palankių, ir nepalankių emocinių ryšių apraiškų. Daugumai darniose šeimose augančių vaikų būdingi palankūs emociniai ryšiai su šeimos nariais, kai kuriems - kiek silpnesni ryšiai su broliais ir seserimis. Krizę išgyvenančių šeimų daugumos vaikų emociniai ryšiai su šeimos nariais yra silpnesni, daugiau negatyvių ir prieštaringų santykių. Būdingas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In this master thesis the expression of family relationships in the drawings of children is analyzed. The research included 5 - 9 year olds: 20 children growing cohesive families and 20 children growing up in families in crisis. In order to provide more objective additional information about the children and their families, the interview with six educators was conducted. Children drew their own “family” and “animal family" drawings. The study was designed to evaluate and compare the relationships between family members in harmonious families and families in crisis. Main conclusions of the research: 1. In children’s own “family” and “animal family" drawings, as reality or aspiration reflecting family relationships. Drawings can be used as valuation of emotional communication in the family. "Family" drawings express and reveal the real situation of the family and family relationships, and “animal family "drawings - children's expectations, desires associated with the desired family and desired family relationships. This tendency is indicated in others authors researches. 2. In harmonious and experiencing a crisis families the research conclusions of children's drawings are mixed. Both types of families have both favorable and unfavorable manifestations of emotional communication. Most in harmonious families living children characterized by favorable emotional relations with family members, some of whom - weaker relationships with brothers and... [to full text]

The purpose of this study was to explore and describe themes of resilience in the expressions and behaviours of six-year-old children with regard to the mother-child relationship, where the mothers are infected with HIV&AIDS. Themes of resilience were investigated within the framework of positive psychology. A study of limited scope was conducted from a phenomenological paradigm. I followed a mixed method methodological paradigm based on a case study design. I purposefully selected eleven six-year-old participants whose mothers are infected with HIV&AIDS from a five-year randomised control trail study (Kgolo Mmogo). Qualitative data collection methods included the transcriptions of structured baseline interviews relating to the Kinaesthetic Family Drawing (KFD), as well as the KFD per se. I utilised the scores from the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (Vineland) as uantitative data collection strategy. The transcriptions were analysed by means of an inductive thematic analysis. For the analysis of the KFD I developed and piloted a framework of analysis. The raw scores from the Vineland were compared with the appropriate age norms and compared with themes of resilience identified from the KFD as well as the transcripts of the interviews. I identified both internal and external resources of resilience. The findings of my study illustrate the presence of themes of resilience as well as non-resilience within the participants and the mother-child relationships. More factors of resilience (protective factors) than non-resilience (risk factors) were identified. Secondly, it seems possible to use the KFD with the Vineland when exploring resilience as insights from both mother and child participants are measured. The integrated results from the different data sources indicate that although the results of the KFD and the transcriptions did not correlate with the results obtained from the Vineland, the results from the different data sources supplement one another. The use of the KFD as a measure to generate data related to resilience made it possible to evaluate adaptation and resilience in a specific cultural context unlike the Vineland. The results from the data sources indicate resilience and/or non-resilience in the mother-child relationship in terms of three categories namely, protective factors (Expressive Language Skills, Interpersonal Relationships and Play and Leisure Time), risk factors (Coping Skills and Gross Motor Skills) and a balance between protective and risk factors (Receptive Language, Daily Living Skills, personal and domestic, as well as Fine Motor Skills). It is feasible to use the KFD as a measure to identify themes of resilience and non-resilience when the drawing is accompanied by an interview. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Educational Psychology / unrestricted

Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) have many devastating impacts, including the growing number of AIDS-orphans left without care. In the study, semi-structured interviews, incomplete sentences and Kinetic family drawings were used to explore the life-experiences and perceptions of AIDS-orphans living in kinship foster care, from a Gestalt perspective. The study revealed that the majority of the AIDS-orphans included were making good contact at the contact boundary and all the respondents were not familiar with the term 'foster care'. The researcher therefore recommended that children are educated about foster care at school, thus possibly increasing the awareness of foster care in South Africa, thus possibly increasing the provision of homes for the vastly growing numbers of AIDS-orphans in our country and perhaps make a difference in society. / Sociology / M. Diac. (Play therapy)

Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) have many devastating impacts, including the growing number of AIDS-orphans left without care. In the study, semi-structured interviews, incomplete sentences and Kinetic family drawings were used to explore the life-experiences and perceptions of AIDS-orphans living in kinship foster care, from a Gestalt perspective. The study revealed that the majority of the AIDS-orphans included were making good contact at the contact boundary and all the respondents were not familiar with the term 'foster care'. The researcher therefore recommended that children are educated about foster care at school, thus possibly increasing the awareness of foster care in South Africa, thus possibly increasing the provision of homes for the vastly growing numbers of AIDS-orphans in our country and perhaps make a difference in society. / Sociology / M. Diac. (Play therapy)