Les décisions sur les langues, ou politiques linguistiques familiales, constituent le cadre de cette recherche portant sur la transmission de l'anglais dans des familles francophones résidant en France. L'objectif est de mieux comprendre pourquoi et comment ces décisions sont prises par les parents, à travers l'étude de leurs représentations et de la façon dont ils rendent compte de leurs décisions. Les résultats montrent que les représentations des parents sur l'enseignement des langues sont négatives et qu'elles expliquent pourquoi ils sélectionnent un modèle d'enseignement bilingue pour leur enfant. Leurs représentations du bi/plurilinguisme et de l'anglais sont positives : ils souhaitent avant tout transmettre une langue qu'ils affectionnent et qui participe à leur identité en tant qu'individus plurilingues plus qu'ils ne la considèrent utile. Le vécu linguistique des parents, leur désir de bilinguisme pour l'enfant, les questionnements liés à ce qu'implique le choix d'une autre langue que sa langue native, l'investissement ainsi que la place centrale de l'enfant dans ces décisions permettent de mieux comprendre leurs politiques linguistiques. / Decisions regarding languages, or what is called family language policy, is the main focus of the present study which deals with the transmission of English in francophone families living in France. To better understand how their decisions are taken, this research aims at analyzing the underlying parents' representations and the way they account for their choices. The results show how negative their representations of foreign language teaching in France are, which explains why they tend to favor a bilingual education for their children. Their representations of bi/plurilingualism, along with the English language, are positive and point to the fact they want to pass on a language that they are particularly fond of and which is part of their identity as plurilingual individuals. Their experience with languages, the project of bilingualism for their children, the questions raised by what it means to speak a language other than the native language, their investment and the place of the child within their decision making process enable us to better understand their family language policies.

Cette recherche en sociolinguistique étudie les rapports entre langues et vie sociale à partir d'un cas d'étude particulier : celui de l'actuelle place de la langue bretonne dans le paysage linguistique breton, et plus précisément, celui du bilinguisme scolaire breton-français du jeune enfant. Apprendre et parler une langue résulte de choix - familiaux, personnels, sociétaux, politiques, économiques, etc.) directs ou indirects, plus ou moins conscients qui interviennent, en fonction des individus et des situations, à différentes périodes de la vie. Les paramètres qui président à ces choix sont nombreux et d'une grande complexité : parmi eux, les représentations que les individus ont de la langue choisie. Pour le jeune enfant breton, l'apprentissage de la langue bretonne ne découle donc pas d'un choix personnel au départ. Les parents sont les acteurs principaux de ces choix linguistiques. Aussi, ce travail a envisagé les représentations de cette langue et de son apprentissage et leurs influences, présentes dans les discours de ces parents et enfants, comme révélateurs des origines d'une pratique linguistique particulière. 42 entretiens semi-directifs (individuels ou en couple) avec les parents et 9 entretiens collectifs avec leurs enfants, retranscrits, servent de bases de données aux différentes phases d'analyses. Elles ont permis de caractériser des registres discursifs parentaux, associés à des types de profil caractéristiques et de mettre en lumière des effets d'influences sur les représentations enfantines. Cette approche à partir d'un matériau discursif vient confirmer l'intérêt de l'étude des représentations pour la compréhension des pratiques linguistiques et permet d'envisager Ia complexité d'un phénomène. / This research in sociolinguistics examines the relations between languages and social life from a particular case study: the actual place of Breton language in the Breton linguistic field, and more specifically, young child's educational bilingualism. Learning and speaking a language results from choices -familiar or personal ones, or social, or political, or economical ones, etc.-, direct or indirect, more or less conscious that intervene, in relation to individuals and situations, at different periods in life. Many parameters lead these choices and they are highly complex: among them, individual representations of the chosen language. For the young Breton child, learning Breton language does not stem from a personal's choice. Parents are the principal actors of these linguistic choices. Therefore, this work has considered the representations of this language, of its learning and their influences, present in parents' and children's discourse, as revealing the origins of a particular linguistic practice. 42 semistructured (individual or couple) interviews with the parents and 9 collective interviews with their children, transcribed, are used as a database for the different phases of the analysis. They allowed characterising parental discourse regime, linked with characteristic profile types, and they highlighted influences effects on children's representations. This approach, coming from a discursive material, confirms the interest of studying representations for the understanding of linguistic practices. It helps to consider the complexity of the phenomenon.

abstract: This study examines the experiences of parents in mixed marriages (Vietnamese married to non-Vietnamese) raising their children in the United States. Specifically, this study focused on what factors influence parents' development of family language policies and patterns of language use. While research has been done on language policy and planning at the macro-level and there are an increasing number of studies on family language policy at the microlevel, few studies have focused on couples in mixed marriages who are heritage language speakers of the language they are trying to teach their children. This study used both surveys and interviews to gather data about parents' beliefs and attitudes towards bilingualism and the heritage language (HL), strategies parents are using to teach their children the HL, and major challenges they face in doing so. There were three main findings. First, parents without full fluency in the HL nevertheless are able to pass the HL on to their children. Second, an important factor influencing parents' family language policies and patterns of language use were parents' attitudes towards the HL--specifically, if parents felt it was important for their children to learn the HL and if parents were willing to push their children to do so. Third, proximity to a large Vietnamese community and access to Vietnamese resources (e.g., Vietnamese language school, Vietnamese church/temple, etc.) did not assure families' involvement in the Vietnamese community or use of the available Vietnamese resources. The findings of this study reveal that though language shift is occurring in these families, parents are still trying to pass on the HL to their children despite the many challenges of raising them bilingually in the U.S. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Curriculum and Instruction 2011

Family language policy (FLP) focusses on how languages are dealt with within the home; typically how languages are used and how they are maintained or promoted by family members. The present study investigates families living in the UK, where one parent is a native English speaker, and the other a native speaker of another language, the minority language. By use of a mixed-methods design, utilising questionnaires, interviews and logs, this paper answers the questions: what are the reported language practices of children and parents in bi- or multilingual families, what ideologies about FLP do parents in these families possess and what strategies do families reportedly employ in their homes. Through a nexus analysis approach, the paper establishes connections between the historical bodies, the interaction orders and the DIP of the families in order to account for their language behaviours in the home. The nexus analysis suggests that although parents show positive attitudes towards minority language use, it is the macro-level societal factors that are most powerful in determining language use within the home. That is, space plays an important role in choice of language practices. This finding suggests that children need more minority language exposure outside the home, therefore this paper suggests that the UK government could promote and encourage minority language maintenance through the implementation of language policy.

The aim of this study is to present the views of some English-speaking parents and their children based in Sweden on the relationship between language learning and family language policies. To this end, interviews were conducted with six families living in Sweden who had spoken English at home with their children. The data was analysed using a thematic approach, which involves a close analysis of the collected data. I specified major and common points from the participants that were in line with my research questions. The results showed that the participating parents wanted their children to be able to speak with their English-speaking relatives and therefore felt that it was important to teach and maintain English. They also mention how English is a useful language to know because it is spoken all around the world. Some parents point out that consistency is important for the child’s language development in English, while others explain how there is no need for strict rules because it can lead to a resistance in speaking English. The most common strategies the parents employ are one- parent-one-language strategy, encouraging watching TV and films, reading books, repetition- and minimal grasp strategy and mother tongue tuition. The children emphasise the importance of knowing English when they talk with their relatives. However, the children find it difficult when learning a third language in school because they are used to acquiring a language instead of consciously learning it. The implications from my research may potentially help policy makers, researchers, and bilingual families in the process of teaching and maintaining a language at home.

This thesis explores the family language policies (FLP) of two Somali-Swedish families living in Rinkeby, Stockholm. It focuses on the relationships between FLP and identity construction in different social spaces. It aims to address three main gaps in the FLP research in Sweden: in representation, methodology, and epistemological understandings of family, language, and policy. Most studies focus on families originating in the global North, which renders invisible the practices of families representing minoritized indigenous or immigrants – the South in the North. Moreover, few studies investigate FLP in interaction, resulting in a knowledge gap of FLP as practiced. In general, issues of power in relation to languages, social inequalities and status in society are barely present, yet, understanding relationships between linguistic practices and social structures at different scales seems crucial for understanding how language ideologies emerge and inform FLP. This study thus contributes to the field of FLP by investigating the language practices of two Somali-Swedish families, the language ideologies shaping these practices, as well as the everyday challenges they face in raising children multilingually. It uses an ethnographic design, drawing on interviews and fieldnotes, with attention to researcher positionality. Throughout, the thesis takes a decolonial stance, discussing how North-South entanglements are present in the interactions of marginalized populations and illuminating their experiences of struggle and oppression. Findings suggest that, for these families, FLP is an intentional act of maintaining the Somali language, although practices do not always align with this policy. Participants use in fact a broad linguistic repertoire in their interactions, constructing multiple identities in different spaces through their discursive practices, which are connected to their FLP. These practices are informed by ideologies on the importance of Somali in identity-building and in connecting people within the Somali diaspora, and by the supposed benefits of multilingualism. Participants report challenges in maintaining their FLP, such as the main role attributed to mothers in language maintenance, facing negative reactions to FLP from peers and society, and lack of institutional support. Results from this thesis contribute to redressing the identified gaps by researching participants’ own views on what is important for them and what challenges they face, an essential element for a decolonial approach. They also offer a critical perspective on multilingualism in FLP, locating language within southern perspectives. Results could also aid state actors working with Somali-Swedish families, enabling them to offer more focused support regarding raising multilingual children.

This thesis explores the family language policies (FLP) of two Somali-Swedish families living in Rinkeby, Stockholm. It focuses on the relationships between FLP and identity construction in different social spaces. It aims to address three main gaps in the FLPresearch in Sweden: in representation, methodology, and epistemological understandings of family, language, and policy. Most studies focus on families originating in the global North, which renders invisible the practices of families representing minoritized indigenous or immigrants – the South in the North. Moreover, few studies investigate FLP in interaction, resulting in a knowledge gap of FLP as practiced. In general, issues of power in relation to languages, social inequalities and status in society are barely present, yet, understanding relationships between linguistic practices and social structures at different scales seems crucial for understanding how language ideologies emerge and inform FLP. This study thus contributes to the field of FLP by investigating the language practices of two Somali-Swedish families, the language ideologies shaping these practices, as well as the everyday challenges they face in raising children multilingually. It uses an ethnographic design, drawing on interviews and fieldnotes, with attention to researcher positionality. Throughout, the thesis takes a decolonial stance, discussing how North-South entanglements are present in the interactions of marginalized populations and illuminating their experiences of struggle and oppression. Findings suggest that, for these families, FLP is an intentional act of maintaining the Somali language, although practices do not always align with this policy. Participants use in fact a broad linguistic repertoire in their interactions, constructing multiple identities in different spaces through their discursive practices, which are connected to their FLP. These practices are informed by ideologies on the importance of Somali in identity-building and in connecting people within the Somali diaspora, and by the supposed benefits of multilingualism. Participants report challenges in maintaining their FLP, such as the main role attributed to mothers in language maintenance, facing negative reactions to FLP from peers and society, and lack of institutional support. Results from this thesis contribute to redressing the identified gaps by researching participants’ own views on what is important for them and whatchallenges they face, an essential element for a decolonial approach. They also offer a critical perspective on multilingualism in FLP, locating language within southern perspectives. Results could also aid state actors working with Somali-Swedish families, enabling them to offer more focused support regarding raising multilingual children.

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This thesis presents a research of a family language management in four Czech-English families in Lancashire. Using in-depth semi-structured interviews, it examines various aspects of language ideology and language policy, language use, and the way of teaching and language acquisition of Czech language within the families. The first chapter introduces theoretical findings and essential ideas for the research. The second chapter describes the process of the research, provides information on the examined families, and presents the research questions. The third chapter describes the processing and analysis of interviews, and the fourth presents research results and answers the research questions. The aim of this thesis was to describe and analyse the mentioned aspects of family language management and based on this analysis show how the families approach bilingual education of their children.

Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur la première crèche parentale bilingue anglais-français établie dans la ville de Strasbourg, France. En utilisant une approche ethnographique, cette recherche examine le lien qui existe entre la politique linguistique identifiée et les facteurs sociaux. La problématique de recherche a été formulée ainsi : comment fonctionne une structure éducative bilingue dédiée à la petite enfance du point de vue des politiques linguistiques, quelles sont les implications du choix de la politique une personne, une langue (UPUL) sur les pratiques des acteurs éducatifs et des familles au sein de la crèche en question, et quel est le lien entre le bilinguisme déclaré de la structure et le multilinguisme des familles ? Enfin l’étude des choix de langues dans un contexte tel que celui de la petite enfance apporte-t-elle une compréhension nouvelle de la notion de politique linguistique éducative ? De plus, cet effort de recherche vise à combler une lacune dans les études de LP qui, dans une certaine mesure, sont concentrées soit sur le cadre familial, soit sur le cadre de l’éducation formelle. / This doctoral thesis focuses on the first parental English-French bilingual crèche established in the multilingual city of Strasbourg, France. Using an ethnographic approach, this research looks into the relationship of language policy with social factors. With the one person, one language (OPOL) policy as this ECEC setting’s identified language policy (LP), my aim is to understand its language policy processes. Primarily informed by Spolsky’s tripartite LP conceptualisation, I seek to analyse the following: the declared language policy or what the proponents say about how they manage languages; the perceived language policy or what they believe about OPOL; and the practiced language policy or what they do and how they implement the said LP. Moreover, following Johnson (2009), I also address the multilayered dimension of LP and look at the agents, goals, processes and discourses involved in the creation of this crèche. Moreover, this research endeavour aims to address a gap in LP studies that to a certain extent have focused on either family or formal educational settings.