archives@tulane.edu / Despite the work of dozens of dedicated scholars spanning decades, we seem no closer to a clear-cut answer as to who and what are signified by the signifier Creole in the Gulf South. And yet a perduring infatuation with this ever-enigmatic term continues to tempt scholars and laymen alike to try their hand at the Sisyphean task. It is hard to believe that such a vague label could possibly serve as a vehicle for ethnolinguistic identity, and yet that is precisely how Creole functions in Louisiana and beyond. This dissertation employs nexus analysis (Scollon and Scollon 2004) to explore the variable uses of Creole as a tool for delimiting ethnolinguistic boundaries in Texas and Louisiana. These boundaries can subsequently be interpreted as the basis for contemporary Creole identity in the Gulf South. The results bear on issues relating to cultural authenticity, linguistic legitimacy, and racial subjectivity. They also have implications for theories of migration, acculturation, and translocality. My data are drawn from interviews with a sample of Texas-resident (n=32) and Louisiana-resident (n=28) participants who self-identify as Creole-speaking Creoles. The main goal of the interviews was to give participants the space to define what Creole meant to them as a label for people and as a label for language. Based on these data, I was able to map the general and idiosyncratic characteristics associated with Creole in each place and make comparisons between the sub-samples. Creole ethnolinguistic identity, while internally diverse within the two sub-samples, displays very little variation between the sub-samples. These results indicate a certain, loose ideological coherence among Gulf South Creoles regarding delimitation via the label Creole. Creole ought to be considered a handy tool in an ethnolinguistic identity repertoire (cf. Benor 2010) whose contents include both linguistic and cultural traits. Such a reconceptualization may increase Creole access to voice in the region. The weight of translocal flows of people, products, and ideas that can be identified as Creole are heavily skewed towards originating in Louisiana. While Creole remains primarily associated with Louisiana, there are faint traces of Texas influence within and across the sub-samples. / 1 / Nathan A. Wendte

This dissertation examines weblog community as a materially afforded and socially constructed space. In a set of three case studies, this dissertation examines three separate weblog communities between 2004 and 2008. CASE STUDY I looks at knowledge management bloggers in order to better understand how bloggers form communities. In this case study, it will be shown that blogs group thematically and in temporal bursts. These bursts of thematic activity allow for movement in and out of a community, as well as act as a bridge between different weblog communities. CASE STUDY II examines two pseudonymous bloggers in order to better understand how presentation and identity is understood in blogging. It will be shown in CASE STUDY II that social identity in weblog communities is negotiated through blogging practices such as transparency in writing and truthful presentation. CASE STUDY III delves further into social identity by examining a community of academic bloggers and how traditional, institutionalized expectations influence social identity over time, and if this influence differs in the core and periphery of the community. It will be shown in CASE STUDY III that there is indeed a difference in how social identity is negotiated and performed between core and periphery members of a weblog community. Finally, a model towards an integrated approach to researching blogs is put forth.

The primary purpose of this study was to examine and describe, through the lens of nexus analysis, how social action impacted the compositional processes of high school string students as they engaged in collaborative composition. In this study, I examined the complex convergence of verbal and non-verbal communication while students were engaged in music co-creation and how it impacted social practices such as rules, roles, or division of labor. Specifically, this qualitative study investigated the following research questions: (1) How does social action impact the compositional processes involved in co-creation? (2) What roles, social structures, or social identities do students who are engaged in musical co-creation assume? The participants in this study included eight high school orchestra students who participated in ten after-school small group music composition sessions. Each session was 45 minutes in duration and occurred over an eight-week period. Additionally, students participated in two individual semi-structured interviews and two semi-structured focus group interviews. The participants in this study adopted an interaction order they referred to as The Circle. This global concept consisted of a set of rules for behavior, interactions, and democratic guidelines. It provided a social safety net of acceptance for each member of the group. An underlying theme of The Circle was the goal of achieving equality within the group regardless of previous musical experiences or expertise. The following data were analyzed: (a) students’ responses, processes, and behaviors (both musically and verbally) that occurred during the collaborative activities; (b) students’ verbal responses to questions in both individual and focus group interviews; and (c) field notes and artifacts that were examined to reveal any relevant data. A common theme throughout the study was the adoption of multiple roles. Participants in this study assumed four different roles: follower, advocate, tutor, and leader. Only two members retained a single role for the duration of the study while the other six girls assumed multiple roles depending on the needs of the group at a specific moment in time.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to navigate the complexity of change in the field of foreign language education. The study follows ethnographic guidelines. Thus, it aims at analysing various learning and teaching situations and, additionally, at offering possibilities for new reflections and practices. The empirical cases of the study have been analysed with nexus analysis. The multiple data include, for example, answers to online surveys, videos, various presentations, papers and learning journals by students as well as ethnographic observation. The study will map the main development of foreign language education in Finland, the major views on learning and on the related research in the field. In addition, the study presents five nexus-analytic explorations within foreign language education and discusses the findings of these cases. The five nexus-analytic cases were conducted during four years. The research participants were pupils, language students and teachers as well as education authorities of foreign language education. The research cases aimed at answering two research questions: (1) “What kinds of motives do the research participants ascribe for foreign language learning and teaching?” and (2) “What kinds of discourses, interaction order and historical bodies emerge in the research cases?” These questions provided answers to the main goal of the research; to gain understanding about factors which contribute to the complexity of change in foreign language education. The findings of the research suggest that change is challenging both in formal education and in teacher education. However, some changes are needed in order to have innovative new language teachers who can motivate young foreign language learners in the spirit of life-long learning and plurilingualism in the future, too. The study has implications for language teacher education, material and curriculum design and for language teachers’ practical work. Additionally, the study presents examples of working methods, which may be used in designing new teaching practices. Finally, the study offers insight of the use of nexus analysis as a concrete research tool. / Tiivistelmä Tämän väitöstyön tarkoitus on kartoittaa muutoksen monimutkaisuutta vieraiden kielten koulutuksessa. Työ noudattaa etnografisia suuntaviivoja. Näin ollen se pyrkii analysoimaan erilaisia oppimis- ja opetustilanteita sekä tarjoamaan mahdollisuuksia uusille reflektioille ja käytänteille. Työssä esitetyt empiiriset osatutkimukset on analysoitu neksusanalyysin avulla. Monipuolinen aineisto sisältää esimerkiksi internet-kyselyn vastauksia, videoita, erilaisia opiskelijoiden tekemiä esityksiä, tutkielmia ja oppimispäiväkirjoja sekä etnografisia havaintoja. Väitöstyössä luodaan katsaus vieraiden kielten koulutuksen kehitykseen Suomessa, kielenopetuksen taustalla vaikuttaneisiin oppimisteorioihin sekä alan tutkimukseen. Lisäksi esitellään väitöskirjan viisi neksusanalyyttistä osatutkimusta ja analyysin tuottamat johtopäätökset. Työssä esitetyt viisi neksusanalyyttistä tutkimusta suoritettiin neljän vuoden aikana. Tutkimuksiin osallistui oppilaita, kieltenopiskelijoita ja -opettajia sekä viranomaisia kielikoulutuksen alalta. Tutkimusten avulla pyrittiin vastaamaan kahteen tutkimuskysymykseen: (1) Millaisia motiiveja tutkimukseen osallistujat tuottavat vieraiden kielten oppimiselle ja opettamiselle? ja (2) Millaisia diskursseja, vuorovaikutusjärjestyksiä ja henkilöhistorioita nousee esiin osatutkimuksissa? Näiden kysymysten avulla saavutettiin tutkimuksen päätavoite eli kartutettiin ymmärrystä siitä, millaisia tekijöitä muutoksen monimutkaisuuteen liittyy vieraiden kielten koulutuksessa. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, että muutos on haasteellista sekä formaalissa koulutuksessa että opettajankoulutuksessa. Muutoksia kuitenkin tarvitaan, jotta meillä olisi innovatiivisia kieltenopettajia motivoimaan nuoria kielten opiskelijoita elinikäisen oppimisen ja monikielisyyden hengessä myös tulevaisuudessa. Työn tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää kieltenopettajien koulutuksessa, oppimateriaalin sekä opetussuunnitelmien suunnittelussa. Tämän lisäksi työssä on esimerkkejä työmuodoista, joita voi soveltaa vieraiden kielten opetuksessa. Lopuksi, työssä esitetään, kuinka neksusanalyysi toimii konkreettisena tutkimustyökaluna sekä muutoksen edistäjänä.

Abstract In this thesis, I investigate pupils’, parents’, and prospective language teachers’ changing understandings of language learning and teaching. Change is considered from the ecological perspective where language learning and teaching are seen as complex, at times chaotic, and gradually emerging through collaborative action and participation. Characteristic to the strategy of nexus analysis, the author – in the dual role of an English teacher and researcher – conducted the research interviews, made observations and collected multiple data during a longer period of time. The multimodal data were acquired from school, home and university language teacher education settings. Based on the observations of pupil activity during an international, virtual language project, two Finnish 12-year-old pupils were selected as research cases due to their different coping abilities. The thesis comprises of four articles and a summary. The first article (i) describes the starting point of the research, how the observations during the school project engaged the language teacher’s further interest, especially to see more closely what was going on in the pupils’ free time in the family environment, and further how the research process developed towards nexus analysis. Article (ii) examines multimodal affordances in the home as a ‘proximal zone of development’ for family members’ language learning. Article (iii) investigates the language teacher, the pupil and her parents (re)negotiating changing understandings of language learning in the home. The fourth article (iv) explores how language students negotiated their understandings of the ecological language learning approach applied to the school project. Collectively, the thesis describes how nexus analysis can be used as a methodological tool to open up a nexus of practice of (re)negotiating changing understandings concerning language learning and teaching. The study has implications for developing language learning and teaching as well as language teacher education. / Tiivistelmä Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastelen oppilaiden, vanhempien ja tulevien kieltenopettajien muuttuvia käsityksiä kielenoppimisesta ja -opetuksesta. Tutkimuksessa muutos ymmärretään ekologisena näkökulmana, jolloin kielenoppiminen ja -opetus nähdään monimutkaisena, ajoittain kaoottisena ja vähitellen yhteisöllisen toiminnan ja osallistumisen pohjalta syntyvänä prosessina. Neksusanalyysin tutkimusstrategian mukaisesti tutkimuksen tekijä – englannin opettajan ja tutkijan kaksoisroolissa – toteutti tutkimushaastatteluja, teki havaintoja ja keräsi moninaista aineistoa pitkällä aikavälillä. Tutkimuksen multimodaalista aineistoa kerättiin koulusta, kotoa ja yliopiston kieltenopettajien koulutuksesta. Kieltenopiskelijoiden oppilaille toteuttaman kansainvälisen verkkoprojektin aikana tehtyjen havaintojen pohjalta kaksi 12-vuotiasta suomalaista oppilasta valittiin osatutkimuksiin erityyppisten toimintatapojensa vuoksi. Väitöskirja koostuu neljästä osajulkaisusta sekä yhteenveto-osasta. Ensimmäinen artikkeli kuvaa tutkimuksen alkuvaihetta, kuinka kouluprojektin aikaiset havainnot kiinnittivät opettajan huomion ja kiinnostuksen selvittää tarkemmin, mitä oppilaiden vapaa-ajalla perheympäristössä tapahtui. Ensimmäinen osatutkimus suuntasi tutkimusprosessia etenemään neksusanalyysin strategian mukaisesti. Toinen osatutkimus käsittelee kodin multimodaalisia tarjoumia, jotka muodostivat lähikehityksen vyöhykkeen perheenjäsenten kielenoppimiselle. Kolmas osatutkimus tarkastelee kotivierailun aikana kielenopettajan, oppilaan ja tämän vanhempien kesken käytyä merkitysneuvottelua kielenoppimisen muuttuvista käsityksistä. Neljäs osatutkimus havainnollistaa, kuinka kieltenopiskelijat ottivat haltuunsa ekologisen kielenoppimisnäkemyksen, jota he sovelsivat oppilaille suunnittelemassaan ja toteuttamassaan kieliprojektissa. Lopputulemana väitöskirja valottaa, kuinka neksusanalyysi menetelmällisenä työkaluna teki näkyväksi kielen oppimiseen liittyvien käytänteiden risteymän. Sen keskiössä osallistujat neuvottelivat muuttuvista kielenoppimiseen ja -opetukseen liittyvistä käsityksistään. Tutkimuksen tuloksilla on merkitystä kielenoppimisen ja -opetuksen sekä kieltenopettajien koulutuksen kehittämiselle.

Abstract In information systems (IS) research, there is increasing interest in understanding complex and large-scale efforts. This study examines the complexity involved in infrastructuring within a novel context: the educational network of a Finnish city. A unique aspect is this study’s focus on children’s participation in infrastructuring. It contributes to the existing body of literature by addressing the concepts of discourses in place, interaction order, and historical body, as drawn from nexus analysis. It offers these concepts as theoretical tools for understanding the complexity of infrastructuring, and furthers exploration of user participation in IS research through a careful analysis of actor participation in the infrastructuring venture in question. The findings of this study foreground a multitude of actors, both adults and children, as well as their various activities and the versatility of the involved objects of design. The central social actors include educational officials, schools (teachers, headmasters, and pupils), researchers, and local and global companies. Infrastructuring in this research includes planned activities concerning developed solutions, but also emergent activities for adapting planned solutions to local schools’ everyday practices, revealing the intimate intertwining of practices and technologies. In particular, the past temporal horizon and shared histories of the communities involved are highlighted in terms of the concept of the historical body. The analysis on the historical bodies of the actors foregrounded the local aspects that were appreciated, but also challenged in infrastructuring. The concept of interaction order was found to be useful for analyzing the heterogeneity, multivoicedness, tensions between local and global dimensions, and power aspects inherent in infrastructuring As a practical implication, the nexus analytic concepts of historical body and interaction order are suggested as means of better understanding local settings and the power relationships of various actors, and are also useful for practitioners preparing for infrastructuring. / Tiivistelmä Kiinnostus monimutkaisiin ja laaja-alaisiin hankkeisiin on lisääntynyt tietojenkäsittelytieteiden tutkimuksessa. Tämä tutkimus tarkastelee infrastrukturoitumiseen liittyvää monitahoisuutta uudessa yhteydessä, erään suomalaisen kaupungin kouluverkon kannalta. Uutena näkökulmana tässä tutkimuksessa on lasten osallistuminen infrastrukturoitumiseen. Teoreettisiksi työkaluiksi infrastrukturoitumisen monitahoisuuden ymmärtämiseksi tämä tutkimus tarjoaa neksusanalyyttisiä käsitteitä ’discourses in place’, ’interaction order’ ja ’historical body’. Tässä tutkimuksessa toteutettu analyysi erilaisten toimijoiden osallistumisesta kyseisen hankkeen infrastrukturoitumiseen edistää käyttäjien osallistumiseen liittyvää tietojenkäsittelytieteen tutkimusta. Uusina tuloksina tässä tutkimuksessa ovat toimijoiden - sekä aikuisten että lasten - moninaisuus, heidän erilaiset toimintatapansa sekä suunnittelukohteiden monipuolisuus. Keskeisiä toimijoita hankkeessa olivat opetustoimen virkamiehet, koulut (opettajat, rehtorit sekä oppilaat), tutkijat sekä paikalliset ja kansainväliset yritykset. Infrastrukturoituminen tässä hankkeessa sisälsi sekä suunniteltuja ratkaisuja että uusia soveltavia toimintoja, joilla ratkaisut sovitettiin paikallisiin, koulujen jokapäiväisiin käytänteisiin. Käytänteiden ja teknologioiden väistämätön kietoutuminen toisiinsa tuli siten myös esille tässä tutkimuksessa. Erityisesti mennyt ajallinen ulottuvuus sekä yhteisöjen jaettu historia korostuivat neksusanalyyttisen ‘historical body’ -käsitteen kautta. Toimijoiden aiempien kokemusten tarkastelu tämän käsitteen avulla toi tutkimuksessa esille myös ne paikalliset tekijät, joita infrastrukturoitumisessa arvostettiin, mutta toisaalta myös haastettiin. Neksusanalyyttinen ’interaction order’ -käsite osoittautui hyödylliseksi infrastrukturoitumiseen liittyvän monimuotoisuuden, osallistujien moninaisuuden, paikallisten ja globaalien ulottuvuuksien sekä valtasuhteiden tarkastelemiseksi. Käytännön toimijoille neksusanalyyttisten käsitteiden (’historical body’ ja ’interaction order’) soveltamista suositellaan paikallisten toimintapuitteiden ja eri toimijoiden valtasuhteiden ymmärtämiseen paremmin. Näiden käsitteiden käyttö on hyödyllistä myös käytännön toimijoille järjestettäessä infrastrukturoitumiseen osallistumista.

Abstract This thesis studies online community as a discursive phenomenon and as an experience. The ethnographic approach employed in this study allows the open exploration of meanings and experiences associated with community by site members, designers and outside commentators in three online environments. Extensive participant observation is supplemented by interviews, surveys and analysis of the interaction surrounding the topic of community. Nexus analysis provides an understanding of social action as the intermingling of historical bodies, interaction orders and discourses embedded in the scene of action. The thesis argues that the concept of community functions as a boundary object, taking different meanings in each context it is employed in. Community can be used to describe strong community experiences or lighter varieties of togetherness online; it can be a pragmatic term simply referring to the user base of a site; or it can incorporate many understandings related to the shared identities and shared practices in the social scene being referred to. The work thus provides a theoretical contribution to ongoing academic discussions related to defining online community, as well as a great deal of empirical knowledge on how experiences of togetherness are created online. Such knowledge may be used to inform future technology development and administrative practices that are sensitive to the many elements affecting social interaction in online spaces. / Tiivistelmä Tämä väitöskirja tarkastelee verkkoyhteisöllisyyttä diskursiivisena ilmiönä sekä kokemuksena. Väitöskirjassa tutkitaan, minkälaisia merkityksiä ja kokemuksia kolmen eri verkkoympäristön jäsenet, kehittäjät ja ulkopuoliset kommentoijat liittävät yhteisöllisyyteen. Tutkimuksen etnografinen lähestymistapa sekä neksusanalyyttinen ote mahdollistavat sen, että sosiaalista toimintaa voidaan analysoida tapahtumapaikkaan eli verkkoympäristöön ja -yhteisöön liittyvien historiataustojen, vuorovaikutusjärjestysten ja diskurssien sulautumana. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu pitkäkestoisesta osallistuvasta havainnoinnista, haastatteluista, kyselytutkimuksista sekä yhteisöllisyyttä käsittelevästä vuorovaikutuksesta tutkituissa verkkoympäristöissä. Väitöstutkimus esittää, että yhteisön käsite toimii rajaobjektina eli se saa eri merkityksiä kussakin kontekstissa, jossa se esiintyy. Ensinnäkin yhteisö-käsitteellä voidaan viitata vahvoihin yhteisöllisyyden kokemuksiin tai keveämpiin yhdessäolon muotoihin. Toiseksi yhteisö-käsite voi toimia käytännöllisenä synonyymina tietyn sivuston käyttäjäkunnalle. Kolmanneksi yhteisö-käsite voi sisältää yhtä aikaa monenlaisia merkityksiä, jotka liittyvät puheenaiheena olevan verkkoympäristön yhteisiin identiteetteihin ja käytänteisiin. Väitöstutkimus tuo uuden teoreettisen näkökulman yhteisö-käsitteen määritelmiä pohtiviin akateemisiin keskusteluihin sekä paljon empiiristä tietoa siitä, miten yhdessäolon kokemukset rakentuvat verkossa. Tätä tietoa erilaisista verkkovuorovaikutusta muokkaavista elementeistä voidaan hyödyntää muun muassa uusien teknologioiden ja ylläpitotoimintojen kehittämisessä.

The purpose of this master`s thesis has been to both describe the prevalence of collegial learning in a municipal principal's unit, as well as to contribute to an understanding of whether competition between schools can affect the development of the principal's profession, the operations of the schools and the chain of command of the municipality. As theoretical and methodological starting points I have used ethnography, nexus analysis and learning in practice communities. Six interviews and three observations of principals' meetings have been conducted. The results show that there are collegial work processes present during the principals' meetings, albeit to a small extent, and that competition between schools affects the development of the principals' profession, the activities of the schools and the chain of command of the municipality. My conclusions based on this study are that collegial learning between principals could develop the profession of principals, the operations of schools and the chain of command, if the collegial work processes have a clear common goal, which principals analyze, problematize and share their activities with others, which subsequently leads to a common understanding. Collegial learning could also help counteract competition and rivalry and instead be used to create a community where principals see each other as assets and possible work partners. / Syftet med denna  mastersuppsats har varit att dels beskriva förekomsten av kollegialt lärande i en kommunal rektorsenhet, dels att bidra med en förståelse om huruvida konkurrens mellan skolor kan påverka utvecklingen av rektors profession, skolornas verksamhet samt kommunens styrkedja. Etnografi, nexusanalys samt lärande i praktikgemenskaper har använts som teoretisk och metodologisk utgångspunkt. Sex intervjuer och tre observationer av rektorsmöten har genomförts. Resultatet visar att det förekommer kollegiala arbetsprocesser under rektorsmötena, om än i ringa mån, samt att konkurrens mellan skolor kan påverka utvecklingen av rektors profession, skolornas verksamhet samt kommunens styrkedja. Mina slutsatser utifrån denna studie är att kollegialt lärande mellan rektorer skulle kunna utveckla rektors profession, skolornas verksamhet och kommunens styrkedja om de kollegiala arbetsprocesserna har ett tydligt och gemensamt mål samt att rektorerna analyserar, problematiserar och delar sin verksamhet i syfte att nå en gemensam förståelse. Kollegialt lärande skulle också kunna hjälpa till att motverka konkurrens och rivalitet och istället skapa en gemenskap där rektorerna kan se varandra som en tillgång och en möjlig samarbetspartner.

Family language policy (FLP) focusses on how languages are dealt with within the home; typically how languages are used and how they are maintained or promoted by family members. The present study investigates families living in the UK, where one parent is a native English speaker, and the other a native speaker of another language, the minority language. By use of a mixed-methods design, utilising questionnaires, interviews and logs, this paper answers the questions: what are the reported language practices of children and parents in bi- or multilingual families, what ideologies about FLP do parents in these families possess and what strategies do families reportedly employ in their homes. Through a nexus analysis approach, the paper establishes connections between the historical bodies, the interaction orders and the DIP of the families in order to account for their language behaviours in the home. The nexus analysis suggests that although parents show positive attitudes towards minority language use, it is the macro-level societal factors that are most powerful in determining language use within the home. That is, space plays an important role in choice of language practices. This finding suggests that children need more minority language exposure outside the home, therefore this paper suggests that the UK government could promote and encourage minority language maintenance through the implementation of language policy.

“The point is that you should be able to know your speech”. A study of the teaching practice of prepared speech, in upper-secondary school Swedish. Cristina Jarl This licentiate study explores the discursive construction of the classroom practice of teachers and students preparing a formal speech, within the Swedish language teaching. The explicit focus is on the teaching situation prior to the students’ prepared speech, and the actions per-formed by the actors within the language teaching context. The overall aim of the thesis is to increase the knowledge of teaching prepared speech as a social practice, by specifically describ-ing, analyzing, and problematizing the students’ opportunities to develop knowledge, connected to prepared speech in the language teaching classroom. By focusing on the instructional pro-cesses that lead to the delivery of the prepared speech this thesis contributes to new insights about the desired knowledge in the students’ prepared speech in school. The research questions guiding the investigation deal with aspects such as social actions, circulating discourses and the students’ subject positions as speakers in the teaching of prepared speech. A focused ethnography method was used, defined by short and intense periods of fieldwork engaging in a specific group activity in a social environment. The data production took place in two teaching groups, in two different upper secondary schools in Sweden. The empirical data consist of observations, sound and video recordings, field notes and texts produced by both teachers and students. During data production, the teaching alternated between on-site and online teaching due to the Corona pandemic. The classroom practice is explored as a social practice and as a discursive arena, where different perceptions exist. Social actors use discourse to mediate action, in which discourse impacts their ways of doing and being. By applying me-diated discourse analysis it is possible to study the complex relations between social action and discourse. The main findings suggest that teachers and students tend to focus more on the form and the production of the speech, and less on the specific subject content of the speech. The results display prominent and sometimes contradictory dichotomies in the teaching of speech: aspects of the prepared speech involve on one hand the practical, the spoken and the corporeal, and on the other hand the theoretical, the written and the visual. Additionally, the study illustrates the fixed and mobile dimensions of Swedish as a school subject. The importance of a speaker’s credibility shows a dynamic tension between students’ strategic, institutional and social posi-tions as a speaker. A concluding remark in the present study is that it seems important for the students to speak and having something to say, in a certain form and packaging, rather than what they have to say and why. Therefore the key instructional questions of what, why and who in terms of teaching prepared speech open up for further discussion.