Beijing courtyard is a traditional type of residence in Beijing, China. In ancient times, a courtyard would be occupied by a single, usually large family. Today, Beijing courtyard are still used as housing complexes, however, many lack modern facilities, and also the users of courtyard become multi-families, instead of one single big family. The overpopulation issue also changed the courtyard's appearance and function, reducing its formality, consistency and traditionality, because people living in courtyard started to add extra elements to meet their growing demands. Moreover, because the land value around courtyard is so high that governement can only provide a limited number of public toilet to people living in courtyard, which lead to a poor standard of hygiene in the traditional courtyard area. And also, there are other issues, like lacking necessary facilitiess, inconvenient transportation and negative aspect for historic preservation. In a word, there is a great protential to make people living in the traditional courtyard enjoy a better life. / text

Group and family living is an integral part of many animals’ ecology. Thus the behavior became associated with plenty of advantages as well as disadvantages. However, rarely has the actual concept of the group been investigated. Questions such as, “What constitutes a ‘group’?” and “Do the individuals within these ‘groups’ associate with each other frequently enough to actually enjoy the benefits of group living?” are seldom asked. With these questions in mind, the aim of this study was to use Siberian jay (Perisoreus infaustus) individuals in their territories to explore and shed more light on the issue of the extent of group living. A working definition of a ‘group’ was made and subsequently the birds were observed in their natural habitat in northern Sweden during several seasons. Consequently, a pair-wise coherence index (CI) was created to quantify the levels of association between the individuals within each territory in order to investigate which possible factors affect the extent of the observed cohesion. Results of the study indicate that pair-wise cohesion was strongly dependent on the kinship of the birds. Moreover, it was found that the alpha and kin birds had significantly higher coherence values than the non kin birds. Thus, within a territory, it was the alpha and the kin birds that formed the core of the group with the non kin birds being much less associated with the other individuals. This was in contrast to the hypothesis, which predicted alpha birds to form the core of the group solely, with kin birds having significantly lower coherence. Interestingly, no effect of habitat type and season was found on the cohesion of the territorial group. Moreover, further evidence of sub-grouping was found even on the kinship level, thus suggesting yet more complex interplay between group cohesion and the group members.  All in all, with the non kin birds having low coherence values, the study casts light on the fact that even if individuals are present in a territory, they might not necessarily be a tight unit and as such be unable to fully benefit from group living.

While the number of youthful marriages in the United States is increasing, evidence continues to indicate that a significant proportion of these marriages is unstable. The marital failure rate and the extensive problems associated with early marriage have caused widespread concern and have stimulated research and theory formulation in this area.

Group-living sets the scene for complex social behaviours such as cooperative breeding, and exploring the factors that shape group-living is crucial in understanding these behaviours. This thesis explores the ecology of a population of the facultative cooperative breeding southern anteater-chat (Myrmecocichla formicivora), a group-living bird species endemic to southern Africa. It reveals a breeding system based around a breeding pair and up to three auxiliary males. Despite equal numbers of males and females produced as fledglings there was a surplus of adult males, which remained philopatric. Dispersal was strongly female biased. Females dispersed within their first year, they dispersed further than males, and they lost the benefits of the natal site. The sex skew in the population suggested that these factors drive differential mortality, with juvenile females having much lower annual survival than juvenile males. Adult survival was higher, with female survival only slightly lower than male survival. Dispersal distances suggested that males selected the breeding location, nearer to their natal site. There was no evidence of surplus non-breeding females. On the loss of a breeding female there was no replacement until new females entered the population, yet if a breeding male disappeared the female promptly re-paired with a male from another group. There was no indication of birds floating in the population, and if males were orphaned or widowed they joined other groups as unrelated helpers in preference to floating. There was no sign of inter-group or individual aggression among chats, and unrelated helpers were peacefully accepted into groups, suggesting mutual benefits. In fact all birds in a group helped raise offspring of the breeding pair, and groups with more helpers fledged more offspring, which implies that both direct and indirect fitness benefits can be gained through joining a group and helping. There was surprisingly little inheritance of breeding position by auxiliaries, and strikingly low levels of extra-pair paternity. This study suggests that the Southern anteater-chat group structure arises through male philopatry due to a shortage of breeding females, the benefits of remaining on the natal site and helping, and the potentially high costs of living alone.

Evaluative research in the field of mental health is carried out pursuant to several goals. One is to study a very particular intervention on a very particular client (or client population) in a controlled way with the aim to test a theory of intervention. This form of research requires basically an experimental research design. It also requires rigorously defined and measured intervention and a good control for factors other than intervention. The requirements for this form of research are stringent and the number of such projects reported is, therefore, rare. The present study was done as a pilot study for the Elahan Center for Mental Health and Family Living (formerly Clark County Mental Health) in Vancouver, Washington. This agency has recently undergone much change. About eighteen months ago there was a change of Directors. At about the same time, though unrelated, the agency was involved in a public scandal around the drug program. As a result of much inter-agency strife and the change in administration, few employes from the old staff remain. The new administration is dedicatedly behaviorist in therapeutic orientation, as are some of the therapists. Use of para-professionals in professional capacities is high and most of tile para-professionals follow the behavioristic bent of the administration.

The problem of custody of children is demanded when the parents, due to separation of spouses or judicial separation, or in the dissolution hypothesis of the consensual marriage, do not live in the same house or in the cases where the parents never cohabited. Granting to the children the fundamental right to live in family, the custody should always take into consideration the welfare of the minor, which is to have the presence of both parents in his life. The jointed custody is the familiar arrangement which gives continuity to the affective boundaries established between the father and the mother, even after the family transformation. The Constitucional Grounds of the jointed custody are the equality principle of genus, of the best interest for the minor and the absolute priority for the child and adolescent. It can be executed with or without housing alternating. The problems faced in its applicability by the parents do not impede its implementation. The jointed custody gives advantages to everybody involved: the parents, children and the judiciary, and finds in the mediation the way to its effectiveness, since it promotes the family participation in the litigation involvement. In spite of the acceptance of this modality of juridical arrangement in the Brazilian juridical ordering, it is still being constructed its acceptance gradually and culture, on the contrary what happens in the compared law, where it is applied frequently. An empirical research proved its operation and necessity that the parents are informed by the law representatives about the existence and advantages of the jointed custody. / O problema da guarda de filhos é cogitado quando os pais, em decorrência da separação de fato ou de direito, ou na hipótese da dissolução de união estável, passam a não conviver sob o mesmo teto ou nos casos em que os pais nunca coabitaram. Garantindo à criança o direito fundamental de conviver em família, a guarda deve sempre atender ao melhor interesse do menor, que é ter a presença de ambos os pais em sua vida. A guarda compartilhada é o arranjo familiar que dá continuidade aos vínculos afetivos estabelecidos entre pais e filhos, estimulando uma co-participação com igualdade de direitos e deveres entre o pai e a mãe, mesmo após a transformação da família. Os fundamentos constitucionais da guarda compartilhada são os princípios da igualdade de gêneros, do melhor interesse do menor e da prioridade absoluta da criança e do adolescente. Pode ser exercida com ou sem alternância de lares. Os problemas enfrentados na sua aplicabilidade pelos pais não impedem a sua implementação. A guarda compartilhada proporciona vantagens para todos os envolvidos: os pais, os filhos e o Judiciário, e encontra na mediação o caminho para sua efetivação, na medida em que promove a participação da família na composição do litígio. Apesar da receptividade dessa modalidade de arranjo no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, ainda se está construindo de forma gradativa sua aceitação e cultura, ao contrário do que já acontece no direito comparado, onde ela é aplicada com freqüência. Uma pesquisa empírica comprovou a sua operacionalização e a necessidade de que os pais sejam informados pelos operadores do direito da existência e das vantagens da guarda compartilhada.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:19:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rejane tavares.pdf: 982089 bytes, checksum: bc9cbef9e247d61bb59f24bf24b9d160 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / One of the major challenges to be faced by Brazilian cities is the problematic experienced by the homeless population, which is growing larger in urban centers. This complex and heterogeneous population has been, increasingly, target of discussions that seek to understand it better, trying to quantify and describe it, in order to be able to outline ways that best contemplate their needs, to intervene in their extreme situation. The pastoral actions taken with the homeless population in the cities, in turn, has generally favored proselytism and welfare, which eventually reproduce the mechanisms that exclude them and make them leftover in all aspects of life, including religion itself . This is explained by the fact that those pastoral actions are grounded in the old paradigm of mission, in which the assisted is voiceless and become just a depositary of assistance and dogmas. In order to seek a pastoral alternative, we find the SAL Mission, in Santo André, that carries out its mission through the family living with leftover people of urban centers, such as one that may prove to be an important expression of the "face of the mission" to this population. Thus, this thesis aimed to analyze the pastoral of the SAL Mission, through the following guiding question: The pastoral mission adopted by SAL has its foundations in the methodology of family living, which promotes dialogue, returns the voice to the leftover people whom it welcomes, contributing to the construction of their own autonomy? The methodology had two distinct elements. We begin with the systematization of bibliographic references on the homeless population, especially what we conventionally call leftover people , as well as the context in which it is inserted in contemporaneity, and systematization of the bibliography on the theoretical framework, for a critical evaluation of the pastoral methodology used in SAL Mission. Next, we held back at the case study, which aimed the pastoral methodology of SAL Mission in Santo André, that was analyzed through the participant observation and unstructured interviews with the residents of the house. This dissertation is composed of three chapters. The first one aimed to present the leftover people, who are part of an army of excluded and marginalized, and live on the streets in urban centers, pointing their relationship with the city. The second one presented the results obtained in the case study of SAL Mission. And, finally, the third chapter aimed to point the way for the family living methodology, in the pastoral action, for the leftover of urban centers, such as one that can contribute to the autonomy of this population. / Um dos grandes desafios a serem enfrentados pelas cidades brasileiras é a problemática vivenciada pela população em situação de rua, cada vez mais numerosa nos centros urbanos. Essa população heterogênea e complexa vem sendo cada vez mais, alvo de discussões que buscam compreendê-la melhor, tentando quantificá-la e descrevê-la para delinear caminhos de intervenção em sua situação-limite, que melhor contemple suas necessidades. As ações pastorais adotadas com a população em situação de rua nas cidades, por sua vez, geralmente têm privilegiado o proselitismo e o assistencialismo, que acabam por reproduzir os mecanismos que os excluem e os tornam sobrantes em todos os aspectos da vida, inclusive da própria religião. Essa postura se explica por sua pastoral estar pautada no antigo paradigma de missão, no qual o assistido não tem voz e torna-se apenas um depositário de assistência e de dogmas. Na busca de uma ação pastoral alternativa, encontramos a Missão SAL, em Santo André, que realiza sua missão a partir da convivência familiar com pessoas sobrantes dos centros urbanos, como aquela que pode revelar-se uma importante expressão do rosto da missão para eles. Assim, a presente dissertação se propôs a analisar a ação pastoral da Missão SAL a partir da seguinte pergunta norteadora: A ação pastoral adotada pela Missão Sal possui suas bases em uma metodologia da convivência, que promova o diálogo, devolvendo a voz às pessoas sobrantes que acolhe, contribuindo para a construção de sua autonomia? A metodologia utilizada contou com dois momentos distintos. Iniciamos com a sistematização de referencial bibliográfico sobre a população em situação de rua, especialmente o que convencionamos chamar de sobrantes, bem como o contexto em que esta está inserida na contemporaneidade e a sistematização da bibliografia sobre o referencial teórico para uma avaliação crítica da metodologia de ação pastoral utilizada na Missão SAL. Em seguida nos detivemos ao estudo de caso, que teve como objeto a metodologia de ação pastoral da Missão SAL, em Santo André, que foi analisada a partir da observação participativa e de entrevistas não estruturadas com os moradores da casa. Essa dissertação está composta em três capítulos. O primeiro capítulo buscou apresentar os sobrantes que fazem parte de um exército de excluídos e marginalizados, que vivem em situação de rua nos centros urbanos, apontando sua relação com a cidade. O segundo capítulo apresentou os resultados obtidos no estudo de caso da Missão SAL e, por fim, o terceiro capítulo procurou apontar caminhos para uma metodologia da convivência na ação pastoral para a população sobrante dos centros urbanos, como aquela que pode contribuir para a autonomia dessa população.

This diploma thesis is focused on the everyday life of the inhabitants of tower apartment buildings in Kladno - Rozdělov. The houses designed by architect Josef Havlíček were built in the second half of the 1950s. Due to their uniqueness, both the external buildings and the timeless interiors and equipment they were listed as among the cultural sights. Using the method of oral history, I tried to capture the normal course of houses, the lives of individuals and entire families. The work is supported by a source base consisting of interviews with witnesses, archival materials, period legislation and research literature. It is divided into three basic parts - methodological, historical-contextual and empirical. On a general level, the thesis focuses on the system of housing allocation in the former Czechoslovakia and life on housing estates. Furthermore, I specifically describe the daily operation of the house, the figure of the caretaker who supervised maintenance of order, the use of common areas such as laundries, terraces or entrance halls, the area around the house, but also the daily life and leisure of "ordinary people" who lived there. A separate chapter is also devoted to the political propaganda of the time, which was part of the daily life of individuals and the whole society.

My suggestion is trying to return to the receptive urban spaces, pedestrian trying to return to center stage, allowing them free movement and return them to healthy urban public spaces. But it also does not deny the need for transport, restrict it, but based on her wishes.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:24:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1367262 bytes, checksum: df38ac1ec276895e160a8cc7bd4c2c31 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The present study addresses the family reintegration processes occurring in the host Units of the municipality of João Pessoa. The main objective of this work is to analyze the process of Family Reintegration of children and adolescents received at the institution, identifying aspects that contribute or hamper the right to effective family and community coexistence. Are used qualitative data obtained through interviews with children and adolescents s who were reinstated to the family context and to their families. The work stands out, at first, social protection, emphasizing the family as one of the main focuses of this protection. Discusses the support to children and adolescents in Brazil, with emphasis on the institutionalization and family reintegration approaches vis-à-vis the Social Assistance policy. From this political context, bibliographical and documental analysis and research data, the study focuses on the process of family reintegration of children and adolescents in situations of institutional reception and in challenges to guarantee the right to family and community life. The survey found advances and continuities in the context of institutional childcare. The families of the children and adolescents interviewed have their condition of social vulnerability, expressed through violence, and family conflict, chemical dependency, street, unsanitary conditions of housing, which resulted in the reception of children and adolescents. The process of reunification was experienced from the changes that have taken place in this context and the strengthening of the family and community ties. Social protection is a fundamental instrument for the guarantee of the right to family living. / O presente estudo aborda os processos de reintegração familiar ocorridos nas Unidades de Acolhimento do Município de João Pessoa. O objetivo principal desse trabalho é analisar o processo de Reintegração Familiar de crianças e adolescentes acolhidas na instituição, identificando os aspectos que contribuem ou dificultam para efetivação do direito a Convivência Familiar e Comunitária. São utilizados dados qualitativos obtidos através de entrevistas realizadas com crianças e adolescentes que foram reintegrados ao contexto familiar e aos seus familiares. O trabalho destaca, num primeiro momento, a proteção social, ressaltando a família como um dos principais focos dessa proteção. Discute-se ainda o atendimento à criança e ao adolescente, no Brasil, com destaque para a institucionalização e com abordagens sobre a reintegração familiar frente à política de Assistência Social. A partir dessa contextualização política, de análise documental e bibliográfica e dos dados da pesquisa, o estudo centra-se no processo de reintegração familiar das crianças e adolescentes em situação de acolhimento institucional e nos desafios à garantia do direito à convivência familiar e comunitária. A pesquisa revelou avanços e continuidades no contexto do acolhimento institucional. As famílias das crianças e adolescentes entrevistados têm sua condição de vulnerabilidade social, expressa através, da violência e conflito familiar, dependência química, situação de rua, condições insalubres de moradia, o que resultou no acolhimento das crianças e adolescentes. O processo de reintegração familiar foi vivenciado a partir das mudanças ocorridas nesse contexto e do fortalecimento dos vínculos familiares e comunitários. A proteção social é um instrumento fundamental para a garantia do direito à convivência familiar.