Family businesses have become a topic of growing interest among scholars and policy makers at both international and local levels, particularly given the sector’s contribution to the world economies. The increasingly volatile employment climate that prevails in many African settings today has increased the focus on small and medium enterprises as engines of economic growth and employment creation, and Botswana is no exception. The majority of family businesses are small to medium enterprises. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of governance structures and systems on the sustainability and continuity of family-owned and controlled businesses in Botswana. A study of this nature was important in view that some key sectors of the Botswana economy are dominated by small and medium family businesses. Of concern is the lack of continuity from one generation to the other among family businesses. Therefore, an understanding of the family dynamics and family business governance systems is important for managing the success and survival of the family business. Studies on small and medium enterprises have been carried out in Botswana mostly focusing on their problems, but not on their governance and sustainability. This was done using a cross-sectional research survey design. The target population for the study comprised small and medium family-owned businesses drawn from the manufacturing and professional services sectors and registered with the Business Botswana and Local Enterprises Authority in 2017. A sample of 144 familyowned businesses based in Gaborone and Francistown was polled. Quantitative data for the research was collected using a questionnaire. The quantitative research methodology adopted applied correlation and regression analysis, utilised Pearson correlation tests and Levene’s independent sample tests were performed to measure the relationships between five independent variables and the sustainability and continuity of family businesses in Botswana. This research empirically tested five hypotheses relating to governance factors that affect the sustainability and continuity of family businesses in Botswana. The research findings support the notion that the presence of governance structures, effective communication, decision-making, succession planning, and a vision, mission and strategy have a positive effect on the sustainability and continuity of family businesses. This research also established that small and medium family businesses face the same challenges as any other formation by ownership of non-family small and medium enterprises. Evidence is also provided that the challenges faced by family businesses in Botswana do not differ significantly with challenges faced by small and medium family businesses, with most respondents citing a lack of funding as the major challenge. For small and medium enterprises to continue playing their critical role in the economic development of Botswana, they need to formalise and adopt systematic approaches to strategy formulation and implementation, succession planning, governance structures and compliance. It is recommended that future studies focus on developing systematic generic models and assist small and medium familyowned businesses to implement and improve on their sustainability and continuity of businesses in Botswana. / Business Management / D. Admin.

Theoretical background indicates that ownership structure and the type of management can influence performance of companies. According to the typology model of Westhead and Howorth (2007), we analyzed the relationship between management control and ownership structure in the performance of the family owned hotels. The data was collected from surveys applied to managers and owners. We surveyed 92.51% of accommodation options in Costa Esmeralda, Santa Catarina / Brazil. In addition to calculate average scores, a factor analysis was also conducted. Results were classified into five types of family owned businesses. We identified a greater use of objective performance indicators in businesses hiring managers, showing positive financial indicators in this type of business. Subjective indicators related to the hotel industry, from the model of Haber and Reichel (2005), proved to be useful to explain performance. Reaching income goals and maintaining financial health had the highest average in the sample; as well as achieving visitor satisfaction and developing a good reputation, which were the most prioritized goals of the companies surveyed. This work contributes to the research on the classification and organizational analysis of family businesses, and the development of performance indicators in the hotel industry. / Los antecedentes teóricos indican que la estructura de la propiedad y el tipo de gestión pueden influir en el rendimiento de las empresas. Según el modelo tipológico de Westhead y Howorth (2007), se analizó la relación entre el control y la estructura de la propiedad en el desempeño de las empresas hoteleras familiares. Se obtuvo información de los cuestionarios aplicados a los administradores y propietarios. Se encuestó al 92.51% de alojamientos en la Costa Esmeralda, Santa Catarina / Brasil. Además del cálculo de promedios también se utilizó un análisis factorial. Los resultados se clasificaron en cinco tipos de negocios hoteleros familiares y se identificó un mayor uso de los indicadores de desempeño objetivos en las empresas que contratan administradores, demostrando una relación positiva entre los indicadores financieros en este tipo de empresas. Los indicadores subjetivos específicos al sector hostelero, según el modelo de Haber y Reichel (2005), demostraron ser útiles para entender el rendimiento. Los indicadores para alcanzar los objetivos de ingresos y mantener la salud financiera alcanzada tuvieron el promedio más alto en la muestra; del mismo modo, la satisfacción de los usuarios y la creación de una buena reputación fueron las metas más priorizados por las empresas encuestadas. Este trabajo contribuye a la investigación sobre la clasificación y el análisis organizacional de las empresas familiares, eldesarrollo de indicadores de desempeño en las organizaciones del sector hotelero y de servicio. / Antecedentes teóricos apontam que a estrutura de propriedade e tipo de gestão podem influenciar no desempenho das empresas. Baseados no modelo tipológico de Westhead e Howorth (2007), foi analisada a relação do controle de gestão eestrutura de propriedade no desempenho de empresas hoteleiras familiares. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de questionários aplicados a gestores e proprietários. Foram pesquisados 92,51% dos meios de hospedagem da Costa Esmeralda, Santa Catarina/Brasil. Além do cálculo de médias também foi utilizada a análise fatorial. Como resultados foram classificados cinco diferentes tipos de empreendimentos hoteleiros familiares e identificado maior uso de indicadores de desempenho objetivos nas empresas que contratam gestores, constatando-se uma relação positiva entre os indicadores financeiros dessestipos de empresas. Indicadores subjetivos específicos do setor hoteleiro, do modelo de Haber e Reichel (2005), mostraramse úteis para explicar a performance; atingir metas de lucro e manter a saúde financeira conquistada foram os com maior média na amostra, da mesma forma o sucesso em satisfazer o consumidor e em criar reputação positiva foram os mais priorizados pelas empresas pesquisadas. Este trabalho contribui para as pesquisas sobre classificação e análise organizacional de empresas familiares, construção de indicadores de desempenho das organizações do setor hoteleiro e serviços.

The availability of small areas for cultivation together with the technical and economic deficiencies often aggravated by socio-cultural aspects, creating the small farms, a scenario likely to farming practices with a high degree of unsustainability. From this contest was held this field study, between September 2008 and October 2009 an agrarian reform settlement aimed at examining different forms of soil management, its potential for improving soil quality and its implications for socioeconomic in small farms. The experimental design was randomized blocks with split plots with four replications. The treatments consisted of plots of crop systems: maize + cowpea (M + FC), maize + Pigeon pea dwarf (M + GA); corn + velvet bean (M + MP) and maize monocrop (MS). The sub-plots by the forms of fertilizer: organic source - turkey litter (AO); Without the addition of nutrients (SA) and mineral source - NPK (AM). We assessed aspects related to grain yield of corn, physical and chemical properties of soil in two layers (0-5 and 5-10 cm depth) and socioeconomic aspects of managements. Water stress led to a negative effect of M + FC on grain yield of maize, which in turn was not affected by M + MP, and were higher in treatments with AM (P <0.05). Cultures GA and MP had the highest intakes of nitrogen (N) via aboveground. The cropping systems showed positive results for bulk density and soil porosity. There was a tendency to decrease in aggregate stability for all systems studied, including the fallow treatment. There was no increase (P <0.05) of soil organic carbon (COT) of the systems studied, only attenuated the decrease of this natural element. Showed an increase (P> 0.05) compared to the initial content of N in the soil, and the consortium M + MP which showed the highest levels in both studied layers. The study also found decreased (P <0.05) in the attributes SMP pH, base saturation, exchangeable potassium content, reflecting the increase (P <0.05) in aluminum saturation. Another aspect observed was the increase (P <0.05) CTCpH7.em both layers. The systems studied showed net negative reflections of the high cost of some inputs and low yields obtained. The demand for labor by the managements of the systems has been affected by sowing cover crops for soil, and the management of these, either by restricting the growth of vegetation or the harvest of the seeds. Although it was short time for consistent evaluations, the results obtained by cropping systems indicate that there are gains in productive aspects, contribution of COT and N, especially in soil physical properties. This condition reflects the possibility of replacing the "conventional" system of cultivation of maize by the systems studied, with gains in sustainability, in many ways. / A disponibilidade de pequenas áreas para cultivo aliada as deficiências técnicas e econômicas, agravadas muitas vezes por aspectos sócio-culturais, cria nas pequenas propriedades, um cenário propenso a práticas agropecuárias com elevado grau de insustentabilidade. A partir deste contesto, foi realizado este estudo de campo, no período de setembro de 2008 e outubro de 2009, num assentamento de reforma agrária objetivando investigar diferentes formas de manejo de solo, seu potencial de melhoria na qualidade do solo e suas implicações sócio-econômicas em pequenas propriedades rurais. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos nas parcelas pelos sistemas de cultivo: Milho + Feijão caupi (M + FC); Milho + Guandu anão (M + GA); Milho + Mucuna preta (M + MP) e Milho em cultivo solteiro (MS). Nas sub-parcelas pelas formas de adubação: Fonte orgânica cama de peru (AO); Sem adição de nutrientes (SA) e Fonte mineral NPK (AM). Foram avaliados aspectos relacionados ao rendimento de grãos da cultura do milho, atributos físicos e químicos do solo, em duas camadas (0-5 e 5-10 cm de profundidade) e aspectos socioeconômicos dos manejos. O estresse hídrico conduziu a um efeito negativo do M+ FC no rendimento de grãos de milho, que por sua vez não foi afetado por M + MP, e foram superiores nos tratamentos com AM (P<0,05). As culturas GA e MP apresentaram os maiores aportes de nitrogênio (N) via fitomassa aérea. Os sistemas de cultivos apresentaram resultados positivos em relação à densidade volumétrica do solo e porosidade. Observou-se a tendência a diminuição da estabilidade dos agregados para todos os sistemas estudados, inclusive no tratamento em pousio. Não houve incremento (P<0,05) de Carbono orgânico no solo (COT) dos sistemas estudados, apenas atenuaram a diminuição natural deste elemento. Observou-se incremento (P>0,05) em relação aos teores iniciais de N no solo, sendo o consórcio M + MP o que apresentou os maiores teores em ambas camadas estudadas. Também foi constatado diminuição (P<0,05) nos atributos pH SMP, saturação por bases, teor de potássio trocável, com reflexos no acréscimo (P<0,05) da saturação por alumínio. Outro aspecto observado foi o aumento (P<0,05) da CTCpH7.em ambas camadas. Os sistemas estudados apresentaram receita líquida negativa, reflexos do alto custo de alguns insumos e baixas produtividades obtidas. A demanda de mão de obra por parte dos manejos dos sistemas foi impactada pela semeadura das plantas de cobertura de solo, e pelo manejo dessas, seja pela contenção do crescimento vegetativo ou pela colheita das sementes. Embora tenha sido curto espaço de tempo para avaliações consistentes, os resultados obtidos pelos sistemas de cultivo indicam haver ganhos, em aspectos produtivos, aporte de COT e N, sobretudo, em atributos físicos do solo. Esta condição reflete na possibilidade de substituir o sistema convencional de cultivo do milho pelos sistemas estudados, com ganhos em sustentabilidade, sob vários aspectos.

The diploma thesis is focused on development stratégy for family owned company. The first part of the the thesis describes the theoretical knowledge og the topic. Based on theoretical knowledge is then performed analytical part, which assesses the current state and identifies the problems that have been identified. The final part deals with the design of development solutions, namely the introduction of a new storage system.

This diploma thesis concerns in the first part on conditions for entrepreneurship in Spain and in Czech Republic. It also analyses current position of family companies in the hospitality industry, both spanish and czech. In the conclusion I suggest steps which should lead into growth of attendance of the czech brasserie, it´s bigger popularity and increase in effectivness. Finally, the implementation of such proposals in practice should mean higher customers‘ satisfaction.

In this dissertation, the strategic planning process in a family owned firm of Saudi Arabia will be discussed. The main aim is to develop a comprehensive model of strategic planning, specific and customized to the family businesses of Saudi Arabia. The model will encompass all the factors that are unique to the Saudi Arabian family businesses, such as the family culture of Saudi business families, the interfamily dynamics that shape the strategic approach of the family and the unique market conditions or the external environment that influences the strategic planning process of family owned firms in Saudi Arabia. The literature review extensively covers the topic of strategic planning, family business dynamics and major salient features of family business described by various authors. The literature review also discusses the models of family business that define the interaction of various elements in family owned firms, their drawbacks and the gaps in applicability of these documented models to family businesses in general and specificallyt o Saudi Arabian family businessesT. he literaturer eview revealst hat there is no comprehensivem odel of strategicp lanning processf or the family owned firms that highlight all the critical factors that shape the strategic planning process and also documents uccessfufli rms that haveb enefitedf rom thesem odels. Based on an extensive survey of the family owned firms of Saudi Arabia and statistical analysis of various unique features of such firms, the most critical factors that play a major role in strategy formulation could be isolated. These critical factors helped in designing the strategic planning model for the family owned firms of Saudi Arabia. The model was practically implemented and validated in 10 family businesses of the kingdom and results confirm the applicability of this model. The model formulation and validation in the family firms of Saudi Arabia, forms the main focus of this dissertation.

Emerging markets such as India have witnessed waves of domestic and cross-border mergers and acquisitions. This historical analysis, which consists of two parts, tests central tenets of resource dependence theory. The first part entails an analysis of the transition in public policy governing corporations between 1991 and 2005. The second part tests hypotheses derived from resource dependence theory relating to a firm’s decision to acquire. The analysis explores the factors that explain why firms engage in mergers and acquisitions by examining three specific policy periods (i.e., 1991-1996, 1997-2001 and 2002-2005). The findings from the historical analysis suggest that firms did not merely react to the conditions (i.e., constraints on capital) in their environment by undertaking merger and acquisition activity, but attempted to alter them as resource dependence theory suggests. Findings from the event history logit model also support resource dependence theory. Overall, the study shows that merger and acquisition activity increased during a period of intense deregulation (i.e., 1991-2005) brought about by the adoption of neo-liberal reforms, change to the multilayer subsidiary form, deregulation of the banking and financial sectors’ and reforms in foreign direct investment and equity markets. During this period of uncertainty, firms controlling more resources in terms of earnings, efficiency and number of subsidiaries were more likely to undertake acquisition activity as they have leverage in organization-environment relationships. The effect of number of subsidiaries on acquisition activity was the most consistent across policy periods’. This dissertation is organized in the following manner: Following the introductory chapter, Chapter II is a historical examination of the three policy periods and includes an analysis of the effect of the political-legal environment on mergers and acquisitions between 1991 and 2005. Chapter III reviews the propositions of resource dependence theory that pertain to organizational change and presents research hypotheses related to mergers and acquisitions. Chapter IV describes the data, measurement and methodology employed in the quantitative analysis. Chapter V presents the findings from the quantitative analysis and discusses the results. The concluding chapter (Chapter VI) includes a presentation of the theoretical findings and discussion of the limitations and scope of the study.

This research was set out to investigate the role of knowledge management as a coping strategy for PHE institutions in Botswana, especially given that they operate in a highly regulated environment. One of the major drivers of volatility in the educational sector is intensely volatile regulatory environment in which the institutions operate. Further, a large portion of the stakeholder community of these institutions hold a strong believe that these institutions offer poor quality education to maximise profit. The primary objective of this study is therefore to determine the role of knowledge management (KM) enablers in facilitating KM practices in selected PHE institutions in Botswana that operate in this highly regulated environment and to develop a model for effective KM in these institutions. The study adopted a survey research design and collected quantitative data through a structured self-administered questionnaire and document reviews. The subjects comprised all five degree-awarding PHE institutions, which were strictly regulated by the Tertiary Education Council (TEC). The population surveyed came to 670 and sample size was 350. Data was analysed through various statistical measures such as Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) in the form of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), multiple regression analysis, and Chi-square test. The results of the study revealed that KM enablers were playing an insignificant role in facilitating KM practices in selected PHE institutions in Botswana. Results of the study can be generalised to similar institutions elsewhere operating in similar environments. In order to enhance KM practices in PHE institutions, it is recommended that the institutions adopt a systematic approach to KM, establish an organisational culture and structure that promote KM practices, and enhance the quality of their human capital including leadership. It should be noted that the state of KM in organisations operating in an uncertain environment can be enhanced if the leadership carefully controls the family-owned setting and organisational culture as these factors can detract from the organisation’s effective practising of KM. However, strategic leadership, organisational structure, and the role played by stakeholders played positive deterministic factors in ensuring an enhanced KM drive. / Business Management / D.Admin. (Business Management)

Although private family organisations are prevalent role players in both the South African and international economies, limited research has been performed with regard to them. In terms of regulatory requirements, South African private organisations are neither legally required to comply with corporate governance principles, nor are they required to make their financial data available to the general public. Lack of available data, and limited available research, have resulted in an absence of clarity with regard to whether governance structures in private family organisations add any value to these organisations. This study therefore explores, through the use of a multiple-case study, how the individual private family organisations have structured their governance mechanisms, and the reasons as to why they chose to implement these structures. Both case studies revealed that governance structures, in general, add value. The implemented governance structures may even have contributed to the increase in financial performance over time. / Management Accounting / M. Phil. (Accounting Sciences)

Les sociétés familiales sont les plus anciennes, les plus nombreuses et les plus importantes de notre économie. Pourtant, elles ne font l’objet d’aucune définition légale et n’ont que rarement suscité l’intérêt du juriste. Nous avons donc cherché à caractériser la société familiale en nous intéressant plus particulièrement à certaines d’entre elles, les sociétés cotées sur le marché financier. La société cotée familiale combine deux univers, la famille et le marché, qui sont fondés sur des valeurs et des modes de fonctionnement diamétralement opposés. Cette opposition nous permet de mieux distinguer les spécificités, mais également les risques attachés aux sociétés familiales. C’est à travers l’exemple des chaebol, des conglomérats familiaux coréens, que cette étude a été menée. L’analyse emprunte une méthode comparative où les sociétés chaebol sont opposées aux sociétés familiales françaises. Notre étude a permis de mettre en évidence l’impact du contrôle familial sur le fonctionnement de la société cotée. Elle souligne également l’échec relatif du transfert des normes américaines dans l’environnement coréen, confirmant ainsi la théorie de la dépendance au sentier. Parallèlement, cette étude invite à réfléchir sur la réception possible du droit français, plus proche de la réalité coréenne / Family-owned companies contribute the largest share to our economy. Yet, there is still no legal definition of what a family-owned company is and the topic has not drawn a lot of interest from legal academics. This study aims at differentiating family-owned companies by focusing more specifically on companies listed on a financial market. Family-owned listed company combines two worlds, family and financial market, which are based on diametrically opposed values and modus operandi. This conflict helps us to understand the specific features of these companies, as well as the risks attached to them. Taking the example of the chaebol, the Korean family-owned conglomerates, we highlighted the impact of the family control on the management and the governance of these groups. We compared French and Korean companies and legal frameworks, drawing the conclusion that the French legal system might have been a better fit to the Korean environment than American rules. Our research also underlines the relative failure of the transplant of U.S. standards in South Korea, which can be explained by the theory of path dependence.