Syftet med studien var att undersöka om upplevelsen av Work-Life Balance (uppdelat på Family-Work Conflict och Work-Family Conflict) var beroende av kön och av huruvida deltagarna hade barn under 13 år eller inte. Studien syftade även till att undersöka om kvantitativa arbetskrav och beslutskrav kunde predicera WLB.  En webbenkätundersökning användes för att genomföra studien, i vilken lärare från 10 olika gymnasieskolor i Sverige deltog. Totalt besvarade 125 gymnasielärare enkäten, varav 103 enkäter var fullständiga och användes i studien. Resultaten visade att män upplevde mer WFC än kvinnor samt att deltagare med barn under 13 år rapporterade större FWC än deltagare som inte hade det. Resultatet visade även att kvantitativa arbetskrav predicerade WFC, alltså att höga kvantitativa arbetskrav innebar att arbetslivet kom i konflikt med familjelivet, 30,5 % av variationen i WFC kan förklaras av variationen i kvantitativa arbetskrav. / The aim of the study was to investigate whether the experience of the Work- Life Balance (divided on Family -Work Conflict and Work -Family Conflict) was dependent on gender and whether the participants had children under 13 years old or not. The study also aimed to investigate whether quantitative work demands and decision demands could predict WLB. The study was conducted as a web survey, in which teachers from 10 different high schools in Sweden participated. A total of 125 surveys were submitted, 103 of these were complete surveys and were used in the study. The results of the study showed that men experienced WFC more than women and participants that had children under the age of 13 reported a higher level of FWC than participants that did not have children under the age of 13. The result also showed that quantitative work demands predicted WFC, thus high quantitative work demands resulted in a bigger conflict between work life and personal life, 30, 5 % of the variation in WFC can be explained by the variation in quantitative work demands.

This study's aim was to investigate the difference between women's an men's experience of Work-Life Balance in a seasonal based proffesion. The study investigated eventual differences in employee's experiences of Work Life Balance during on-and off season in the organization. The study was conducted through a web-based survey made by Google forms with 74 completed answers. The results showed that there was a difference in the experience of WFC and FWC between on and off season. The results showed thah there was a significant difference in the experience of FWC during the on season. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the experiene of FWC between men end women, where men experienced a higher level of FWC. The results didn't show a significant difference in the experience of WFC between men and women.

Thesis (M.A. (Psychology)) --Universtity of Limpopo, 2013 / South African nursing environments are defined by extensive workloads, heightened stress levels, long working hours, reduced productivity and lack of support from supervisors. Nurses working with HIV/AIDS patients are further challenged with being exposed to death and dying patients, the stigma attached to the disease and fear of infection. These workplace characteristics lead to experiences of imbalanced work and family responsibilities which lead to W-F and F-W conflicts. The aim of this study was to explore W-F and F-W conflicts and their psychological impact on nurses working with HIV/AIDS patients at government hospitals within Capricorn and Mopani districts, Limpopo province. A convenience sample of nurses (N = 91) working with HIV/AIDS patients was used, within a cross-sectional design, to investigate the hypotheses of the study. Findings of the study did not generally support the hypotheses. However, F-W conflict predicted work satisfaction while W-F conflict predicted intention to leave job. Moreover, significant other support had a direct effect on family satisfaction while supervisor support moderated reports of W-F conflict and experiences of job satisfaction. Keywords: work-family conflict, family-work conflict, social support from supervisor, significant other support, family satisfaction, job satisfaction, family-work conflict family-work conflict

Work-Life Balance (WLB) is defined as the ability to manage both work-life and non-work life successfully. WLB can be evaluated by examining individual’s experience of Work-Family Conflict (WFC) and Family-Work Conflict (FWC), both of which can be assessed by a questionnaire developed by Netemeyer, Boles and McMurrian (1996). The aim of this study was to explore if responses to the questionnaire, the amount of time spent on studies, household chores and sick leave, were gender related or not, among civil-accountants students. The survey included 138 respondents (74 woman and 64 men). The results confirmed previous findings of a gender difference in WFC, but disconfirmed a gender difference in FWC. Additionally, women scored higher in all variables (the amount of time spent on studies, household chores and sick leaves). The result also showed a correlation between time spent on studies and the WFC and FWC, respectively. Finally the result showed a weak correlation between the number of sick days during the semester and WFC and FWC. Thus, results may suggest that gender socialization could be a contributing factor of the observed gender differences. / Work-Life Balance (WLB) definieras som förmågan att balansera arbetslivet och hemmalivet på ett framgångsrikt sätt. WLB kan utvärderas genom att undersöka individens upplevelse av Work-Family Conflict (WFC) och Family-Work Conflict (FWC), som båda mäts i Netemeyers, Boless och McMurrians (1996) enkät. Syftet med studien var att undersöka om det fanns några könsskillnader hos civilekonomsstudenter avseende WFC, FWC, tiden som spenderades på studier, på hushållsarbete samt sjukdagar per termin. Studien omfattade 138 respondenter (74 kvinnor och 64 män). Resultatet bekräftade tidigare upptäckt, att det fanns en könsskillnad i WFC, men motsatte att det skulle finnas en könsskillnad i FWC. Vidare framkom det att kvinnorna hade högre värden i samtliga variabler (antalet studietimmar per dag, hushållstimmar per dag och sjukdagar per termin). Resultatet visade även ett samband mellan antalet studietimmar per dag och WFC samt FWC. Slutligen visade resultatet en svag korrelation mellan sjukdagar per termin och WFC samt FWC. Möjligen kan köns- socialiseringen vara en bidragande faktor till de observerade könsskillnaderna.

Work and family embody two of the most fundamental areas of adult life. The increased participation in the labour force of working women with children has had a major impact on the work and family interface. Theories of work and family have been incorporated to analyse potential relationships of conflict with undesirable work outcomes such as reduced job satisfaction and burnout. The study investigates whether work-family conflict ultimately leads to working women with children’s experiences of burnout and lower job satisfaction. The research study also explores the effects of the mother-role identity on the manifestation of family and work conflict in working women with children and posits that working women with children experience role salience differently from other working women without children. The study employed a quantitative research design using electronic self-administered questionnaires. Using the data from 545 employees in a fast-moving consumer goods industry showed that working women with children who identified closer with the mother-role identity, experienced greater work-family conflict. The mother-role identity forms a greater part of working women with children’s self than that of the employee-role identity and the results infer that role identity plays a significant role when conflict is experienced. In working women with children, strong relationships were found between family-work conflict and burnout, and moderate inverse relationships between work-family conflict and job satisfaction. Work-family conflict may ultimately lead working women with children to experience higher burnout and lower job satisfaction owing to their preoccupation with family-related responsibilities. The concept of role identity is introduced as a significant variable to consider into the work and family conflict investigation, as well as in the development of burnout and job satisfaction for working women with children. The current research also assists in understanding the work and family role integration of working women with children and provides a consolidated overview of the current work and family theories within a conceptual and unifying model. This research offers an explanatory model that outlines the relationship between the independent and dependent variables, by investigating the mechanisms by virtue of which such relationships exist. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Human Resource Management / unrestricted

Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie var att undersöka om och i så fall hur människor påverkas av sina privata liv på arbetsplatsen och hur de hanterar situationen. Vikten låg på anställdas upplevelser genom att tydliggöra deras känslor och uppfattningar. Urvalet delades in i två grupper, yrken som jobbar med barn i åldern 4-8 år och yrken som jobbar inom produktion och det genomfördes 8 semistrukturerade intervjuer. Datan analyserades med hjälp av en tematisk analys. Resultatet synliggjorde tre teman utifrån deltagarnas upplevelser. För det första, en upplevd förändring av humör, tankar och beteenden, för det andra följder som crossover och förändrad prestation, och för det tredje olika tillvägagångssätt med olika bakomliggande anledningar. Slutsatsen är att majoriteten upplevde FW-spillover och att alla intervjuade påverkades av vissa följder på arbetsplatsen samt hanterade situationen på olika sätt. Det fanns inga stora skillnader mellan grupperna eller kön. / The aim of this qualitative study was to investigate whether, and if so how, people are affected by their private lives in the workplace and how they cope with such situations. The emphasis was on employees' experiences by clarifying their feelings and perceptions. The sample was divided into two groups, professions that work with children aged 4-8 years and professions that work in production and 8 semi-structured interviews were conducted. The data was analyzed using thematic analysis. The results showed three themes based on participants' experiences. First, a perceived change in mood, thoughts and behaviors; second, consequences as crossover and changed performance; and third, various approaches with different underlying reasons. The conclusion was that the majority experienced FW spillover and that all interviewees were affected by certain consequences at the workplace and used special coping strategies. There were no significant differences between the groups or gender.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka om tillfredsställelse med skiftarbete påverkade work-life balance hos medarbetare inom industri- och sjukvårdssektorn, samt om det fanns skillnader i tillfredsställelse med skiftarbete och work-life balance mellan industrin och sjukvården. Vidare undersöktes om ålder, kön eller hemmaboende barn hade någon betydelse. Resultatet visade att tillfredsställelse med skiftarbete kan predicera work-life balance utifrån work-family conflict samt family-work conflict, och att arbetet inkräktar mer på privatlivet än vice versa, detta gäller båda tjänstesektorerna. Ålder hade viss påverkan på upplevelsen av att arbetet inkräktade på privatlivet. Resultatet belyser riskområden relevanta för att uppnå en god work-life balance.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka huruvida det finns en skillnad i graden av Work life balance (indelat i grupperna Work Family Conflict och Family Work Conflict) mellan de som har möjlighet att distansarbeta och de som inte har det och mellan de som har barn under 13 år och de som inte har det. Vidare undersöktes om arbetsengagemang kan predicera WLB. För att genomföra studien användes en pappersenkät som delades ut till samtliga anställda på den deltagande organisationen. Totalt samlades 85 enkäter in, varav 84 hade besvarats fullständigt. Resultatet visade en huvudeffekt av distansarbete gällande Work Family Conflict, där de anställda med möjlighet att distansarbeta upplevde en högre grad av Work Family Conflict än de som inte har möjlighet att distansarbeta. Resultatet visade dessutom att de anställda med högre värde på arbetsengagemang upplevde mindre av både Work family Conflict och Family Work Conflict.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka relationen mellan Work-life balance (WLB) och intentionen att säga upp sig (ITQ) hos skiftarbetare. För att undersöka Work-life balance relation till intentionen att säga upp sig delades work-life balance upp i sina underkategorier Work-family conflict (WFC) och Family-work conflict (FWC). En kvantitativ studie genomfördes via en digital enkät som distribuerades ut till 866 trafikoperatörer som arbetar skift inom en statlig myndighet för trafikledning. Av de 886 tillfrågade svarade 235 på enkäten och 188 av dem kom sedan att användas i analysen då 47 av svaren inte var fullständiga. De 188 svaren analyserades genom en hierarkisk multipel regressionsanalys. Resultatet visade att Work-life balance kan predicera en individs intention att säga upp sig och att Work-family conflikt var den konflikt som förklarade störst del av variansen i ITQ då FWC inte var en signifikant prediktor. Sambandet mellan Work-family conflict och intentionen att säga upp sig var att desto mer Work-family conflict desto högre intention att säga upp sig. / The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between Work-life balance and Intention to quit among shift workers. To examine the relationship between Work- Life balance and Intention to quit, Work-life balance was split up into its two subcategories Work-family conflict and Family-work conflict. A quantitative study was carried out through a digital survey that was distributed to 866 traffic-operators within a state department that operates in the field of traffic. Of the 866 respondents 235 answered the survey, 47 of the answers were not completed in full and were therefore ejected from the study, total answers used in the study was 188. The 188 answers were analyzed through a hierarchical regression analysis. The results showed that Work-life balance can predict an individual's intention to quit and that Work-family conflict was the conflict that to most extent explained the variance of intention to quit. The result also showed that Family-work conflict were not a significant predictor for intention to quit. The relation between Work-family conflict and intention to quit were displayed in the following way, more work-family conflict resulted in a higher intention to quit.

Behavioural and emotional problems in children have been linked with a number of deleterious effects for the child, their family and the community at large. Research has demonstrated that targeting parents through behavioural family interventions is an effective way of ameliorating the negative long term effects of early behaviour problems. A number of evidence-based interventions have been shown to be effective in reducing dysfunctional parenting practices and reducing the severity and intensity of behaviour problems however less than 10% of parents’ access parenting services and even fewer access evidence-based interventions. Some researchers now advocate that a population approach that emphasizes prevention rather than treatment and considers parenting in its broader ecological context is required to increase parental access to evidence-based parenting interventions and reduce population levels of disruptive behaviour problems. One important context that affects parenting is the workplace. Changing economic and demographic climates mean the majority of parents are now employed and must balance the competing demands of work and family commitments leading to increased levels of work and family conflict as functioning in one domain invariably effects functioning in the other. High levels of work and family conflict have been shown to increase psychological distress and dysfunctional parenting and are associated with a range of negative organisational outcomes such as increased turnover and absenteeism. Additionally, levels of work and family conflict are highest in parents of young children indicating that balancing work and parenting is particularly difficult at a point in a child’s life where there is greatest development plasticity. This thesis argues that one way to improve parents’ access to services and to reduce work and family conflict is to provide support to working parents in the form of a workplace parenting intervention. Such an intervention has the potential to ease the burden on working parents, increase parental access to evidence-based parenting support and reduce population levels of disruptive behaviour problems. This research comprises of a randomised controlled trial of Workplace Triple P, a variant of Triple P- Positive Parenting Program that is tailored to the specific needs of working parents. Two studies are presented. Study 1 examined the utility of a model that posits that the relationship between parental exposure to disruptive behaviour problems and occupational stress is mediated by family-work conflict. Data analyses supported the hypothesised model. The relationship between parental exposure to disruptive behaviour problems and occupational stress was fully mediated by family-work conflict. The results of this study provide a rationale for examining parenting in a workplace context by demonstrating that disruptive behaviour problems in the children of employees are related to higher levels of occupational stress and that reducing disruptive behaviour and family-work conflict should result in reductions in occupational stress. Study 2 built on the findings of Study 1 by evaluating the effectiveness of Workplace Triple P, a workplace parenting intervention that aims to assist parents to more effectively manage work and family demands. Using a sample of teachers balancing work and parenting commitments, a randomised controlled trial was conducted comparing Workplace Triple P to a waitlist control condition. Results indicated that participants who completed the Workplace Triple P intervention reported improvements in five key outcome areas: disruptive behaviour problems, parenting style and satisfaction, personal adjustment, work and family conflict and occupational wellbeing. Specifically, compared with participants in the waitlist control condition participants in the intervention condition reported that their child displayed lower numbers of disruptive behaviours and engaged in problem behaviour less frequently, that they themselves engaged less in verbose, over-reactive and lax parenting styles, that they felt more confident in dealing with a range of behaviour problems across a range of home and community settings and enjoyed parenting more. Participants in the intervention condition also reported lower levels of personal anxiety and depression. The intervention was also effective at improving work-related variables. Participants who completed the Workplace Triple P intervention reported lower levels of work-family conflict, family-work conflict and occupational stress, as well as reporting increased levels of occupational efficacy. No changes were reported for participants in the waitlist control condition. Participants in the intervention condition were reassessed at 4-months post intervention. Results indicated that all intervention gains were maintained. Together these studies contribute significantly to our understanding of work-family interface by providing insight into the mechanisms by which family life exerts an influence on occupational stress and by demonstrating that a workplace parenting intervention has the potential to improve functioning both family and occupational domains. The findings have significant implications for assisting parents more effectively manage work and family demands, for increasing parental access to services, and informing family-friendly policies and practices. Research, clinical and policy implications are discussed.