Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O presente estudo pretende suprir parcialmente algumas lacunas nos estudos sobre o desenvolvimento da empatia. A primeira lacuna se refere a incluir os pais, além das mães, na pesquisa, uma vez que aqueles podem ter um papel ainda pouco explorado no desenvolvimento. A segunda se refere a abordar a empatia tanto por uma visão ontogenética como filogenética, pois ambas se complementam na compreensão das nossas capacidades e habilidades, essencialmente muito semelhantes às de nossos ancestrais no ambiente de nossa evolução. Presume-se que no ambiente de adaptação evolutiva (AAE) da nossa espécie as habilidades sociais foram importantes na resolução de conflitos e na manutenção da coesão intragrupais. A empatia, habilidade social foco desta dissertação, é definida como a capacidade de compreender e expressar compreensão sobre os pensamentos e sentimentos de outra pessoa e é uma característica da espécie que sofre desenvolvimento ontogenético, em culturas e nichos específicos de desenvolvimento. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo geral abordar a comunicação empática entre pais e mães e seus filhos pelo olhar da Psicologia Evolucionista do Desenvolvimento. Participaram deste estudo 10 crianças, entre oito e 11 anos e seus respectivos pais e mães, sendo cinco meninos e cinco meninas, todos da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A empatia dos pais e dos filhos foi avaliada por meio de instrumentos (Inventário de Empatia e Entrevista sobre Cenas de Curta Duração), assim como as crenças parentais sobre a importância e o desenvolvimento das habilidades empáticas, por instrumento desenvolvido para este estudo (Crenças Parentais sobre Habilidades). As famílias participaram ainda de uma sessão de filmagem em três situações específicas de 10 minutos cada: jogo com peças de montar para construção conjunta de escolha livre e a representação de papéis em duas cenas do cotidiano familiar (conversar sobre um boletim da criança com notas vermelhas e sobre um problema que a criança trouxe para os pais). Os resultados foram apresentados e discutidos para cada uma das famílias. Pode-se observar que existem relações entre os escores de empatia dos pais e da criança nos instrumentos utilizados e que, em geral, os pais valorizam habilidades empáticas e atribuem seu desenvolvimento, principalmente ao exemplo e à aprendizagem e não a maturação e características de temperamento da criança. No entanto, nas tarefas propostas, dificuldades de comunicação empática são observadas, levando a que se hipotetize que não é direta a relação entre crenças, habilidades individuais e práticas em família. Reconhecem-se as limitações do presente estudo, de caráter exploratório. Novas investigações com observação da comunicação pais-filhos em situações cotidianas do ambiente natural podem contribuir para o avanço do conhecimento nessa área. / This study aims to partially fill some gaps in the study of empathy development. The first gap refers to the inclusion of fathers, instead of only mothers, in the investigations, since the former may have an unexplored role on child development. The second gap refers to an ontogenetic and phylogenetic approach to empathy, because these levels are complementary on the comprehension of our capacities and abilities, which are essentially very similar to those of our ancestors in our evolutionary environment. It is assumed that in our species‟ environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA), social abilities were important in conflict solution and in group cohesion maintenance. Empathy, the social ability which is the focus of this dissertation, is defined as the capacity to comprehend and express this comprehension of others‟ thoughts and feelings and is a species‟ characteristic that can be developed ontogenetically in specific cultures and niches of development. This dissertation‟s main objective is to approach to empathic communication between fathers, mothers and their sons/daughters from the Evolutionary Developmental Psychology point of view. The participants were 10 children, five boys and five girls, from eight to 11 years old, and their respective parents, all of them from the city of Rio de Janeiro. Parents‟ and children‟s empathy were assessed by instruments (an empathy inventory and an interview about short-scenes), as parental beliefs on empathic abilities‟ importance and development by an instrument created for this study (a questionnaire about parental beliefs on abilities). Families have also participated in a recorded session of three specific ten-minutes-activities: a game with building blocks for a free-choice group construction and a role playing of two daily family scenes (to talk about the child‟s school bulletin with red marks and to talk about a problem that the child brought to the parents). Results were presented and discussed for each family. There are parallels between the empathy scores of parents and their children on the instruments used and, in general, parents valorize empathic abilities and they credit its development mainly to their example and to learning and not to maturation and child temperament. However, difficulties of empathic communication were observed in the proposed activities, leading to hypothesizing that the relation between beliefs, individual abilities and family interaction practices is not direct. Limitations of the present study are recognized, as it is an exploratory study. New investigations with observation of parents-children communication in natural environment daily situations can contribute to the progress of knowledge in this field.

From family-style portraits to selfies, who is photographer and/or photographed varies as families engage, stage, and interpret the visual. How families participate in photo-making changes how individual family members feel about and relate to not only their photographs, but also each other. In this dissertation, I examine photographs as visual and material objects, and include the communication processes and ritual practices of producing, consuming, curating, viewing, and circulating these photos. By framing family photo-making as ritual, I explore how families do photo-making in everyday life, and identify the patterns of choice embedded in the genre of family photography, which symbolically and socially construct family. My methodological approach moves from analyzing images to the lives of photos and spaces in which photos are represented and shared, observing visible practices and the traces – photographs and photo displays – they produce. I ask questions about communicative acts of performing rituals and negotiating family memory in the public space of the Easter Bunny Photo Hut, the personal and domestic space of a mother’s home, and the digital space of the social media app Snapchat. Each site provides a unique access point to study family photo-making ethnographically. Combining my ethnographic observations with photo elicitation interviews, I study the symbolic value of photographs negotiated by and between family members.

This diploma thesis deals with the current situation in the area of cooperation between family and school in the elementary schools of the current educational stream of the Pelhřimov district. The aim of the thesis is to bring basic information about the issue and to find out the degree of cooperation between the mentioned actors by parents, teachers in the Pelhřimov district.The thesis is divided into theoretical and empirical part. The theoretical part is based on analysis of professional literature, clarifies the concept of communication, cooperation, pupil and teacher. The empirical part presents a research investigation, which was carried out at the first level of basic schools of the common educational stream in the Pelhřimov district among the parents of the first class pupils, among the teachers of these schools. The research was conceived by the method of quantitative investigation using non-standardized questionnaires of own construction. In conclusion, the obtained data are presented. KEYWORDS family, communication, school, pupil

Background: Family members often accompany patients to the emergency department and play an important role in caring for the patient. Communication between nurses and family members has long been identified as a priority of care and an area needing improvement due to the increasingly busy nature of the emergency department. Good communication can improve patient outcomes, satisfaction with care and decrease patient and family anxiety. Objective: To determine and describe what interventions exist to improve nurse-family communication during the waiting period of an emergency department visit. Methods: A scoping review was completed following the Joanna Briggs Institution methodology: (1) identify the research question, (2) define the inclusion criteria, (3) use a search strategy to identify relevant studies using a three-step approach, (4) select studies using a team approach, (5) data extraction, (6) data analysis, and (7) presentation of results. Results: The search yielded 1,771 articles of which 20 were included in the review. An additional 7 articles were found in the grey literature search. Results were analyzed using basic content analysis, reported using tables, figures, descriptive statistics and narrative synthesis and organized based on Peplau's Theory of Interpersonal Relations. A variety of pediatric and adult interventions were found targeting staff members and family members and took place worldwide. Two models were developed based on the results of this review: a communication model for triage nurses and one for all emergency department nurses. Conclusion: Communication plays an essential role in emergency department nursing care. Communication skills training should be built into nursing curriculum, nursing orientation, triage training, and continuing education. Future research should focus on evaluating the effectiveness of interventions using a standardized scale, understanding the specific needs of family members and effectively teaching communication skills to emergency department nurses.

No description available.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Family Studies and Human Services / Karen Myers-Bowman / Due to health conditions, the average 70 year old will outlive the ability to drive by 6 years for men and 10 years for women (Foley et al., 2002). Driving loss has a significantly negative impact on the quality of life of an older adult. For this reason, some continue to drive despite concerns about safety. Midlife family members of older adults often feel social pressure to intervene in driving decision-making and social pressure to refrain from intervening. The goal of this study was to understand the experiences of midlife family members from the time that someone first noticed a concern with the older relative’s driving until the time the older adult stopped driving. A qualitative, multiple embedded case study approach was used to gather information from two midlife family members from 7 families with an older driver who had recently retired from driving. The family processes that influenced communication about driving and choice of strategies for intervening were examined. Findings indicated that the midlife family members became aware of safety issues at different times. Awareness prompted conversations with other relatives, and the majority of family conversations about driving did not include the older adult. Many family members reported a respect for the autonomy of the older relative and a reluctance to initiate conversations without permission from the older adult to do so. Intervention strategies reported by participants included (1) wait and worry, (2) nudging, (3) attempted conversation, (4) ending requests for driving assistance, (5) requesting assistance from physicians, (6) requesting assistance from the DMV, (7) requesting assistance from law enforcement, and (8) accepting the inability to end an older adult’s driving career. Participants reported many factors that both helped and hindered efforts to encourage driving retirement. Based on these findings, an Ecological Model of Later-Life Decision-Making was proposed. The model reflects that the participants’ efforts to encourage driving retirement were not simply a matter of intra-family communication, but were influenced by processes occurring at multiple levels, both within and outside of the family. Processes occurring at multiple levels both helped and hindered family members’ efforts to encourage driving retirement.

This study gained the perspective of children from single parent families and explored their family communication patterns. An inductive, qualitative approach was used. Interviews were conducted with eleven participants gathered from undergraduate classes, who had lived with their single parent for a minimum of 3 years. Four major themes emerged from the data: communication, challenges and triumphs, structure, and how parents came to be single. The majority of participants appeared to exhibited pluralistic family communication patterns. Results also revealed the importance of open communication in single parent families and what they learned through their experiences living with their custodial parent. Limitations and directions for future research will also be discussed.

一、研究目的： 本研究的目的，是探究國內青少年，是否會因為家庭傳播形態的不同，而在政治人物 知識、政治事件知識、和政治興趣方面，也有所差異。而在審視「家庭傳播形態」和 青少年「政治知識」、「政治興趣」之間的關聯性時，有幾個變項，如「就讀高中、 高職或五專」、「就讀公立或私立學校」、「學業成績」、「性別」等，筆者認為也 不妨一併考慮，因此本研究也將這幾個變項納入統計。 二、研究文獻： 本章分兩章，第一節敘述「家庭傳播形態」。研究的由來、過程和內容。第二節引述 五篇國內外相關研究的重要論文。茲將其中較重要的兩篇論文概述如後： （一）美國威斯康辛大學大傳研究中心的傳播大師－菲（CHAFFEE） 如麥克里德（MC LEOD），在一九七三年，研究生活在四種類型的家庭傳播形態下的青少年，是否在政 治知識、政治興趣、政治參與程度上也有所差異？結果發現，多元型家庭的子女，政 治知識程度最高，政治興趣最濃厚，政治參與程度也較高。 （二）國內政治大學聞研究所吳建國在民國七十年，研究國中生是否會因為家庭傳播 形態不同，而在政治知識、興趣和接觸傳播媒體的頻率，是否也有不同，結果發現， 概念取向（多元、一致型）家庭的子女，政治知識較豐富，政治與趣較濃厚，也較常 接觸大眾傳播媒介。 三、研究方法： （一）研究對象：本研究的研究對象是全台灣一百一十六所公私立高中、高職、五專 的青少年，最後得到的有效問卷是四千八百一十份。 （二）研究問卷：本研究問卷主要分自變項「家庭傳播形態量表」、和應變項「政治 人物知識」、「政治事件知識」、「政治興趣」幾個部份。其中「家庭傳播形態量表 」是依據查菲和麥克里德等人所設計的量表為本，再依國情和國人說話的語氣，修飾 而成。至於「政治知識」方面，則依據國內較引人注意的新聞事件為題。 四、研究發現摘要： 結果發現：受訪的青少年，的確會因為家庭傳播形態的不同，而在政治人物知識、政 治事件知識和政治興趣方面，也呈現差異，以上均符合本研究假設。不過納入前述幾 個變項之後，本研究假設僅獲得部份支持。

傳播研究過去一直偏重於效果的研究，因此常將傳播行為本身當作自變項，而以效果 為依變項，尋找在受界身上產生的認知、態度或行為的改變，而在把傳播行為本身當 作依變項的研究上。卻相當的缺乏。由於這種傳播研究的不均衡現象，很容易的就會 高估了傳播的效果，因此，將傳播行為當作依變項，而去尋求影響它的因素，可以使 得我們對傳播效果有便深入的認識。 過去研究傳播行為，除了使用性別、年齡、智商、社經地位為其預測變項之外，學者 們也一致認為，社會關係可能是最值得去探討的範疇，而在這一方面的研究，卻以查 菲等人（CHAFFEE ET AL.）的“家庭傳播形態”（FAMILY COMMUNICATION PATTERN） 研究最為著名，他們把家庭傳播形態，分為“多元型”、“放任型”、“一致型”、 “保護型”四種，在他們的研究中，以及其它後續的研究中，都顯示這四種傳播類型 ，與青少年的傳播行為具有關聯性。 本研究即藉著問卷法，收集台北地區青少年家庭傳播型態與其傳播行為之資料，據以 驗證兩者的關聯。 經資料回收，加以統計分析後發現，家庭傳播型態影響青少年傳播行為的假設，得到 了部份的支持，換句話說，不同家庭傳播形態的青少年，在若干的傳播行為上的表現 ，確實有所不同。這些不同，主要出現在以下幾方面：媒介使用量、媒介內容偏好、 以及媒介使用動機。 由於本研究發現家庭傳播型態不同，則青少年的傳播行為也會有所不同。因此，若是 為人父母者試著去調整親子溝通的方式，可能可以使得他們的子女，表現出一些父母 比較期盼看見的傳播行為。因此，這項研究的結果，對為人父母者，特別具有意義。

The aim of this work is to determine whether communication with incomplete/"uncooperative" family is from the perspective of teachers more difficult. What problems may be in communication with the family of the student, how can they be prevented, where necessary, to deal with. In the second part to find out what kind of impact it has on the mutual communication of the teacher and the legal representative the pupil evaluation in the form of the word guest. The task is to suggest possible strategies for mutual communication with parents of children at 1. level of primary school. In the solution a questionnaire survey and interviews with teachers and parents was used. Carried out research, I discovered that at the aimed school is almost 100% of teachers meets with problem/"non-cooperating" parents. Verbal evaluation of the results of an investigation has the mainly positive influence to the comunication. At the same time, motivates the student to better outcomes. On the basis of the findings of the results, teachers can further improve the relations between family and school, or more involved verbal evaluation, which improves communication between the two parties. The main result is to obtain the symbol "The parents welcome".