The opportunity for online engagement increases possible exposure to potentially risky behaviors for teens, which may have significant negative consequences (Hair et al., 2009). Effective family communication about online safety can help reduce the risky adolescent behavior and limit the consequences after it occurs. This paper contributes a theory of communication factors that positively influence teen and parent perception of communication about online safety and provides design implications based on those findings. Previous work identified gaps in family communication, however, this study seeks to empirically identify factors that would close the communication gap from the perspective of both teens and parents. I analyzed data from a survey of 215 teen-parent pairs with a cross-sectional design and examined the factors that contribute to increased family communication about online safety. For parents, active mediation, technical monitoring of their teens' devices, and a perceived positive affect schedule of the teen were associated with higher levels of family communication. Our results were similar for teens, except that parental monitoring and the teen's online safety concern were also positively associated with increased family communication, while restrictive mediation was associated with lower levels of family communication. A key implication of these findings is that teens do not want to be left alone, but desire active mediation and monitoring. Teens do not want technological based restriction. As the first study to explore specific mechanisms which may improve family communication between parents and teens regarding online safety, I am able to recommend design solutions that allow teens an active role in their own online safety and facilitate effective family communication from the perspectives of both parties by assisting parents to adopt active mediation techniques rather than developing technologies that encourage restrictive parenting. Many designs for parents and teen monitoring historically support a restrictive approach (P. Wisniewski et al., 2017). Rather than focus on parental control applications, I advance both analytical support for a more nuanced theoretical and practical applications.

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<p>Health communication is a growing field of research under interpersonal and family communication. Gaining enough health information is primarily the duty of healthcare providers. However, our immediate source of health information is family members; but most people decide to privatize and keep their health information from other relatives. The criterion for withholding health information, what contributes to the information shared, and how communication patterns affect health communication were all examined to understand the reasons behind this action.</p> <p>This qualitative study used the narrations on health communication from various families to form themes. In addition,  responses were mostly from non-Western cultures, which helps to expand the applicability of the theory used.</p> <p>Some of the results were consistent with the criteria within the theory. However, other criteria were found that expand the theory in relation to health information. The new criteria found were when disclosing the information, age matter, I don’t understand the condition myself so how can my family, the number of people in the family matters. Also, reasons such as anticipated reactions from family members, and the severity of the condition came up when exploring what impacts how much health information family members share with one another. Finally, the frequency of communication and the initiator of conservations were found to influence health communication in families.</p> <p>To conclude, healthy communication in the family may impact individual communication on health. </p>

This volume, developed from the public forum What Do Mothers Need? and hosted by the Motherhood Initiative for Research and Community Involvement (mirci) in 2011, examines what mothers need in twenty-first century North American society in order to adequately care for their children while living full and purposeful lives. The contributors to the volume include representatives from various motherhood organizations Ontario/Canadian Native Women s Association, Hip Mama, National Excerpt: Association of Mother Centres, Mothers & More, Mocha Moms, Welfare Warriors as well as the leading motherhood scholars including Paula Caplan, Amber Kinser, Barbara Katz Rothman, Pamela Stone, and Judith Warner. The twenty-six chapters, organized into six sections Redefining Motherhood, Empowering Mothers, Mothers, Children and Families: Health and Well-Being, Mothers, Education and Social Change, Mothers, Partners and Parenting, and Mothers and Work explore what changes are needed in public/social policy, health, education, the workplace, maternal support/advocacy, and the family in order to afford full and lasting gender equity for mothers in the twenty-first century.

Excerpt: As both a daughter to a mother and a mother to a daughter, I have lived, and pushed against, and been formed by, the profound truth about mother-daughter relationships suggested by this book's title: it's complicated.