In order to cope with an agricultural economic structure and the development of industrial and commercial use land, the government conducted significant amendment to the Statute for Agricultural Development, adjusting the original ¡§farmland owned by farmers¡¨ and ¡§farmland for agricultural use¡¨ to ¡§releasing farmland owned by farmers¡¨ and ¡§farm building on farmland.¡¨ In addition to loosening the qualifications for the acquisition of farmland, the government also allows for the construction of cluster farm buildings or individual farmhouses. The goal of the policy of cluster farm buildings is established upon the foundation of ¡§production, life, and ecology.¡¨ Regarding production, farmland is not allowed to be segmented, which is beneficial to the promotion of agricultural machinery and rewarding in the expansion of the scale of farmland operation. Regarding everyday life, the construction of well-planned public facilities is able to promote living environment and quality. Regarding ecology, the well-planned management of sewage processing can reduce environmental contamination, protecting the environment. Regarding landscape, the building of farmhouses in a cluster is able to make landscape harmonious. Regarding public investment, the concentration of government funds on a certain area is able to enhance the efficiency of public investment. Although the policy of farm building cluster is made with positive intensions, it is unable to compromise with the current situations of rural areas, rendering problems that affect the growth of rural areas. In fact, these problems have arisen because of the inadequacy of laws and regulations related to rural areas. Therefore, this research examines whether the policy of the construction of farm building cluster can accomplish the three major goals of the sustaining development of rural area and solve the problems of the current problems farm building clusters are facing now and possible solutions. The research employs literature review, secondary source analysis, and on-site investigation as methods. Interviews with various personnel related to the construction of farm buildings, such as administrative, reviewers, scholars, contractor, local farmers, and residents in farm building cluster are conducted with the help of the government. Integrating viewpoints and suggestions from the business, government, and academia, it provides references for the government to promote the amendment of laws and policies related to the construction of farm building cluster in the future. This research discovers that the construction of farm building clusters cannot accomplish its three original goals of ¡§protecting the integrity of farmland, avoiding the loss of excellent farmland, and promoting effective use of farmland¡¨, ¡§enhancing public construction to promote rural area¡¦s additive values, farmers¡¦ living quality, and harmony for the community¡¨, and ¡§avoiding farm buildings in clusters that contaminate farmland, protect ecological environment, and promote harmony in the community.¡¨ In the aspect of production, it suggests the government to 1. Limit the distance between farm buildings and farmland; 2. Prohibit using ¡§forests¡¨ and ¡§reserve areas on slopes¡¨ as farmland; 3. Delimit suitable areas for the construction of farm buildings; 4. Assist utilization of farmland to create production values. In the aspect of everyday life, it suggests 1. Delimit the standard of minimum area for the construction public facilities. In the aspect of ecology, it suggests 1. Build green belts between farm buildings and farmlands; 2. Delimit the standard of sewage discharge testing; 3. Provide funds to assist building ¡§green¡¨ farm buildings; 4. Refurbish old rural areas to make their appearance harmonious with farm building clusters. In the aspect of policy, it suggests 1. Established supervising and monitoring management system; 2. Prohibit the acquisition of farmland for the construction of farm buildings for 2 years to avoid farmland speculation; 3. Publicize laws and policies related to the construction of farm building cluster; 4. Simplify the application procedure of cluster construction; 5. Limit the number of the application of building individual farmhouses; 6. Establish service platform to assist farmers to plan and apply for the construction of farm building clusters by providing instant transparent information.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:32:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Roberta_Luzzardi.pdf: 2831925 bytes, checksum: 154b01f78d0151611388033ad2097311 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-15 / This research analyzes the process of substitution of potato stems by smoking and the importance of understanding the reason for the cultivation of tobacco appear as one of the main strategies adopted by the social reproduction of family farming as a way to keep the field in the municipality of São Lourenço do Sul - RS. It aims at identifying and characterizing the process of replacing the system of production of potatoes for tobacco growing. The specific objectives are: to determine which economic elements that interfere with or affect the substitution of potato for cultivation of tobacco; determine which social and environmental elements that interfere with or affect the substitution of potato culture of smoking and understand the rationality of farmer family inserted into this reality. The methodology is based on visits to the region to be searched in order to contact informants and obtain appropriate empirical evidence about the reality of local communities. The study universe composed of farmers producing tobacco colonies Boqueirão and Boa Vista in São Lourenço do Sul - RS that produce or have produced a potato crop. Primary data were obtained through the interview technique, based on a structured questionnaire to semi-open. It is concluded that: the reasons for the replacement of the smoke bataticultura actually studied are the lack of market for the sale of potatoes, environmental factors unfavorable to the cultivation of it, the subordination of the tobacco growing farmers and the lack of public policies that encourage crop diversification in family farms; the historical reality of the rural economy of the communities studied is complex and conflicting, the main economic base for farmers, tobacco, is a hand, an important farming system to keep farmers in the field, but on the other, because a process of alienation from their work; environmentally cultivation of tobacco has a number of consequences, such as erosion and deforestation on farms. On the social side, rises the high dependency of farmers with tobacco where it is clear that they aredecapitalized, subjugated, and in some cases, in debt, has suffered a drastic reduction in potato acreage, however it is still cultivated by farmers in the area surveyed, but in this case only for self, the diversification of crops is being implemented, but is still incipient, the relations of production in tobacco farming between farmers and processing company, interfere with or undermine the development of technical alternatives social and economic and ecological base of agriculture and crop diversification and lack of alternatives and public policies that minimize or prevent this exploit social, economic, environmental and human, contribute to the know-how of these farmers is subtracted by large companies. / A presente pesquisa analisa o processo de substituição da cultura da batata pelo fumo e decorre da importância de compreender o motivo da cultura do fumo aparecer como uma das principais estratégias de reprodução social adotadas pela agricultura familiar como forma de manter-se no campo no município de São Lourenço do Sul - RS. Tem como objetivo geral identificar e caracterizar o processo de substituição do sistema de produção de batata para a fumicultura. Os objetivos específicos são: determinar quais os elementos econômicos que interferiram ou interferem na substituição da cultura da batata pela cultura do fumo; determinar quais os elementos socioambientais que interferiram ou interferem na substituição da cultura da batata pela cultura do fumo e compreender a racionalidade do agricultor familiar inserido nessa realidade. A metodologia está baseada na realização de visitas a região a ser pesquisada, com o intuito de contatar informantes apropriados e obter evidências empíricas sobre a realidade das coletividades locais. O universo de estudo foi constituído pelos agricultores produtores de fumo das colônias Boqueirão e Boa Vista do município de São Lourenço do Sul RS que produzem ou produziram a cultura da batata. Os dados primários foram obtidos através da técnica da entrevista, com base em um questionário estruturado de caráter semi-aberto. Conclui-se que: os motivos da substituição da bataticultura pelo fumo na realidade estudada são a falta de mercado para a venda da batata, fatores ambientais desfavoráveis para o cultivo da mesma, a subordinação dos agricultores familiares à fumicultura e a falta de políticas públicas que incentivem a diversificação das culturas nas propriedades familiares; a realidade histórica da economia rural das comunidades estudadas é complexa e conflitante. A principal base econômica dos agricultores, o fumo, é de um lado, um importante sistema de cultivo para manter os agricultores no campo, mas de outro, causa um processo de alienação do seu trabalho; ambientalmente o cultivo do fumo apresenta uma série de consequências, tais como: erosão e desmatamento nas propriedades rurais. No aspecto social, levanta-se o alto grau de dependência destes agricultores com a fumageira onde se percebe que os mesmos encontram-se descapitabilizados, assujeitados e, em alguns casos, endividados; a batata sofreu drástica redução de área cultivada, entretanto ainda é cultivada pelos agricultores familiares da área pesquisada, mas neste caso somente para autoconsumo; a diversificação dos cultivos está sendo implantada, mas ainda é incipiente; as relações de produção na fumicultura, entre agricultor e empresa processadora, interferem ou enfraquecem o desenvolvimento das alternativas técnicas, sociais e econômicas como a agricultura de base ecológica e a 8 diversificação de culturas e a falta de alternativas e de políticas públicas que minimizem ou impeçam esta exploração social, econômica, ambiental e humana, contribui para que o saber-fazer desses agricultores seja subtraído pelas grandes empresas.

自從民國89年農業發展條例修正後，新的農舍制度已經運行了六個寒暑，但由統計上的數據可得知個別農舍依然是農民們興建農舍時的主要選擇，顯見政府所欲提倡的集村興建農舍有其實施上的弱點。而在真正完成的集村農舍當中，起造人入住的真正目的，又多半與實際的農業經營管理無關。因此，集村農舍制度於制度設計與制度執行方面可能出現了若干的問題，導致政策實施的結果與政策初始的期望落差甚大。由於集村農舍制度的成效有限，反而更加襯托出個別農舍的備受青睞，這又明顯異於多數學者、官員對於個別農舍所持的負面態度。因此，吾人欲從這兩個並行制度的制度內容出發，以實際的案例進行農舍制度在規則、組織、執行層面的比較分析，據以提出下列的結論與建議。 一、研究結論 （一）個別農舍在搜尋成本、監督成本、執行成本、時間成本等交易成本上遠較集村農舍來得低廉，加上政府提供給集村農舍的誘因相對不足與個別農舍選擇的高度自由，使得目前農民在申請興建農舍時仍以個別農舍為主要的選擇。 （二）個別農舍有建築樣式的選擇自由、交易成本較低等優點，也有容易成為治安死角、公共設施不足等缺點；而集村農舍相對的有建築樣式的選擇不自由、交易成本較高等缺點，以及能夠守望相助、公共設施充足等優點。 （三）作為中央政府政策代理者的地方政府，時常會缺乏對於制度變遷的適應性（adaptation）與執行時的專業能力，加上又必須面對執政權力來源的選民壓力，所以其執行成效往往在中央政府之期待與地方選民之要求間做拉扯，而很有可能因此偏離了政策的原始理念。 二、政策建議 （一）儘速檢討集村農舍制度的偏差以回歸原始之優良理念，並僅允許集村結合原有的鄉村區去作興建，而不准許蛙躍式的、點狀式的集村興建。 （二）現在多數的個別農舍都是屬於別墅型的個別農舍與居住型的個別農舍，而與真正的農業生產經營沒什麼相關性，因此這些不符合農舍原始定義的個別農舍，應該沒有再繼續申請興建的理由，僅有農用型的個別農舍可以有限度的開放興建。 （三）目前農舍管理所面臨到的難題，多少都與完全地開放自然人進入農地市場有關，而在農發條例因為諸多現實的政治因素而難以付諸修改的情況之下，唯有從嚴認定欲申請興建農舍者的資格、加強稽查農舍的違規情形、取消部分農舍不合理的稅賦優惠，才有可能減少機會行為的發生與農舍的不斷蔓延。 （四）在中央政府組織ㄧ個事權統一的農地與農舍的主管機關，以減少目前農舍主管機關業務重疊的情形，並在地方政府正式設立一個專責農地與農舍問題的聯合審查小組，且直接地向中央的主管機關負責，以降低代理問題產生的機會。 關鍵詞: 個別農舍、集村農舍、交易成本、雙重代理、制度變遷、自我執行 、第三者執行 / The implementation of farmhouse institution has been 6 years since year 2000. From the official statistics, the individual farmhouse is still the main choice for farmers. This reveals that the cluster farmhouse which adopts and promotes by government authority has some shortcomings. In addition, the owners who own cluster farmhouse are nothing to do with agricultural operation. These may result from the rules and enforcement of cluster farmhouse. Therefore, this study conducts a comparative analysis of formal and informal rules of individual and cluster farmhouse so as to understand the reasons why farmers do not choose the cluster farmhouse with incentives provided by central government. The main conclusion and policy suggestions for farmhouse are as follows: 1. The transaction costs including searching cost, policing cost and enforcement costs for individual farmhouse is much low than that for cluster farmhouse. In addition, the incentive provided from government for cluster farmhouse is not enough. The above two reasons lead to the result that individual farmhouse is the main choice for farmers. 2. The advantage of individual farmhouse is the freedom of varied style choice and low transaction cost while its shortcoming is safety problem and lack of public facilities. The advantage and shortcoming of cluster farmhouse are opposite from individual farmhouse. 3. The implementation of farmhouse is influence by the lack of adaptation of local government, professional comprehensive and election pressure so that the implantation is different from the original basic concept of farmhouse. 4. Policy recommendation: （1） To review the original basic concept of farmhouse and to encourage the cluster farmhouse together with country district rather the scatter development. （2） To review the definition of farmhouse so that all the farmhouse can be use for agricultural function instead of accommodation. （3） To cancel the tax exemption for farmhouse that is not use for agriculture so as to prevent the opportunity behaviors. （4） To unify the responsible authority in central government so as to prevent the agency problems of implementation.

Viena iš valstybingumo pamatų, laidojanti jos tvirtumą yra šeimos institucija ir šeimos mitas. Šeimos mitas – žmonijos asmeninis laukas, kur susiduria tradicijos, taisyklės, kultūros, interesai, vyriškas ir moteriškas pradai. Puoselėjame šeimą kaip vertybę, galinčią duoti ir išugdyti visuomeniškai sąmoningą asmenybę, suvokiančią savo reikšmę ir aktyviau dalyvaujančią socialinime gyvenime. Jaunąją kartą stiprina ir palaiko vyresniųjų teigiamas pavyzdys, kuris skatina sekti jų pavyzdžiu. Laikas negailestingai atskiria vienus šeimos narius nuo kitų, naujų epochų dvelksmas diktuoja naujas būties taisykles ir kitus – naujus iškylančių problemų sprendimus. Besikeičianti aplinka ir laikas nulemia mūsų būtį. Savo baigiamąjį darbą – autorinę knygą, albumą pavadinau – UŽRAŠAI. Tai nėra mokslininko pastabos apie sudėtingą ir klaidžią žmogiškąją prigimtį, veikiau darbas su šeimos relikvijomis, rinkimas informacijos apie šeimą, jos istoriją. Albumas pasitarnauja kaip medžiaga iliustruoti šeimos praeičiai arba kurti ateitį. Jame pateikiamas mano šeimos – paprastų kaimo žmonių gyvenimas. Pasitelkdama vieną iš išraiškos priemonių – piešinį, perteikiau šeimos kasdieninę buitį. Šiuo savo darbu apibendrinu visos mūsų tautos, nykstančio kaimo gyventojo likimą. Viskas kinta, tad tokio Lietuvos kaimo žmogaus – tradicinio sodiečio nebematysime jau niekada. / One of the founding principles of nationhood, which displays its stability, is the institution of family and its myth. The family myth is humanity‘s personal field where traditions, rules, cultures, interests, male, and female natures collide. We cherish the family as a virtue, which can produce and foster a socially responsible person, who understands his or her significance and actively participates in her community. Younger generations are strengthened and motivated by the elders’ positive example, which encourage them to follow their lead. Time unscrupulously separates family members from others; the dawn of new ages dictates new laws of existence and other new ways to solve problems. The passage of time and the changing environment determines our being. I call my final year project “Notes”, which is an authorial book. They are not observations of a scientist about the difficult and meandering human nature, rather it is a work with a family reliquary, a gathering of information about the family and its history. The album as a source helps with illustrating its past and helps with creating a new future. In it the life of my family as simple country folk is presented. By the expressive medium of drawing, I rendered my family’s everyday life. In this project I summarise the fate of the dying country life in our whole nation. Everything changes, therefore we will never again witness such a Lithuanian farmhouse lifestyle.

This study focuses on interpreting the archaeological evidence from the Huddleston House farmstead, in Wayne County, Indiana. Four generations of Huddleston families called the farmstead their home. A diachronic perspective is used to reconstruct the historic landscape and economic changes over time. This thesis uses statistical analysis of data contained within primary documents to gain historical context. Fluctuating economic conditions and the passing of the frontier greatly influenced local and regional roles within the larger global economy. This thesis explains the effects these changes had on farm families like the Huddlestons. Local economic trends are established through documentary analysis. Exploring the level of congruence between the Huddleston family and the local trend, and then using that information to interpret the archaeological evidence was the goal of this research. In addition, archaeological evidence is used to link specific households to specific deposits. / Theory and methods -- Regional culture history and literature review -- Huddleston extended family history -- Historical context : nineteenth century regional and global agricultural trend -- Historical context : reconstructing local econmic trends -- Archaeological analysis -- Secondary analysis and interpretatio. / Department of Anthropology

The aim of this thesis is project documentation of the revitalization of a farming estate for living purposes. The complex includes four buildings in the city of Vitín in Southern Bohemia. Originally built in the 17th century, this estate falls under the care of historical monuments. This thesis deals with rehabilitation of wet masonry and reconstructing three buildings of the estate. The original perimeter walls are mixed, a gabled roof. Building A and C are two floored, building B is one floor. Presently only building C is used for living, the others serve as storage. Part of the reconstruction includes an extension wind lobby, indoor parking for a personal automobile, and a conservatory. The new structures are designed from aerated concrete Ytong blocks, Liapor and sprayed insulation made of polyurethane foam.

農地價格隨著研究立場不同，而具有多元的價格型態，本研究採農業使用的角度，以收益法求取宜蘭縣三星鄉的農地價格，將之與實價登錄成交資料比較，並應用多元迴歸分析影響成交價格與收益價格差距的可能因素。 研究結果發現在民國89年後所新辦的農地重劃地區將增加農地的轉用壓力，且當新辦重劃地區內成交農地臨路寬度愈大，則成交價格與收益價格差距愈發明顯，表示新辦重劃區內道路寬度的設計已超出農用基本需求，而增加農地變更使用的可能，此與農地重劃擴大農場經營之目標相互衝突。但透過公約機制與生產制度面的改良，農業經營專區則可能減少農地的變更使用，進而達到保護農業生產環境的理想。另外，在三星鄉內，農舍的興建將擴大農地價差關係，促使農地轉用價值上升，且影響隨著時間遞嬗日益彰顯，顯示農地已面臨愈來愈高的轉用壓力。 / This study looks at difference between income approach value and transaction price at Sanxing Township, Yilan County. With different point of view, the agricultural land will have diversified value types, such as market value and use value. To begin with, we conduct income approach to determine agricultural land value as pure use value. Then, we compare it with transaction price from government statistics, calculating the gap between income approach values and real selling price. Finally, we apply multiple regression analysis to find price gap influence factors. The empirical model presents special agricultural enterprise zones may reduce agricultural land development pressure, and therefore could protect agricultural production environment. But, when at recent constructed agricultural land readjustment area, agricultural land will face much more development pressure which has violated land consolidation objects. Research also indicates that our land face much more development pressure with evolution of the time.

影響農地價格之因素，隨著市場條件之差異，如土地使用管制或農地政策而有所不同。歸納我國過去有關農地價格研究之文獻，對於東部農地市場之研究較少，且鮮少探討自然景觀因素對於農地價格之影響。對於東部農地價格之研究，可能遺漏重要的影響因素。因此本研究探討影響花蓮縣農地價格之因素，且加入自然景觀作為研究變數，以觀察自然景觀對於花蓮縣農地價格之影響。又農業發展條例於民國89年修正後，准許農民在其自有農地興建農舍。故本研究將農地樣本分為得興建農舍及不得興建農舍之農地，進一步比較自然景觀對農地價格之影響於兩者之間有無差異。由於本研究選取之農地，為其興建之農舍皆得作為民宿使用之樣本，因此，本研究加入衡量市場對於民宿需求之變數，探討市場對於民宿之需求，是否加深自然景觀對於農地價格之影響。 　　本研究以民國101年8月至103年12月花蓮縣非都市農地實價登錄資料作為研究樣本，透過線性迴歸模型，探討包括自然景觀因素在內之各項因素對於花蓮縣農地價格之影響。實證結果觀察到：對於花蓮縣農地市場，農地是否得興建農舍為自然景觀是否會影響農地價格之主因，且自然景觀對於農地價格之影響，受到市場對於民宿之需求而有所差異。基於上述，本研究研究結論如下：一、自然景觀因素影響花蓮「得興建農舍」之農地價格，但不影響「不得興建農舍」之農地價格。二、農舍作為民宿使用機率變高時，將加深自然景觀之價格效果。 / Factors that affect the price of the farmland vary in different market conditions, such as land use regulation or farmland policy. Previous studies on farmland prices is found to have paid little attention to farmland market in eastern Taiwan, and rarely discuss the amenity of natural landscape that might also affect the price of farmland. Lack of studies may lead to ignore the important factors of farmland price in eastern Taiwan. This study discusses the factors that affect the price of farmland in Hualien County, and adds the natural landscape as the independent variables so as to observe how natural landscape affect the farmland price in Hualien County. After Agricultural Development Act amended in 2000, farmers are allowed to construct individual farmhouses on their own farmland. Therefore, we split the data into farmland in which construction of farmhouse is allowed and farmland otherwise. Furthermore, we compare the difference between two types of farmland. Because the farmland where the farmhouses are allowed to construct are also permitted to operate the Bed and Breakfast, we also add the independent variables of the market demand for the Bed and Breakfast. In so doing, we are able to investigate whether the market demand for the Bed and Breakfast increases the natural landscape that affect the price of farmland. We choose the non-urban farmland price registration data from August 2012 to December 2014 in Hualien County. The linear regression model is used to analyze how various factors including natural landscape affect the farmland price in Hualien County. Based on the empirical results, three conclusions are arrived at below: First, factors of natural landscape only affect the price of farmland which allow for construction of farmhouses, but not affect the price of farmland where construction of farmhouses are forbidden. Second, farmhouses that are permitted to operate the Bed and Breakfast will increase the price effect of natural landscape.

目前台灣地區農村發展之生產與生活面功能係由農地重劃、農村社區土地重劃及農地興建農舍等三個制度執行來達成，其中透過農地重劃達經濟面之生產功能，而藉由農村社區土地重劃與農地興建農舍制度提供生活面之需求。然制度個別執行之結果，不僅導致生產農地之破壞與流失，亦增加農地利用之交易成本。面臨這些問題，生產農地之維護為當務之急。雖然長期以來農地重劃為維護農地生產力之主要制度，但由於農地重劃之發展受到制度變遷路徑相依之影響，不易因應社會變遷而改變其只具單一生產功能之制度內涵，故若要同時達到農村地區之生產與生活功能，或可透過農地重劃之制度調整解決問題並兼顧生產與生活功能之農村發展。 　　因此本研究基於制度變遷之理論基礎，針對台灣地區實施農地重劃之制度變遷進行分析，探討於社經環境變動過程，農地重劃所扮演角色之轉變，以為檢視現行農地重劃制度問題之基礎。並透過政府嘗試結合辦理農地重劃與農村社區土地重劃進行個案分析，揭示目前農村地區追求生產與生活功能同時兼備之必要性，以及於現行制度環境下，二個制度進行結合辦理之制度調整方向，產生了執行時程、重劃負擔及土地分配等問題與困難。故本研究進一步提出三個制度調整方案，利用ANP之多準則決策分析方法，評選出於多功能農地重劃之制度調整發展方向，為兼顧生產與生活等多功能目標之最佳制度調整方案。此外，針對多功能農地重劃制度之調整提出制度環境面與執行機制面之政策性建議，期望能對正在研擬與即將立法之農村再生條例草案中，整合型農地重劃之研擬與方向，提供於制度結合或制度創新上有所助益。 / Farmland consolidation institution in Taiwan has only been applied to improve the production environment during the past 50 years. Nowadays, due to the dramatic change of social and economic environment in Taiwan as well as the tendency of multifunctional rural community and agricultural development, the institution is due to proper consideration to be altered. In addition, the separately enforcement of three institutions i.e. farmland consolidation, building of farmhouse and rural community consolidation, results in the serious pollution of agricultural environment and the loss of high- quality farmland. How to adjust the current institution of farmland consolidation so as to reach the objectives of both better production and living environment in rural areas is an important issue. This study, based on the institutional change theory, investigates the changing role of farmland consolidation in Taiwan. Moreover, examines the problems of integrating farmland consolidation and rural community land readjustment at Shihfen area located in Tainan County Cigou Towship is examined. After literatures review and the investigation of farmhouse as well as farmland use problems, proposes three alternative institutions of farmland consolidation. Analytical Network Process (ANP) Approach is employed to evaluate. Furthermore, the criteria and implication of the choosing institution are discussed so as to benefit the framework of integrated farmland consolidation in the Bill of the Revival of Rural Community.

The Diploma thesis deals with the realisation of the reconstruction of a farmhouse in the village of Všeradov. The main task of this thesis is to produce a constructional preparation of the project for the complete reconstruction of the ceiling and wall construction of the farmhouse and to create a new attic flat. All constructional modifications need to be in accordance with the requirements of CHKO Žďárské vrchy as the building belongs to a large protected zone. The aim of this thesis is to make a constructional and technological project which is feasible from financial, time and technological point of view.