The aim of this essay is to discuss some of the shared legacies of oppression between queerness, femininity, and fatness in order to theorize a form of activism that can do justice to these intersecting identities. A key component of this is to discuss the complexities of negotiating the shame and pride that go hand in hand with stigmatized identities, a project recently taken up by queer theorists that has yet to be well represented in fat studies or activist circles. This essay will engage with conversations happening in queer theory and fat studies about shame as it relates to the politics of attachment. I hope to begin a conversation about how to organize effective activist circles that can do justice to queer fat femmes' complex relationships with visibility, embodiment and community building. / text

Foram utilizados 60 novilhos Hereford e Braford, para determinar as relações entre as medidas tradicionais nas carcaças e por ultrassom e as suas relações com os pesos e os rendimentos dos principais cortes comerciais brasileiros do traseiro pistola de novilhos terminados a pasto. Os cortes avaliados foram alcatra, coxão de dentro, coxão de fora, lagarto, lombo, filé mignon, maminha, músculo mole, músculo duro, patinho e a picanha. Os novilhos foram pesados e avaliados por ultrassom 48 h pré abate em que foram coletadas as medidas in vivo de área do músculo longissimus e espessura de gordura subcutânea entre a 12ª e a 13ª costelas, a espessura de gordura na picanha e a profundidade do músculo Gluteus medius. As correlações entre a espessura de gordura na carcaça (EGSC) e a espessura de gordura por ultrassom (EGSUS) foram de 0,93; para área do músculo longissimus medida na carcaça (AOLC) e por ultrassom (AOLUS) foi de 0,89. A medida de profundidade do músculo Gluteus medius apresentou correlação moderada com as medidas de AOLC e AOLUS de 0,42 e 0,34. Os dados foram utilizados para desenvolver equações de predição para o peso e o rendimento de cortes individuais do traseiro utilizando o procedimento de seleção de variáveis Stepwise. As medidas obtidas na carcaça explicaram de 11% a 74% na variação do peso dos cortes comerciais do traseiro e de 2% a 15% da percentagem dos cortes comerciais do traseiro pistola. As medidas in vivo por ultrassom explicaram de 18% a 71% da variação do peso dos cortes do traseiro e de 3% a 29% na variação da percentagem dos cortes comerciais do traseiro pistola. Os modelos de predição para o peso dos cortes individuais por ultrassom são tão acurados quanto os modelos que utilizam as medidas relativas à carcaça. Os resultados indicaram que o ultrassom pode estimar o peso dos cortes individuais e que as equações desenvolvidas podem ser úteis para estimar o peso dos cortes do traseiro. / Sixty animals Hereford and Braford steers were evaluated to define the correlations among traditional measurements in beef cattle and by ultrasound and its relations whit the weights and retail value from the main Brazilian commercial cuts of from pistola hindquarter of the steers finished on pasture. The cuts avalueted were alcatra, coxão de dentro, coxão de fora, lagarto, lombo, filé mignon, maminha, músculo mole, músculo duro, patinho e a picanha. Steers were weighed and ultrasonically measured for 48 h before slaughter where ultrasonic images were collected from longissimus muscle area, 12th- rib backfat thickness, rump fat thickness and the Gluteus medius muscle depth. The correlation among carcass fat thickness (CFAT) whit fat thickness by ultrasound (UFAT) was 0.93, and carcass longissimus muscle area (CLMA) whit measured by ultrasound (ULMA) and carcass was 0.89. The correlation among Gluteus medius depth whit carcass longissimus muscle and ultrasound longissimus muscle area was 0.42 and 0.34. The data were used to develop prediction equations for weight and of high-value cuts percentage of pistol hindquarter used the Stepwise procedure. Measurements taken directly in the carcass explained 11% to 74% of variation in high-value cuts weight and 2% to 15% of high-value cuts percentage of pistol hindquarter. Live measurements explained 18% to 71% of variation in high-value cuts weight and 3% to 29% of variation in high-value cuts percentages of high-value cuts of pistola hindquarter. The ultrasound can be used to estimate the relationship between in vivo measurements and weights and yields of individual cuts of high commercial value in the steers with finished on pasture. Prediction models for the individual cuts weight using ultrasound are as accurate as the models that use measures relating to carcass. The models that estimate the yield of individual cuts of hindquarter do not present high value of prediction.

Foram utilizados 60 novilhos Hereford e Braford, para determinar as relações entre as medidas tradicionais nas carcaças e por ultrassom e as suas relações com os pesos e os rendimentos dos principais cortes comerciais brasileiros do traseiro pistola de novilhos terminados a pasto. Os cortes avaliados foram alcatra, coxão de dentro, coxão de fora, lagarto, lombo, filé mignon, maminha, músculo mole, músculo duro, patinho e a picanha. Os novilhos foram pesados e avaliados por ultrassom 48 h pré abate em que foram coletadas as medidas in vivo de área do músculo longissimus e espessura de gordura subcutânea entre a 12ª e a 13ª costelas, a espessura de gordura na picanha e a profundidade do músculo Gluteus medius. As correlações entre a espessura de gordura na carcaça (EGSC) e a espessura de gordura por ultrassom (EGSUS) foram de 0,93; para área do músculo longissimus medida na carcaça (AOLC) e por ultrassom (AOLUS) foi de 0,89. A medida de profundidade do músculo Gluteus medius apresentou correlação moderada com as medidas de AOLC e AOLUS de 0,42 e 0,34. Os dados foram utilizados para desenvolver equações de predição para o peso e o rendimento de cortes individuais do traseiro utilizando o procedimento de seleção de variáveis Stepwise. As medidas obtidas na carcaça explicaram de 11% a 74% na variação do peso dos cortes comerciais do traseiro e de 2% a 15% da percentagem dos cortes comerciais do traseiro pistola. As medidas in vivo por ultrassom explicaram de 18% a 71% da variação do peso dos cortes do traseiro e de 3% a 29% na variação da percentagem dos cortes comerciais do traseiro pistola. Os modelos de predição para o peso dos cortes individuais por ultrassom são tão acurados quanto os modelos que utilizam as medidas relativas à carcaça. Os resultados indicaram que o ultrassom pode estimar o peso dos cortes individuais e que as equações desenvolvidas podem ser úteis para estimar o peso dos cortes do traseiro. / Sixty animals Hereford and Braford steers were evaluated to define the correlations among traditional measurements in beef cattle and by ultrasound and its relations whit the weights and retail value from the main Brazilian commercial cuts of from pistola hindquarter of the steers finished on pasture. The cuts avalueted were alcatra, coxão de dentro, coxão de fora, lagarto, lombo, filé mignon, maminha, músculo mole, músculo duro, patinho e a picanha. Steers were weighed and ultrasonically measured for 48 h before slaughter where ultrasonic images were collected from longissimus muscle area, 12th- rib backfat thickness, rump fat thickness and the Gluteus medius muscle depth. The correlation among carcass fat thickness (CFAT) whit fat thickness by ultrasound (UFAT) was 0.93, and carcass longissimus muscle area (CLMA) whit measured by ultrasound (ULMA) and carcass was 0.89. The correlation among Gluteus medius depth whit carcass longissimus muscle and ultrasound longissimus muscle area was 0.42 and 0.34. The data were used to develop prediction equations for weight and of high-value cuts percentage of pistol hindquarter used the Stepwise procedure. Measurements taken directly in the carcass explained 11% to 74% of variation in high-value cuts weight and 2% to 15% of high-value cuts percentage of pistol hindquarter. Live measurements explained 18% to 71% of variation in high-value cuts weight and 3% to 29% of variation in high-value cuts percentages of high-value cuts of pistola hindquarter. The ultrasound can be used to estimate the relationship between in vivo measurements and weights and yields of individual cuts of high commercial value in the steers with finished on pasture. Prediction models for the individual cuts weight using ultrasound are as accurate as the models that use measures relating to carcass. The models that estimate the yield of individual cuts of hindquarter do not present high value of prediction.

Foram utilizados 60 novilhos Hereford e Braford, para determinar as relações entre as medidas tradicionais nas carcaças e por ultrassom e as suas relações com os pesos e os rendimentos dos principais cortes comerciais brasileiros do traseiro pistola de novilhos terminados a pasto. Os cortes avaliados foram alcatra, coxão de dentro, coxão de fora, lagarto, lombo, filé mignon, maminha, músculo mole, músculo duro, patinho e a picanha. Os novilhos foram pesados e avaliados por ultrassom 48 h pré abate em que foram coletadas as medidas in vivo de área do músculo longissimus e espessura de gordura subcutânea entre a 12ª e a 13ª costelas, a espessura de gordura na picanha e a profundidade do músculo Gluteus medius. As correlações entre a espessura de gordura na carcaça (EGSC) e a espessura de gordura por ultrassom (EGSUS) foram de 0,93; para área do músculo longissimus medida na carcaça (AOLC) e por ultrassom (AOLUS) foi de 0,89. A medida de profundidade do músculo Gluteus medius apresentou correlação moderada com as medidas de AOLC e AOLUS de 0,42 e 0,34. Os dados foram utilizados para desenvolver equações de predição para o peso e o rendimento de cortes individuais do traseiro utilizando o procedimento de seleção de variáveis Stepwise. As medidas obtidas na carcaça explicaram de 11% a 74% na variação do peso dos cortes comerciais do traseiro e de 2% a 15% da percentagem dos cortes comerciais do traseiro pistola. As medidas in vivo por ultrassom explicaram de 18% a 71% da variação do peso dos cortes do traseiro e de 3% a 29% na variação da percentagem dos cortes comerciais do traseiro pistola. Os modelos de predição para o peso dos cortes individuais por ultrassom são tão acurados quanto os modelos que utilizam as medidas relativas à carcaça. Os resultados indicaram que o ultrassom pode estimar o peso dos cortes individuais e que as equações desenvolvidas podem ser úteis para estimar o peso dos cortes do traseiro. / Sixty animals Hereford and Braford steers were evaluated to define the correlations among traditional measurements in beef cattle and by ultrasound and its relations whit the weights and retail value from the main Brazilian commercial cuts of from pistola hindquarter of the steers finished on pasture. The cuts avalueted were alcatra, coxão de dentro, coxão de fora, lagarto, lombo, filé mignon, maminha, músculo mole, músculo duro, patinho e a picanha. Steers were weighed and ultrasonically measured for 48 h before slaughter where ultrasonic images were collected from longissimus muscle area, 12th- rib backfat thickness, rump fat thickness and the Gluteus medius muscle depth. The correlation among carcass fat thickness (CFAT) whit fat thickness by ultrasound (UFAT) was 0.93, and carcass longissimus muscle area (CLMA) whit measured by ultrasound (ULMA) and carcass was 0.89. The correlation among Gluteus medius depth whit carcass longissimus muscle and ultrasound longissimus muscle area was 0.42 and 0.34. The data were used to develop prediction equations for weight and of high-value cuts percentage of pistol hindquarter used the Stepwise procedure. Measurements taken directly in the carcass explained 11% to 74% of variation in high-value cuts weight and 2% to 15% of high-value cuts percentage of pistol hindquarter. Live measurements explained 18% to 71% of variation in high-value cuts weight and 3% to 29% of variation in high-value cuts percentages of high-value cuts of pistola hindquarter. The ultrasound can be used to estimate the relationship between in vivo measurements and weights and yields of individual cuts of high commercial value in the steers with finished on pasture. Prediction models for the individual cuts weight using ultrasound are as accurate as the models that use measures relating to carcass. The models that estimate the yield of individual cuts of hindquarter do not present high value of prediction.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-04-27T11:46:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Jose Ferreira Batista da Silva.pdf: 1382560 bytes, checksum: d010f504b9e9d5d144eaab5aaf10a917 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-27T11:46:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Jose Ferreira Batista da Silva.pdf: 1382560 bytes, checksum: d010f504b9e9d5d144eaab5aaf10a917 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28 / This study aimed to describe the yield of carcass and meat quality of crossbred and Rubia Gallega breeds Nelore. Were slaughtered 102 males mated Rubia Gallega x Nelore with an average age of 24 months, raised and fed on Brachiaria brizantha and confined for the last 100 days before slaughter receiving commercial concentrate. The variables measured were body weight at the farm (PVF), weight and hot carcass yield (carcass weight and WHR) and cold (PCF and RCF), weight and yields of the forward (PD and RD), rib (PC and RC) and back (PT and RT), twenty-four hour pH (pH 24), loin eye area (LEA) and backfat thickness (EGSC). Staining was evaluated following the L * a * b *, tenderness and cooking loss. The averages were 528.67 kg, 290.59 kg, 55.11%, 285.10 kg, 53.91%, 144.43 kg, 40.07%, 29.48 kg, 10.34%; 141.19 kg and 49.58% for the PVF, HCW, HCY, PCF, RCF, PD, RD, PC, RC, PT and RT, respectively. AOL average was 91.0 cm ² and EGSC average was 1.59 mm. The average value of tenderness was 6.35 kgf and the values obtained for meat color L * a * b * were 38.8, 10.92 and 12.29, respectively. In this study the pH 24 was 5.81 and the average cooking loss was 25.57%. The variables PVF, CCW, CC, PD, PC, PT and DR were positively correlated with the quantitative characteristics of the carcass. None of the variables of carcass quality, related only to the color L * a * b *, fat thickness and loin eye area were shown to be positively correlated with the qualitative characteristics. The crossing of the Rubia Gallega and Nelore breeds were shown to be promising for production cuts of higher commercial value, however, the values of softness and thickness of subcutaneous fat were not satisfactory to meet the demands of today's market. / Esse trabalho teve por objetivo descrever o rendimento da carcaça e características físicas da carne de animais cruzados entre as raças Rubia Gallega e Nelore. Foram abatidos 102 machos cruzados Rubia Gallega x Nelore com média de idade de 24 meses, criados e alimentados em pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha e confinados durante os últimos 100 dias antes do abate, recebendo concentrado comercial. As variáveis avaliadas foram peso vivo na fazenda (PVF), peso e rendimento das carcaças quente (PCQ e RCQ) e fria (PCF e RCF), peso e rendimentos do dianteiro (PD e RD), costilhar (PC e RC) e traseiro (PT e RT), pH vinte quatro horas (pH 24), área de olho de lombo (AOL) e a espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGSC). Foi avaliada a coloração, a maciez e a perda por cocção. As médias encontradas foram: 528,67 kg; 290,59 kg; 55,11%; 285,10 kg; 53,91%; 144,43 kg; 40,07%; 29,48 kg; 10,34%; 141,19 kg e 49,58%, para o PVF, PCQ, RCQ, PCF, RCF, PD, RD, PC, RC, PT e RT, respectivamente. A AOL média foi de 91,0 cm² e a EGSC média foi de 1,59 mm. O valor médio da maciez foi de 6,35 kgf e os valores obtidos para cor da carne L*; a* e b* foram 38,8; 10,92 e 12,29, respectivamente. O valor do pH 24 médio encontrado foi de 5,81 e a perda por cocção, de 25,57%. As varáveis PVF, PCQ, PCF, CC, PD, PC, PT e RD foram correlacionadas positivamente com as características quantitativas da carcaça. Já para as variáveis de qualidade da carcaça, apenas as relacionadas a cor L*, a* e b*, espessura de gordura subcutânea e área de olho de lombo mostra-se correlacionadas positivamente com as características qualitativas. O cruzamento das raças Rubia Gallega e Nelore mostraram-se promissor para produção de cortes de maior valor comercial, no entanto, os valores de maciez e espessura de gordura subcutânea não foram satisfatórios para atender as exigências do mercado atual.

The aim of this work was to develop knowledge about and awareness of fatness stigmatization from a systemic perspective. The stigmatization of fat people was located as a social problem in a second-order reality in which human fatness is observed and responded to, in turn providing it with negative meaning. Four separate studies of processes involved in this systemic stigmatization were performed. In study I, the association between weight and psychological distress was investigated. When controlling for an age-gender variable, this association was almost erased, questioning the certainty by which a higher weight in general is approached as a medical issue. In study II, the focus was on stigma internalization where negative and positive responses combined were connected to fat individuals’ distress. We found that both responses seemed to have a larger impact on fat individuals, suggesting that the embodied stigma of being fat sensitizes them to responses in general. In study III, justifications of fatness stigmatization was explored by a content analysis of a reality TV weight-loss show. The analysis showed how explicit bullying of a fat partner could be justified by animating the thin Self as violated by the fat Other, thus downplaying the evils of the bullying act in favor of highlighting the ideological value of thinness. The implications of these studies were related and seated in a context comprising a historical aversion toward the fat body, a declared obesity epidemic, a new public health ideology, a documented failure to reverse this obesity epidemic, and a market of weight-loss stakeholders who thrive on keeping the negative meanings of being fat alive. The stigmatization of fat people was intelligible from a systemic perspective, where processes of structural ignorance, internalized self-discrimination, and applied prejudice reinforce each other to form a larger stigmatizing process. In paper IV, it was argued that viewing fatness stigmatization as oppression rather than misrecognition could hold transformative keys to social change. / There are social groups in society that are categorically connected, for example by their physical, cultural or psychological markers. For political, or moral, reasons, some of these groups seem to trigger special attention in form of forceful response processes at several societal levels. This is the case with the contemporary ‘obesity epidemic’ phenomenon; postulated by the World Health Organization as one of the most severe threats to the health of future mankind. One of the downsides with such special attention is that the fat individuals find themselves caught up in seemingly unavoidable processes of devaluation. Instead of investigating the catastrophic (well-known) psycho-social consequences of these individuals, this work focuses on connecting the devaluing processes that form a systemic stigmatization of fat individuals. From this critical perspective, it is argued that the pervasive stigmatization of fat people is not an unfortunate consequence of structural norms that passively exclude its ‘non-fits’, but an intelligible outcome of a highly active set of processes that continuously construct and re-construct a historical aversion towards fat people.

[pt] Gorduras trans são definidas pelo Codex Alimentarius como ácidos graxos insaturados que contém pelo menos uma dupla ligação trans. As gorduras trans de origem industrial são formadas durante a transformação pela hidrogenação parcial de óleos vegetais líquidos em gorduras semi-sólidas. Estas são amplamente usadas na fabricação de alimentos processados. Em 2002, um relatório da FAO/OMS, apresentou prova convincente de que a ingestão de gorduras trans aumentava efetivamente o risco de doenças cardiovasculares, e recomendou que seu consumo não deveria exceder 1% das calorias diárias ingeridas. Mesmo antes desse marco, diversas abordagens já haviam sido perseguidas por organizações governamentais e de saúde pública em diferentes países para reduzir o consumo desse tipo de gordura. No Brasil, através da resolução no360 da Anvisa de 2003, tornou-se obrigatória a declaração do conteúdo de gordura trans a partir de 2006. Esta dissertação apresenta a evolução e, analisa e avalia os processos regulatórios ligados à redução da gordura trans em alimentos nas experiências da Dinamarca, do Canadá e dos Estados Unidos, identificando as melhores práticas e lições nas experiências destes, contrapondo-as à experiência brasileira. A dissertação conclui destacando o papel da metrologia na qualificação da política pública para saúde, assim como outros aspectos derivados do diagnóstico dos diferentes estudos de caso levados a cabo. O estudo finaliza com a produção de recomendações para o refino e aprimoramento das ações de política pública e da regulação brasileira para a questão. / [en] Trans fats are defined by the Codex Alimentarius as unsaturated fatty acids containing at least a trans double bond. Industrially produced trans fats are formed in the course of the transformation through partial hydrogenation of liquid vegetable oils into semi-solid fats. They are amply used in the production of processed foodstuffs. In 2002, a FAO/WHO report presented convincing proof linking trans fat intake and the risk for developing cardiovascular disease, recommending that its daily consumption should not exceed 1% of total energy intake. Even before this milestone, several approaches had been pursued by government and public health organizations in different countries to reduce trans fat consumption. In Brazil, Anvisa’s 2003 resolution no360 established nutrition labeling of the trans fat content mandatory from 2006. This thesis presents the evolution and analyses and assesses the regulatory processes for reducing trans fats in foodstuffs in Denmark, Canada, and the United States, seeking to identify lessons and best practices in their experiences to contrast with the Brazilian one. The thesis concludes by highlighting the role of metrology in qualifying health policy as well as other aspects derived from the analysis of the case studies. At the end, the study makes some recommendations for refining and improving Brazilian public policy actions and regulation addressing this issue.

[pt] A partir da década de 80 o corpo passou a ser tema da moda, objeto de preocupação dos estudiosos e fonte de angústia para as mulheres. Em uma sociedade onde o corpo, além de objeto de consumo, passa a ser lócus privilegiado da construção identitária feminina, a relação com o próprio corpo acaba por tornar-se desprazerosa e persecutória. O presente trabalho busca explicitar como as atitudes em relação à feiúra, quer seja ver-se feio ou atribuir feiúra ao outro, revelam mudanças na forma de lidar com o corpo, que por sua vez produzem vínculos sociais até então não evidenciados. Tomando a gordura como o paradigma da feiúra, três práticas de intervenção corporal são utilizadas como pesquisa de campo a fim de ilustrar os recurso utilizados pelas mulheres para escaparem do que consideram a feiúra. São elas: as academias de ginástica, as cirurgias plásticas e as cirurgias bariátricas. A autora ressalta como a imagem da mulher e do feminino continua associada à da beleza, havendo cada vez menos tolerância para os desvios nos padrões estéticos socialmente estabelecidos. A feiúra, associada à gordura, é, segundo as entrevistadas uma das mais presentes formas de exclusão social feminina. / [en] From the eighties on, body awareness became a fashion, an academic theme, as well as a major source of anxiety for women. In a society, where in addition of being seen as merchandise, the body is more than ever, the privileged locus of identitary construction. Facing such unattainable goals and such impossible ideals, women are due to have a very anxious and persecutory relationship with their own bodies.The thesis deals with the prejudice which ugly women are faced with. Associated with fatness, ugliness became one of the worst socially tolerated forms of prejudice. Historically associated with beauty, women are the ones who suffer the most. The author points out how socially acceptable it became to discriminate ugly people. The study is based on a field research where three body practices are examined: gym academies, plastic surgery and bariatric surgery Taking obesity or mere fatness as the paradigm of ugliness, the author points out how intolerant society became of those who deviate from what the body culture has established as normal.

[pt] A presente pesquisa de doutorado tem como objetivo analisar o uso que algumas mulheres fazem da rede social para emagrecer na contemporaneidade. De maneira mais específica, como o Instagram foi incorporado à rotina de mulheres que buscavam eliminar o excesso de peso, através da abertura de uma conta fitness virtual exclusiva para compartilhar a sua prática diária de exercícios físicos e alimentar. Foram entrevistadas 28 mulheres brasileiras entre 19 e 40 anos que eliminaram de 10 a 80 quilos no período de um ano através do compartilhamento diário de fotos e informações acerca do seu processo de emagrecimento no Instagram. Como resultado da pesquisa, foi constatada a importância do grupo (curtidas, comentários positivos e re-compartilhamentos) para a manutenção da busca pelo objetivo primário que, em muitos casos, expandia o espaço das redes sociais para a vida off-line. Além disso, o registro diário das mudanças corporais no diário de telas virtual possibilitou a crença de que seria possível talhar o corpo para atingir o objetivo almejado: emagrecer. Nesse contexto, a tecnologia se coloca como instrumento fundamental que possibilita a conexão e interação entre pessoas. A rede social se tornou o espaço de sociabilidade na contemporaneidade, podendo conectar pessoas que se assemelham em estilo ou objetivo de vida, como é o caso das #instafitness. A partir do uso comum da rede, mulheres se encontram e formam um grupo cuja finalidade é a mesma: perder peso. A formação grupal se torna um aspecto importante, na medida em que um espaço na virtualidade, que reflete o olhar, se constrói com a finalidade de partilhar sentimentos e emoções dolorosas sobre o corpo acima do peso e a dificuldade de se inserir no universo feminino em virtude da gordura. / [en] The article aims to explore the women s use of social media as a tool for losing weight. Instagram was integrated to the daily routine of women that were seeking to eliminate fat excess by opening an exclusive account to share their regular routine of exercises and diet. Data for this study were based on 38 interviews of Brazilian women aged between 19-40 years old, which reduced up to 80 pounds in one year just by sharing their virtual diary of pictures (contents of exercises and meals) on Instagram. The outcome results remark the importance of the group (likes, positive comments and shares) for the maintenance of the primary objective that, in many cases, expanded to the offline life. Furthermore, the daily record in the virtual screen diary of the body changes increased the belief that it would be possible to tame the body to achieve their main goal: lose weight. In this context, technology becomes an important instrument that enables connection and interaction. The social network has become the space of sociability in the contemporaneity, being able to connect people who in similar style or objective of life, as the case of instafitness. From the common use of the network, women meet and form groups whose have the same purpose. Group formation is an relevant aspect, because it creates a virtual space, that reflects the regard, with the purpose of sharing painful feelings and emotions regarding the overweight body and the difficulty of being seen as part of feminine universe because of the fat.

The brothel has an important role in Latin American literature and film. The fictional brothel is expected to produce gender in both men and women, but these gendered identities are placed at the extremes within the bordello. This gender extremism creates opposition, or gender transgression, in the characters of twentieth-century Latin American narrative and film. Here I map the brothelized iteration of both genders through prohibitions, taboo, abjection, and violence within various texts and films. Much of the discipline of this cultural production of gender rests on the body. The body must bear the mark of its gender or the character risks violent consequences. Fatness plays an important role in this sexual economy, because fatness destroys gender, pushing the subject toward an androgyny that other characters reject or hate. Though the brothel has been studied before, it has not been analyzed from this gendered perspective. / text