The aim of the diploma thesis is to analyze the mechanisms involved in the coagulation of peptides and proteins contained in cellular organic matter produced by Microcystis aeruginosa, and to describe their influence on the coagulation of hydrophobic kaolin suspension. According to the results of jar tests, the coagulation effectiveness and removability of COM peptides/proteins and kaolin particles are heavily dependent on pH value which determines charge characteristics of peptides/proteins, kaolin and hydrolysis products of coagulant and therefore the prevailing mechanisms of interactions between them. Efficient coagulation and the highest removal of COM peptides and proteins were achieved in the pH range of 4-6 due to charge neutralization of peptide/protein negative surface by positively charged hydrolysis products of ferric coagulant. Peptides and proteins contributed to the coagulation of kaolin particles under the reaction conditions mentioned above, too. Charge neutralization and adsorption were found to be the dominant coagulation mechanisms under these conditions. At a low COM/Fe concentration ratio (COM/Fe < 0.33), adsorption of peptides/proteins onto ferric oxide-hydroxide particles, described as the electrostatic patch model, enabled the coagulation in the pH range of 6-8. On the...

Dans cette étude, un nouveau complexe de fer est utilisé dans des processus d’oxydation avancée pour la dégradation de polluants organiques présents dans l’eau. Le fer ferrique (Fe(III)) et l’acide éthylène diamine-N,N’-disuccinique (EDDS) forment un complexe Fe(III)-EDDS dont la structure a été mise en évidence durant ce travail. Les propriétés photochimiques du complexe ont ensuite été évaluées en fonction de différents paramètres physico-chimiques dont le pH qui est apparu comme un paramètre clé pour l’efficacité des processus testés. Ensuite nous avons donc travaillé sur l’utilisation de ce complexe dans les processus de Fenton modifié, photo-Fenton et comme activateur des persulfates (S2O82-). Nos expériences ont été réalisées en présence du 4-tert-butylphénol (4-t-BP) qui est connu pour être un perturbateur endocrinien. Nous avons ensuite mis en évidence les conditions optimales du traitement pour la dégradation du 4-t-BP. Il est apparu que le pH joue un rôle très important et qu’en présence de ce complexe de fer, l’efficacité est plus importante pour des pH neutre ou légèrement basique. L’identification des radicaux oxydants responsables de la dégradation du polluant a également été réalisée. Dans ce cadre nous avons montré que le radical sulfate joue un rôle plus important que le radical hydroxyle lors du processus d’activation des persulfates. / Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) have been proved to be successfully applied in the treatment of sewage. It can decolorize the wastewater, reduce the toxicity of pollutants, convert the pollutants to be a biodegradable by-product and achieve the completed mineralization of the organic pollutants. The Fenton technologies which are performed by iron-activated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to produce hydroxyl radical (HO•) has been widely investigated in the past few decades. Recently, Sulfate radical (SO4•-) which was produced by the activation of persulfate (S2O82-) is applied to the degradation of organic pollutants in water and soil. It is a new technology recently developed. It is also believed to be one of the most promising advanced oxidation technologies.In this study, a new iron complex is introduced to the traditional Fenton reaction. The ferric iron (Fe(III)) and Ethylene diamine-N,N′-disuccinic acid (EDDS) formed the complex named Fe(III)-EDDS. It can overcome the main disadvantage of traditional Fenton technology, which is the fact that traditional Fenton technology can only perform high efficiency in acidic condition. Simultaneously, EDDS is biodegradable and it is one of the best environment-friendly complexing agents. On the other hand, the transition metal is able to activate S2O82- to generate SO4•-. Therefore, Fe(III)-EDDS will also be applied to activate S2O82- in the present study. 4-tert-Butylphenol (4-t-BP) has been chosen as a target pollutant in this study. It is widely used as a chemical raw material and is classified as endocrine disrupting chemicals due to the estrogenic effects. The 4-t-BP degradation rate (R4-t-BP) is used to indicate the efficiency of the advanced oxidation processes which are based on Fe(III)-EDDS utilization. The main contents and conclusions of this research are shown as follows:In the first part, the chemical structure and properties of Fe(III)-EDDS and the 4-t-BP degradation efficiency in UV/Fe(III)-EDDS system were studied. The results showed that Fe(III)-EDDS was a stable complex which was formed by the Fe(III) and EDDS with the molar ratio 1:1. From the photoredox process of Fe(III)-EDDS, the formation of hydroxyl radical was confirmed including that HO• is the main species responsible for the degradation of 4-t-BP in aqueous solution. Ferrous ion (Fe(II)) was also formed during the reaction. With the increasing Fe(III)-EDDS concentration, 4-t-BP degradation rate increased but is inhibited when the Fe(III)-EDDS concentration was too high. Indeed, Fe(III)-EDDS is the scavenger of HO•. pH value had a significant effect on the degradation efficiency of 4-t-BP that was enhanced under neutral or alkaline conditions. On the one hand, Fe(III)-EDDS presented in the FeL-, Fe(OH)L2-, Fe(OH)2L3-, Fe(OH)4- four different forms under different pH conditions and they had different sensitivity to the UV light. On the other hand, pH value affected the cycle between Fe(III) and Fe(II ). The formation of hydroperoxy radicals (HO2•) and superoxide radical anions (O2•-) (pka = 4.88) as a function of pH was also one of the reasons. It was observed that O2 was an important parameter affecting the efficiency of this process. This effect of O2 is mainly due to its important role during the oxidation of the first radical formed on the pollutant. (...)

Grande parte dos componentes mecânicos e estruturas são solicitados por carregamentos que variam com o tempo e frequentemente falham por fadiga. Neste sentido, é indubitável que o modo de falha por fadiga seja considerado no projeto mecânico de componentes, equipamentos e estruturas sujeitas a carregamentos cíclicos. Os livros de projetos de máquinas ainda são os mais utilizados na indústria como referência teórica e prática ao dimensionamento contra a fadiga de produtos. Entretanto, muitos deles ainda não incluem as últimas descobertas e metodologias mais modernas para o cálculo de durabilidade de estruturas. Adicionalmente, de uma maneira geral, grande parte dos livros especializados em fadiga também não trazem informações detalhadas sobre a previsão de vida em fadiga sob a ótica do projeto mecânico, como a análise utilizando critérios de Fadiga Multiaxial e a análise de fadiga baseada em Elementos Finitos (FE-Based Fatigue Analysis). Baseado neste cenário, este trabalho tem o objetivo de propor um procedimento para avaliar a vida em fadiga de componentes e estruturas reunindo os métodos mais recentes utilizados nesta área. Dentre os vários assuntos incluídos no procedimento proposto, destacam-se: as importantes contribuições propostas pelo Conselho Alemão de Pesquisa em Engenharia (FKM-Guideline); a utilização de Análise por Elementos Finitos (FEA) na previsão de vida em fadiga; o cálculo do fator de tensão média utilizando pseudo tensões provenientes de FEA; a contabilização do efeito de entalhe em componentes com geometria complexa utilizando o Método do Gradiente de Tensão Relativo em conjunto com FEA, que pode ser aplicado tanto em carregamento uniaxial quanto em carregamento multiaxial; a contabilização do dano por fadiga em carregamento multiaxial de amplitude variável; a densidade da malha de elementos finitos adequada para utilizar em fadiga computacional; e a aplicação da teoria e dos critérios de Fadiga Multiaxial, principalmente em FE-Based Fatigue Analyses, cuja utilização é imprescindível em estruturas sujeitas a tensões cíclicas em mais de uma direção (x,y,z). / Most of mechanical components and structures are subjected to time varying loading and therefore often present fatigue failure. Therefore, it is essential to consider the fatigue failure mode in the project of components, machines and structures under cyclic loading. Design of Machine Elements books are still the most used in industry as theoretical and practical reference for designing products against fatigue. However, many of them still do not include the latest findings and methodologies used in fatigue life assessment of structures. Additionally, overall, most of the specialized fatigue books also do not include detailed information about fatigue life assessment in a mechanical project view, as the fatigue analysis using Multiaxial Fatigue criteria and the fatigue life prediction using the Finite Element Method (FE-Based Fatigue Analysis). Based on this fact, this thesis proposes a procedure for predicting component and structures fatigue life, gathering together the most recent methods used in the fatigue area. Among the several subjects included in this procedure, we can highlight: the important contributions of the German Engineering Research Council (FKM-Guideline); the use of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in the fatigue life assessment; the calculation of the mean stress factor using the pseudo stresses from FEA; the computation of the notch eect in geometrically complex components using the Relative Stress Gradient Method in conjunction with FEA, method which can be applied both in uniaxial loading and multiaxial loading; the estimation of the fatigue damage in structures under variable amplitude multiaxial fatigue loading; the selection of an adequate Finite Element mesh density to use in computational fatigue; and the aplication of the Multiaxial Fatigue theory and criteria, specially in FE-Based Fatigue Analyses, of which use is essential in structures under ciclic stresses in 2 or 3 directions (x,y,z).

Die vorliegende Arbeit untergliedert sich in drei aufeinander aufbauende Themenkomplexe. Der erste Komplex umfasst Untersuchungen zum Nachweis und zur Quantifizierung von Beugungsanteilen in der ioneninduzierten Elektronenemission (IILEED). Dazu wurden bei der streifenden Streuung schneller He und H -Ionen an Cu(001) energiedispersive zweidimensionale Winkelverteilungen emittierter Elektronen aufgenommen. Es konnten reflexartige Intensitäten in der ioneninduzierten Elektronenemission nachgewiesen werden, deren Raumwinkeländerungen in Abhängigkeit von Anregungsrichtung und Detektionsenergie mittels einer modifizierten Ewaldkonstruktion quantitativ nachvollziehbar sind. Die beobachteten Beugungsstrukturen geben Aufschluss über den ursächlichen elektronischen Anregungsprozess an der Oberfläche. Im zweiten Teil wird die ioneninduzierten Elektronenemission beim Wachstum ultradünner 3d-Übergangsmetallfilme (Co, Fe, Mn) auf Cu(001) untersucht. Die streng zum jeweiligen Wachstumsstadium korrelierten Änderungen der Energiespektren und Anzahlverteilungen emittierter Elektronen (SEE-Oszillationen), sind hauptsächlich auf binäre Stossprozesse der Projektile mit Stufenkanten zurückzuführen. Die SEE-Oszillationen können zur in-situ Wachstumsanalyse und Bedeckungsbestimmung ultradünner Filme herangezogen werden. Im dritten Abschnitt wird eine neue Messmethode zur Analyse komplex rekonstruierter Oberflächenstrukturen vorgestellt. Die Methode der „Ionenstrahltriangulation“ (IST) basiert auf der relativen Änderung der Anzahlverteilung emittierter Elektronen bei azimutaler Drehung der Probenoberfläche. Bestimmt werden die azimutale Richtung und die relative Breite von Oberflächenkanälen in der obersten atomaren Lage. Die Registrierung der pro Streuprozess emittierten Elektronenanzahl eröffnet erstmalig eine quantitative Simulation von IST-Messkurven. Auf dieser Grundlage können mittels IST die lateralen Atompositionen langreichweitig geordneter Oberflächenstrukturen auf mehrere hundertstel Angström genau festgelegt werden. Das hohe strukturanalytische Potential dieser Messmethode demonstrieren IST-Untersuchungen an den Strukturphasen der Systeme Mn/Cu(001) und Fe/Cu(001). / H+ and He+ ions with an energy of 25 keV are scattered under a grazing angle of incidence from a clean and flat Cu(001) surface. For specific azimuthal orientations of the crystal surface with respect to low index directions in the surface plane we observe the ion induced emission of electrons with a conventional LEED (low energy electron diffraction) setup. By operating the instrument in an energy dispersive mode we find intensity distributions of emitted electrons which can unequivocally be ascribed to diffraction effects at the target surface. From this ion induced LEED-reflexes (IILEED) we get important information about the electron excitation- and emission effects during the scattering process. In the second part of this work we investigate the correlation between thin-film growth (Co, Fe, Mn on Cu(001)) and electron emission in the regime of grazing ion scattering. The “rough” surface of uncompleted layers increase the probability of binary collisions of incident ions with individual atoms at the surface. The energy spectras and the number distribution of emitted electrons are substantially influenced by these “violent” collisions and allow us to monitor growth of thin films via simple measurements of target current or from energy spectra of emitted electrons. The method provides excellent signals and is also applicable in the regime of poor layer growth. By making use of ion beam triangulation (IBT), direct information on the atomic structure of thin films and substrate surfaces is obtained. We discuss in the third part of this work a new variant of this method based on the detection of the number of emitted electrons. The data are analyzed via computer simulations using classical mechanics which provides a quantitative analysis with respect to projectile trajectories. This new detection scheme allows the determination of the in-plane structure of reconstructed thin films and surfaces with high precision. The impressed potential of this method is demonstrated by quantitative analysis of the structural phases of Fe and Mn on Cu(001).

O cinturão Fíngoè é uma unidade tectônica do Supercontinente Gondwana Oeste composta por rochas supracrustais formadas há aproximadamente 1.33 Ga. Essas rochas são portadoras de mineralizações de Au, Cu, Zn, Pb e Fe. Com cerca de 150 km de comprimento, e orientado WSW-ENE, este cinturão estende-se desde o Monte Atchiza a oeste até cerca de 30 km para leste da vila de Fíngoè no norte de Moçambique e consiste de uma extensa variedade de rochas metassedimentares e metavulcânicas. O cinturão Fíngoè apresenta especialização metalogenética para Au e Cu, que já foram explotados no passado em diversos locais. Muitos destes registros estão associados com magnetita e malaquita. Atualmente trabalhos de prospecção e pesquisa mineral têm sido realizados pela empresa de mineração African Queen Mines Ltda, através do projeto denominado de King Solomons, localizado na parte central do mesmo. A geologia da área abrangida pelo prospecto Mankombiti, mostra uma predominância de rochas carbonáticas, granitos e gabros. As rochas carbonáticas são consideradas importantes na gênese de depósitos tipo skarn e depósitos de substituição de metais de base e Au devido à sua natureza fortemente reativa. Os dados geocronológicos realizados neste trabalho indicaram uma idade precisa para a rocha intrusiva granítica associada à mineralização de 1079,1 ± 8,2 Ma, que poderia ser a idade da formação do skarn e consequentemente desta mineralização. Entretanto a idade obtida para o processo de alteração hidrotermal que afetou o gabro, na ordem de 657 ± 36 Ma e a idade modelo Pb-Pb sugerida pelo modelo de Stacey e Kramers (1975) para a calcopirita da mineralização principal de 725 Ma, sugerem que a mineralização, do prospecto Mankombiti é neoproterozóica. Para melhor entendimento dos processos que estiveram envolvidos na formação deste depósito skarn, duas hipóteses são consideradas: (i) poderia ser admitida a presença de corpos graníticos intrusivos em 700 Ma, situados em profundidade, que não foram ainda caracterizados, como responsáveis pela fonte de calor necessária, (ii) pode ser admitida ocorrência de um evento distensional em 700 Ma que produziria um adelgaçamento da litosfera e a consequente ascensão da astenosfera, produzindo uma elevação do fluxo térmico gerando os fluidos mineralizantes necessários. / The Fíngoè belt is a tectonic unit of West Gondwana Supercontinent, comprised of supracrustal rocks formed at approximately 1.33 Ga. These rocks are carriers of Au, Cu, Zn, Pb and Fe mineralization. With about 150 km long and oriented WSW- ENE, this belt extends from west of the Atchiza Mount to about 30 km east of the Fíngoè village in the north Mozambique, and consists of an extensive variety of metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks. The Fíngoè metallogenic belt provides specialization for Au and Cu, which have been exploited in the past in various locations. Many of these records are associated with magnetite and malachite. Currently, the prospecting and mineral exploration have been conducted by the African Queen Mines Ltd mining company, through a project called the King Solomons, located in the central part of it. The geology of the studied area shows a predominance of carbonate rocks, granites and gabbros. The carbonate rocks are considered important in the genesis of the skarn deposits type and deposits of replacement for base metals and Au due to its highly reactive nature. The geochronological data performed in this work indicate a precise age of the 1079.1 ± 8.2 Ma for the intrusive granitic rock associated with mineralization, which could be interpreted as the age of the skarn and consequently of the mineralization. However the age obtained for the hydrothermal alteration that affected the gabbro at about 657 ± 36 Ma and the Pb-Pb model age suggested by the model of Stacey and Kramers (1975) for primary chalcopyrite mineralization at 725 Ma, suggesting that the mineralization of the Mankombiti prospectus was developed during the Neoproterozoic time. For understanding the processes that were involved in the skarn-type mineralization processes, two hypotheses are here considered: (i) could be admitted the presence of i ntrusive granitic rocks at 700 Ma, situated in depth, which have not yet been characterized, as responsible for the heat source required, (ii) may be admitted occurrence of an extensional event at 700 Ma to produce a thinning of the lithosphere and the uplift of the asthenosphere, producing high thermal flows generating the mineralization fluids.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:42:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VIVIANE TELEGINSKI.pdf: 4135573 bytes, checksum: d862e0fdfd063afd1dec2d86b22b4031 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-31 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / In this work, the aerospace alloy Al–1.5wt.%Fe was submitted to laser surface remelting (LSR). This process occurs thought the application of a localized laser radiation with high power density, causing fast heating and melting of the irradiated material, following with high rates of cooling causing the non-equilibrium solidification of the treated layer. In the present work a broad experimental survey was made in relation to microstructure, composition of the resulting phases, morphology characterization, microhardness and corrosion resistance of the treated layer and the results were compared with the untreated sample. Predictions through the numerical simulation were done relative to the thermal history, heating and cooling cycles, the depth of the treated layer and the thermal stress caused by sudden heating and cooling of the treated layer. The results indicate that the high cooling rates of the order of 104 K/s promoted the formation of metastable intermetallic phases and oxides. Due to the laser treatment there was an increase in microhardness, reduction in surface roughness and there was an increase in corrosion resistance about fourteen times on the studied electrolyte. These results indicate that laser surface remelting is an effective tool for upgrade the surface quality of parts that require high level performances. The RSL technique is a modern technology for surface processing and it is being applied in industry such as automotive, aerospace and energy. / Neste trabalho a liga aeroespacial Al–1,5%Fe foi submetida ao tratamento de refusão superficial a laser (RSL). O processo ocorre através da aplicação localizada da radiação laser com alta densidade de potência, acontecendo um rápido aquecimento e fusão do material irradiado, seguido de um resfriamento com taxas elevadas sendo que a solidificação da camada tratada ocorre em condições fora de equilíbrio. No presente trabalho realizou-se um amplo levantamento experimental quanto à microestrutura, composição das fases resultantes, característica da morfologia, microdureza e resistência à corrosão da camada tratada e os resultados foram comparados com a amostra não tratada. Através da simulação numérica foram previstos o histórico térmico, ciclos de aquecimento, resfriamento, profundidade da camada tratada e as tensões termicamente induzidas pelo brusco aquecimento e resfriamento provocado pelo processamento. Os resultados indicam que em consequência do resfriamento com taxas da ordem de 104 K/s houve a formação de fases intermetálicas metaestáveis e óxidos. Houve um aumento da dureza, redução da rugosidade superficial e aumento da resistência à corrosão em torno de quatorze vezes no eletrólito de ácido sulfúrico 0,1 mol/L. Estes resultados indicam que o tratamento de refusão superficial a laser é uma eficiente ferramenta para aprimorar a qualidade superficial de peças que exigem alto nível de desempenho. A técnica de RSL é uma tecnologia moderna de processamento superficial e vem sendo aplicada nas indústrias como automobilística, aeroespacial e de energia.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:43:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jean Cleber Bertoni.pdf: 7862049 bytes, checksum: 4c77f7ebc3fc211aac8ad8a7de58ccad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-30 / There are currently extensive research on aluminum alloys, mainly due to its wide application in the automotive and aerospace industries, due to the following characteristics, among them, low density, high thermal conductivity and high corrosion resistance at room temperature. Al-Fe alloys have a high degree of microstructural change due to changes in their properties when appropriate techniques are applied. The Al-Fe alloy was studied in the composition of 1.5% Fe by weight, which was subjected to the treatment laser surface remelting in order to enhance its surface characteristics. The characterization of these alloys in order to determine the variation of the chemical composition at different depths was performed by Grazzing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXRD). In this technique, the angle of incidence of the X-ray beam was fixed and the detector moved in 2θ, it is possible to obtain the XRD patterns at different depths by varying the angle of incidence. In this work, the characterizations the micro and nano structural sample of alloy Al-1.5wt.%Fe treated by laser surface remelting (LSR) were performed, on the treated surface, as well as the transverse section, this study was performed at treated samples surface and at the isolated weld fillet on samples, where were applied laser beam speeds of 20, 40 and 60 mm / s. In this study we used different characterization techniques, such as, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, together with atomic force microscopy, and the Vickers hardness. Also in this work the technique of GIXRD was used to obtain depth profiles of near the surface chemical composition of the alloy. The analysis was performed in the micrometer range varying the angle of incidence between 0.5° to 6° in steps of 0.5° and analysis with incident angles 3° and 6° in steps of 0.02° for each 10 sec. As a result by examining the microstructure was characterized melted zone, the heat affected zone and the substrate, a particular features were found for each velocity of the laser beam, generally the treated area showed a more homogenous microstructure consisting of grains smaller feature, with low roughness and high hardness. The heat affected zone was more notorious the morphology of grains elongated feature in the treated and untreated interface for low laser beam scanning velocities. By means of the technique of X-ray diffraction various metastable phases were found, such as aluminum oxide, nitrides, etc., with different intensities of peaks as a consequence of the variation of angle of incidence. / Atualmente há uma ampla investigação sobre ligas de alumínio, principalmente devido a sua larga aplicação na indústria automotiva e aeroespacial, devido as seguintes características, entre elas, a baixa densidade, alta condutividade térmica e elevada resistência à corrosão a temperatura ambiente. Ligas de Al-Fe possuem um alto grau de modificação microestrutural, devido a mudanças em suas propriedades quando técnicas adequadas forem aplicadas. A liga Al-Fe foi estudada na composição de 1,5% de Fe em peso, a qual foi submetida ao tratamento de refusão superficial a laser de modo a aprimorar suas características superficiais. A caracterização dessas ligas com a finalidade de determinar à variação de composição química em diferentes profundidades foi realizado mediante a difração de raios X com ângulo de incidência rasante (DRXIR). Nesta técnica, o ângulo de incidência do feixe de raios X foi fixado e o detector moveu-se em 2θ, sendo possível obter os difratogramas em diferentes profundidades com a variação do ângulo de incidência. Neste trabalho, as caracterizações a nível micro e nano estrutural das amostras da liga Al-1,5%Fe tratadas por refusão superficial a laser (RSL) foram realizadas, tanto na superfície tratada e bem como na parte transversal, este estudo foi realizado nas amostras tratadas em toda a superfície, quanto nas amostras com trilhas isoladas que foram aplicadas as velocidades de feixe laser de 20, 40 e 60 mm/s. Para isso foram utilizados diferentes técnicas de caracterização, tais como, microscópio ótico, microscópio eletrônico de varredura, espectroscopia por energia dispersiva, acompanhada da microscopia de força atômica, bem como da microdureza Vickers. Também neste trabalho a técnica de DRXIR foi utilizada para obtenção de perfis de profundidade da composição química próxima à superfície da liga. A análise foi realizada em escala micrométrica por meio da variação do ângulo de incidência entre 0,5° a 6° com passos de 0,5°, bem como as análises com ângulos incidentes de 3º e 6º com passos de 0,02º a cada 10 s. Como resultado mediante o estudo microestrutural foram caracterizados a zona fundida, a zona afetada termicamente e o substrato, sendo encontradas características particulares para cada velocidade do feixe de laser, de modo geral a zona tratada mostrou ter uma característica microestrutural mais homogênea formada por grãos menores, com baixa rugosidade e de alta dureza. A zona afetada termicamente mostrou ser mais notória a morfologia de grãos com característica alongada na interface tratada e não tratada para baixas velocidades de varredura do feixe laser. Por meio da técnica de difração de raios X diferentes fases metaestáveis foram encontradas, tais como, óxido de alumínio, nitretos, etc, com diferentes intensidades de picos como consequência da variação do ângulo de incidência.

Les propriétés magnétiques et mécaniques des alliages Fe-49%Co-2%V et Fe-27%Co, utilisés respectivement dans les générateurs et les transformateurs électriques de l’aéronef, ont été étudiées en fonction des traitements thermiques. Concernant le Fe-49%Co-2%V, les résultats expérimentaux ont montré que les propriétés magnétiques et mécaniques dépendent de la distance entre les interfaces qui séparent les cristallites présents dans la microstructure et ceci quel que soit le taux de recristallisation. Le champ coercitif dépend linéairement de l’inverse de la distance entre ces interfaces et la limite d’élasticité suit une loi de Hall et Petch modifiée pour tenir compte des sous-joints. De plus, une relation linéaire entre la contrainte de friction de la loi de Hall et Petch avec le taux d’ordre à grande distance mesuré par diffraction de neutrons a été établie. Finalement, en s’appuyant sur l’expérience, une loi polynomiale de degré deux reliant les pertes magnétiques et la limite d’élasticité a été proposée. Concernant l’alliage Fe-27%Co, un suivi de l’évolution de la composante de Goss {011}<100> pendant le processus de fabrication a été réalisé. Cette composante est recherchée car favorable pour les propriétés magnétiques. Il a été trouvé que l’origine de cette texture est intimement liée au cisaillement développé lors du laminage à chaud. De plus, le développement de la texture {111}<112> de déformation à froid a été étudié. Le système de glissement {110}<111>, majoritairement activé, a été mis en évidence via un couplage d’analyses EBSD et de simulations VPSC. Au cours de la déformation plastique, les composantes de Goss et Cube tournée ({001}<110>) tournent afin de positionner leur plan {110} pour le glissement facile. Ces rotations, respectivement de 35° et 55° autour de la direction transverse, permettent de former la composante {111}<112>. / Magnetic and mechanical properties of Fe-49%Co-2%V and Fe-27%Co alloys, used in electric generators and transformers of the aircraft, have been investigated as a function of heat treatments. As regards to Fe-49%Co-2%V alloy, experimental results have shown that the magnetic and mechanical properties depend on the boundary spacing, which separate the microstructure crystallites, whatever the recrystallized fraction. The coercivity depends linearly on the inverse of the boundary spacing and the yield strength follows a modified Hall Petch relationship by taking into account the sub-grain size. Moreover, a linear relationship between the frictional stress and the long range order degree measured by neutron diffraction has been established. Finally, based on the experiment, a square polynomial degree relationship between the magnetic losses and the yield stress has been proposed. As respect to the Fe-27%Co alloy, the evolution of the {011}<100> Goss component during the manufacturing process has been investigated. This sought component is favorable for the magnetic properties of the sheet. It has been found that the origin of this texture is related to its development by shearing during hot rolling. Moreover, the development of the {111}<112> cold deformation texture was studied. It has been established by coupling EBSD analysis and simulation based on VPSC model that the {110}<111> system is the predominant active slip system during the plastic deformation. During the deformation, the Goss and the rotated Cube ({001}<110>) components, rotate of 35° and 55° respectively with regard to the transverse direction. That happens in order to place the active slip plane {110} in the favorable position for gliding to develop the {111}<112> component.

Les furocoumarines sont des métabolites secondaires qui dérivent de la voie de biosynthèse des phénylpropanoïdes. Ces phytoalexines interviennent notamment dans les mécanismes de défense des plantes tels que la résistance aux bioagresseurs. Le déterminisme moléculaire de cette voie de biosynthèse est encore mal connu mais il a néanmoins été démontré depuis les années 1960 que les enzymes catalysant les différentes étapes de la voie la synthèse des furocoumarines appartenaient à différentes familles. Les travaux présentés dans ce document se sont focalisés sur deux familles d'enzymes : les dioxygenases oxoglutarate dépendantes et les cytochromes P450s. La première étape de la voie de biosynthèse des furocoumarines consiste en une ortho-hydroxylation du p-coumarate qui mène à la formation de l'umbelliférone. Basé sur des travaux récents sur Arabidopsis, six gènes codants pour des dioxygénases ont été isolés chez Ruta graveolens, Citrus limetta et Pastinaca sativa. Les protéines correspondantes présentent plus de 58% d'identité avec la Féruloyle 6' Hydroxylase (F6'H) d'A. thaliana. La caractérisation fonctionnelle de ces enzymes a été réalisée dans un système d'expression hétérologue procaryote. Sur les 6 enzymes, trois n'ont pu être exprimée efficacement, et deux présentent une activité F6'H similaire à celle décrite pour A. thaliana. La dernière enzyme dispose de caractéristiques nouvelles non décrites à ce jour. Elle est en mesure de réaliser l'hydroxylation du féruloyle coA et du p-coumaroyle coA. Ces études in vitro ont été complétées par une exploration des fonctions de la protéine dans la plante. Une analyse fine du profil d'expression du gène a permis de mettre en évidence une expression qui est en corrélation avec le niveau de production d'umbelliférone. La fonction de la protéine a également été validée par une analyse des produits formés dans des feuilles de Nicotiana benthamiana transformées transitoirement. Les cytochromes P450 catalysent 60% des réactions de la voie de biosynthèse de furocoumarines. Un travail de criblage fonctionnel de cytochromes P450 identifiés au préalable chez Ammi majus et Thapsia garganica a été entrepris. Les analyses de bio-informatiques et les modifications apportées au niveau du mode opératoire pour l'expression dans la levure ont permis d'émettre des hypothèses concernant le rôle de certains P450 candidats. Ces travaux exploratoires et préliminaires font supposer de nouvelles conjectures relatives à cette voie de biosynthèse / Furanocoumarins are secondary metabolites deriving from the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway. These phytoalexins are especially involved in plant defense mechanisms against insects or phytopatogenous fungi and bacteria. The molecular control of this biosynthetic pathway is still poorly understood even though it has been demonstrated since the 1960s that enzymes catalyzing the different steps are belonging to different enzymatic families. The work presented here is focused on two enzyme families: oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenases and cytochrome P450s. The first step in the furanocoumarins biosynthetic pathway is the ortho-hydroxylation of p-coumarate, which leads to the formation of umbelliferone. Based on a recent work done on Arabidopsis, we isolated six genes encoding dioxygenases from Ruta graveolens, Citrus limetta and Pastinaca sativa. The corresponding proteins share more than 58% identity with the A. thaliana féruloyle 6' Hydroxylase (F6'H). The functional characterization of these enzymes was performed in a prokaryotic heterologous expression system. Of the six enzymes, three could not be functionnaly expressed and two exhibited a similar F6'H activity as described for A. thaliana. The last enzyme has new properties not described to date. It is able to achieve both hydroxylation of féruloyle CoA and p-coumaroyle CoA. These in vitro studies were completed by a functional exploration of the protein in planta. A detailed analysis of the gene expression pattern highlighted a link with the level of umbelliferone synthesis. The function of the protein was also confirmed by an analysis of the products formed in transiently transformed Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Cytochrome P450s catalyze 60% of the reactions of the furanocoumarin biosynthetic pathway. Therefore, a functional screening of cytochrome P450 previously identified in Ammi majus and Thapsia garganica was undertaken. The bioinformatic analyses and the changes undertaken in the procedure for expression in yeast allowed drawing hypotheses on the function of some of these P450 candidates. These exploratory and preliminary experiments allowed suggesting new hypotheses about the biosynthetic pathway

Grande parte dos componentes mecânicos e estruturas são solicitados por carregamentos que variam com o tempo e frequentemente falham por fadiga. Neste sentido, é indubitável que o modo de falha por fadiga seja considerado no projeto mecânico de componentes, equipamentos e estruturas sujeitas a carregamentos cíclicos. Os livros de projetos de máquinas ainda são os mais utilizados na indústria como referência teórica e prática ao dimensionamento contra a fadiga de produtos. Entretanto, muitos deles ainda não incluem as últimas descobertas e metodologias mais modernas para o cálculo de durabilidade de estruturas. Adicionalmente, de uma maneira geral, grande parte dos livros especializados em fadiga também não trazem informações detalhadas sobre a previsão de vida em fadiga sob a ótica do projeto mecânico, como a análise utilizando critérios de Fadiga Multiaxial e a análise de fadiga baseada em Elementos Finitos (FE-Based Fatigue Analysis). Baseado neste cenário, este trabalho tem o objetivo de propor um procedimento para avaliar a vida em fadiga de componentes e estruturas reunindo os métodos mais recentes utilizados nesta área. Dentre os vários assuntos incluídos no procedimento proposto, destacam-se: as importantes contribuições propostas pelo Conselho Alemão de Pesquisa em Engenharia (FKM-Guideline); a utilização de Análise por Elementos Finitos (FEA) na previsão de vida em fadiga; o cálculo do fator de tensão média utilizando pseudo tensões provenientes de FEA; a contabilização do efeito de entalhe em componentes com geometria complexa utilizando o Método do Gradiente de Tensão Relativo em conjunto com FEA, que pode ser aplicado tanto em carregamento uniaxial quanto em carregamento multiaxial; a contabilização do dano por fadiga em carregamento multiaxial de amplitude variável; a densidade da malha de elementos finitos adequada para utilizar em fadiga computacional; e a aplicação da teoria e dos critérios de Fadiga Multiaxial, principalmente em FE-Based Fatigue Analyses, cuja utilização é imprescindível em estruturas sujeitas a tensões cíclicas em mais de uma direção (x,y,z). / Most of mechanical components and structures are subjected to time varying loading and therefore often present fatigue failure. Therefore, it is essential to consider the fatigue failure mode in the project of components, machines and structures under cyclic loading. Design of Machine Elements books are still the most used in industry as theoretical and practical reference for designing products against fatigue. However, many of them still do not include the latest findings and methodologies used in fatigue life assessment of structures. Additionally, overall, most of the specialized fatigue books also do not include detailed information about fatigue life assessment in a mechanical project view, as the fatigue analysis using Multiaxial Fatigue criteria and the fatigue life prediction using the Finite Element Method (FE-Based Fatigue Analysis). Based on this fact, this thesis proposes a procedure for predicting component and structures fatigue life, gathering together the most recent methods used in the fatigue area. Among the several subjects included in this procedure, we can highlight: the important contributions of the German Engineering Research Council (FKM-Guideline); the use of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in the fatigue life assessment; the calculation of the mean stress factor using the pseudo stresses from FEA; the computation of the notch eect in geometrically complex components using the Relative Stress Gradient Method in conjunction with FEA, method which can be applied both in uniaxial loading and multiaxial loading; the estimation of the fatigue damage in structures under variable amplitude multiaxial fatigue loading; the selection of an adequate Finite Element mesh density to use in computational fatigue; and the aplication of the Multiaxial Fatigue theory and criteria, specially in FE-Based Fatigue Analyses, of which use is essential in structures under ciclic stresses in 2 or 3 directions (x,y,z).