In my thesis, I focus on the evolution of the Spanish poet Federico García Lorca's poetry, from his stay in Andalusia to the period he passed in New York. At first, we present avant-garde literary movements of that age. In detail we focus on the Generation 27, whose Lorca was member, and on the poetry the poets cultivated. In Lorca, firstly, we take a look at his life, his personality and then we divide his production into two periods: Andalusia - we take look at his lecture about "cante jondo" and at two books, Poem of cante jondo and Gipsy romances. New York - we approximate to Lorca's stay in New York and the country, and how the environment was reflected in his book of poems Poet in New York. In conclusion we summarize both periods of his production.

In this thesis, the main male characters in three of the plays written by Federico García Lorca are analysed with the aim of seeingthe role they play in the frustration of desire. After two chapters dedicated to a review of published critical studies on Lorca and tocertain theoretical considerations, Chapter Three examines desire drawing on Ubersfeld's actancial model and observes that thesemale characters can be divided into two groups: those who are desired and those who are undesired.In Chapter Four this classification is linked to an analysis of absence, prohibition and lack. Absence is here defined not asrelated to their non-appearance on stage but rather to their non-presence in the lives of the desiring female protagonists. It isobserved that a number of male characters are absent in the plays mainly due to death or a journey. As far as prohibition isconcerned, in two of the works, there is a moral code associated with concepts such as "honour" and "decency", which blocks thefemale characters' access to the males they desire. Chapter Four also shows how several characters can be considered as lacking inthe sense that they do not possess the ideal male qualities contained in the plays. This chapter reaches the conclusion that desiredmale characters are either absent or forbidden in the world of the desiring female, whereas undesired male characters are lacking inthe sense that they fail to live up to the ideal highlighted in the plays.Chapter Five analyses the female characters' perception of the male figures, making use of René Girard's notion of"transfiguration", which alludes to a process of idealisation of the object of desire. Our analysis reveals a connection betweendesire, denied access to the object of desire and transfiguration in the main subjects of desire. The phenomenon of "transfiguration"has several functions in the play: firstly, the creation of hyperbolical male characters; secondly, that of transmitting the intensity ofthe desire experienced and, finally, the highlighting of the lack of certain qualities in several male characters.We thus observe that, in these three plays written by García Lorca, Girard's pessimistic view of desire is confirmed, since desireneeds a series of obstacles, such as absence or prohibition, to survive. However, this is not the only explanation for the frustrationof desire: other factors, like the actions of certain male characters or destiny, also play a decisive role.

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La présente thèse, intitulée « De chaînes en trames: histoire nationale et vie privée dans le roman naturaliste et vériste », traite des liens d'ordre métaphorique et symbolique par lesquels la mise en scène de l'espace familial et du corps exprime la dynamique sociopolitique dans Les Rougon-Macquart (1871-1893) d'Émile Zola, I Vinti (1881-1889) de Giovanni Verga, I Viceré (1894) de Federico De Roberto et I vecchi e i giovani (1913) de Luigi Pirandello. À la jonction d'un certain nombre d'articles et d'essais critiques ayant interrogé, depuis le début des années 2000, l'écriture de la sphère domestique et de la « mécanique » biologique humaine dans le roman français et italien du long XlXe siècle, l'analyse comparatiste effectuée aborde divers motifs et figures du privé et de l'intime à l'intérieur des oeuvres à l'examen. Elle embrasse, plus particulièrement, quatre avenues de recherche principales, soit: 1) la dynamique intergénérationnelle et les rituels sociaux se déployant dans l'enceinte du logis ouvrier, de la casa patrimoniale, de l'hôtel bourgeois ou du palazzo aristocratique; 2) le mode d'inscription narrative du « personnage-mémoire » et des actants féminins, qui, dans les fictions envisagées, laissent entrevoir le sens de la fiumana deI progresso [du « fleuve du progrès »]; 3) la description des édifices et des espaces privés, qui gardent la trace de l'évolution des clans et de la mouvance des « strates » sociales; 4) enfin, le caractère expressionniste des pathologies, des dégénérescences physiques et des décès qui, à l'intérieur des récits considérés, renvoient l'image des « convulsions » historiques nationales. Privilégiant une approche avant tout sociohistorique et thématique, la réflexion critique entreprise s'appuie, notamment, sur les développements de Michelle Perrot, Marzio Barbagli et Michela De Giorgio sur la vie privée, la famille et la condition féminine en Europe et, notamment, en France et en Italie au XlXe siècle. Elle met également à profit des éléments de rhétorique et des concepts psychanalytiques lors même qu'elle adopte, ponctuellement, la méthode ethnocritique d'appréhension du texte romanesque, qui permet de déceler la marque de traditions populaires tels le carnaval et le charivari dans la structure dramatique des narrations à l'étude. Les conclusions dégagées en fin de parcours analytique s'accordent pour prouver que les intrigues du corpus, nourries de sujets historiques plus ou moins contemporains de l'époque de leur genèse -soit le Second Empire (1852-1870) en France de même que l'avant et l'après fondation du royaume d'Italie (1861) -, déploient un imaginaire littéraire associant intimement histoire sociopolitique et chronique familiale. Plusieurs facteurs sociaux majeurs, desquels on citera les révolutions française et darwinienne, l'ébranlement de l'idée de transcendance, la mutation des visées de l' histoire et l'essor de sciences humaines comme la sociologie et l'anthropologie, expliquent, en effet, que les auteurs à l'étude ait révélé, au travers de la dynamique des corps et de l'évolution des clans, la physionomie différenciée de leur époque. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Naturalisme, Vérisme, Émile Zola, Giovanni Verga, Federico De Roberto, Luigi Pirandello, Littérature, XIXe siècle, Vie privée, Histoire, Politique, Société, Corps, Représentation.

La presente ricerca fornisce l’edizione critica delle oltre quattrocento epistole inviate dalla contessa Margherita Trivulzio al figlio, il cardinal Federico Borromeo, nel corso del quindicennio 1586-1601. Lo studio di tale nucleo di missive permette non solo di gettare nuova luce sulla figura del Borromeo, approfondendo la trama delle sue relazioni familiari, ma consente soprattutto la messa a fuoco di un personaggio finora rimasto in ombra eppure meritevole di essere scoperto, quello della nobile Trivulzio. A partire dallo studio del materiale epistolografico esaminato, la presente indagine si propone infatti di ricostruire il profilo biografico, il retroterra religioso e il livello culturale della contessa – quest’ultimo indagato anche sul piano dell’analisi linguistica – offrendo al tempo stesso anche un possibile itinerario di lettura delle numerose lettere destinate al celebre fondatore della Biblioteca Ambrosiana di Milano. / This research provides the critical edition of over four hundred letters sent by the countess Margherita Trivulzio to her son, Cardinal Federico Borromeo, between 1586-1601. The study of this nucleus of letters allows one not only to shed new light on the figure of Borromeo, analysing his family relationships, but allows a particular focus on a personality, who has so far remained little known and yet worthy of being discovered: that of the noble Trivulzio. Starting from the study of the examined epistles, the following analysis aims to reconstruct the biographical profile, the religious background and the cultural importance of the countess – the latter being investigated as well in terms of linguistic analysis – while at the same time it offers a possible itinerary of reading the numerous letters addressed to the famous founder of the Ambrosian Library of Milan.

Composed for soprano, tenor, and baritone voices, woodwind, percussion, and string instruments, Three Voices is a polyglotic work that includes German, Chinese, and Spanish texts. The texts are chosen from Brecht Bertolt's Das Schiff, Po Chu I's Lang T'ao Sha, and Frederico Garcia Lorcá's Mar. Significant features of the piece are 1) application of Chinese operatic singing methods to vocal material in the sections that use Chinese text, 2) use of western instruments to emulate the sound of certain Chinese instruments, and 3) employment of Sprechstimme and dramatically inflected speech to create theatrical effects and highlight the sections that use German and Spanish texts.

Musical ekphrasis was occurring in the twentieth century in different centers around the world, Cuba: Andalusia, Spain; and Harlem, New York, simultaneously. The writers at the heart of this movement used poetry about music as a means to celebrate the cultures of the marginalized people in their lands, los negros, los gitanos, and African-Americans. The purpose of this study is to define musical ekphrasis and identify it in the works of Nicolás Guillén, Federico García Lorca, and Langston Hughes. Also explored are the common characteristics in ekphrastic poetry by the three poets and the common themes found in their ekphrastic poetry, as well as common influences. Each author is considered in the context of his surroundings and his respective culture, and how that influenced his musical tastes as well as his writing style.

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Die Untersuchung widmet sich der visuellen Thematisierung autoreferentieller Fragestellungen zur Genese sowie den Grundlagen und Zielen von Malerei in der italienischen Druckgraphik des ausgehenden 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts. Erstmals wird diese bildliche Auseinandersetzung mit abstrakten kunsttheoretischen Inhalten zum zentralen Untersuchungsgegenstand erklärt und anhand von vier hinsichtlich ihrer ikonographischen Dichte herausragenden druckgraphischen Beispielen - Federico Zuccaris Lamento della pittura, Pietro Testas Liceo della pittura, Salvator Rosas Genio di Salvator Rosa und Carlo Marattas Scuola del Disegno – vergleichend analysiert. Neben der Rekonstruktion der Entstehungszusammenhänge befasst sich die Analyse mit dem Verhältnis von Text und Bild, offenen Fragen der Ikonographie, der zeitgenössischen Verlagssituation sowie dem Adressatenkreis und somit schließlich der Motivation für jene komplexen bildlichen Reflexionen über Malerei. Als zentrale Gemeinsamkeit der kunsttheoretischen Blätter, welche im Kontext der römischen Akademiebewegung entstanden sind, konnte das Bestreben, die Malerei im Sinne einer Metawissenschaft über das neuzeitliche Wissenschaftspanorama hinauszuheben, erschlossen werden. Anhand einer umfassenden Neubewertung der einzigartigen Ikonographien wird erstmals aufgezeigt, dass dem Vergleich zwischen Malerei und Philosophie als der Mutter aller Wissenschaften in der visuellen Kunsttheorie des 17. Jahrhunderts eine vollkommen neuartige Bedeutung zukommt. Dieser hat neue Spielräume für die bildliche Definition des künstlerischen Selbstverständnisses eröffnet, die der traditionelle, aus dem Horazschen Diktum „Ut pictura poesis“ hervorgegangene Vergleich zwischen Malerei und Dichtung nicht in ausreichender Form bereit hielt. Folglich thematisiert die vorliegende Untersuchung auch die Frage nach dem spezifischen reflexiven Potenzial des Bildes, seiner medialen Autonomie und seiner möglichen Vorrangstellung gegenüber dem Medium der Sprache. / The study deals with the pictorial examination of self-implicating topics relating to the genesis, the fundamentals and the aims of painting by Italian printmaking of the late 16th and 17th century. For the first time, a research is focussed on the pictorial examination of abstract contents of art theory as shown in the selected and compared examples which are extraordinary regarding their iconographical concentration – the Lamento della pittura by Federico Zuccari, the Liceo della pittura by Pierto Testa, the Genio di Salvator Rosa by Salvator Rosa and the Scuola del Disegno by Carlo Maratta. Besides the reconstruction of the history of origins the research is dealing with the relationship of image and text, problems of iconography, the coeval publishing situation as well as the target audience of these prints and finally the motivation for those very complex visual reflections on painting. As essential similarity of those arttheoretical prints, which all araised within the context of the Roman Art Accademy, has been determined the ambition to specify painting as a kind of Meta-science, which is somehow superior to all other modern age sciences. By means of an extensive reevaluation of the unique iconography of every single sheet it became feasible to illustrate that the comparison between painting and philosophy as the origin of the entire spectrum of sciences has attained a completely new dimension within the pictorial art theory of the 17th century. The novel comparison has opened a wider range and diversity for the visual definition of the artists` self-conception compared to the traditional comparison between painting and poetry, as it emerged from the dictum „Ut pictura poesis“ by Horaz. Accordingly the study deals with the question of the particular reflexive capability of images, their medial autonomy and their potential primacy over language.

At the end of the 15th century in Bohemia penetrates the Renaissance style, which appeared in 1493 at the Prague Castle in the form of windows of the Vladislav Hall in the Old Royal Palace. Their appearance is historically and stylistically linked to the Buda Castle, where Vladislaus II. Jagiello relocated in 1490. Here he met the prime marble carvings of the court of Matthias Corvinus, for which worked Italian masters. Patterns of fragments of windows founded in Buda can find at the Palazzo Ducale of Federico da Montefeltro in Urbino, because Hungary was due Queen Beatrice of Aragon from Naples in live contact with Italy.