Foram utilizados 160 leitões recém-desmamados, com peso médio inicial de 6,43 ± 0,71 kg, com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos dos nucleotídeos sobre o desempenho, a frequência de diarreia, a morfometria de órgãos, a histologia do epitélio intestinal e a microbiota intestinal. Foram testados cinco tratamentos em um experimento em blocos casualizados, com oito repetições (blocos) por tratamento e quatro animais por unidade experimental (dois machos castrados e duas fêmeas). Os tratamentos foram: dieta basal à base de milho, farelo de soja, derivados lácteos e plasma com inclusão de 120 ppm de clorohidroxiquinolina (antimicrobiano) e dieta basal contendo 0, 100, 150 e 200 ppm de nucleotídeos. Para a determinação das variáveis de desempenho, os animais foram pesados ao 1º, 14º e 34º dia de experimentação e foram quantificadas as rações fornecidas e desperdiçadas. Para avaliar a frequência de diarreia, foram observadas presença e ausência de diarreia na baia, diariamente, no período da manhã. Ao final do experimento, um animal de cada baia (unidade experimental) foi abatido para avaliação da morfometria de órgãos (estômago vazio, intestino delgado vazio, pâncreas, fígado e baço) e da histologia do epitélio intestinal (altura e largura de vilosidade, profundidade de cripta, relação altura de vilosidade: profundidade de cripta), além da coleta de amostras do conteúdo do duodeno e do jejuno para avaliação da microbiota intestinal dos leitões (mesófilos, Gram positivos totais, Gram negativos totais, Lactobacillus spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus e Clostridium perfringens). No período de 1 a 14 dias de experimentação, as variáveis de desempenho não foram influenciadas (P>0,05) pelos tratamentos. Para o período total (1 a 34 dias), houve efeito linear benéfico da inclusão dos nucleotídeos no peso final (P=0,005; P34 = 0,0033X + 23,657, R2 = 0,87) e no ganho diário de peso (P=0,008; GDP = 0,0002X + 0,4955, R2 = 0,83) dos animais. Os leitões alimentados com o antibiótico tiveram menor (P=0,049) frequência de diarreia comparados aos animais alimentados com nucleotídeos no período de 1 a 14 dias de experimentação. Por outro lado, no período de 1 a 34 dias de experimentação, os tratamentos não afetaram (P>0,05) a frequência de diarreia, a morfometria de órgãos, a histologia do epitélio intestinal e a microbiota intestinal. Assim, de maneira geral, a inclusão de até 200 ppm de nucleotídeos em dietas complexas para leitões recém-desmamados melhora o desempenho dos animais, sem afetar a frequência de diarreia, a morfometria de órgãos, a histologia do epitélio intestinal e a microbiota intestinal de leitões na fase de creche. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary nucleotide levels on performance, occurrence of diarrhea, organ morphometry, intestinal histology and intestinal microbiota of weanling pigs fed complex diets containing corn, soybean meal, milk products, and spray-dried plasma. One hundred and sixty 21d-weaned pigs, averaging 6.43 ± 0.71 kg BW, were used in a randomized complete block design experiment with 5 treatments, 8 replications (blocks) per treatment and 4 animals per experimental unit (pen). The treatments were: basal diet with 120 ppm of chloro-hydroxyquinoline (antimicrobial treatment), and basal diet with 0, 100, 150, and 200 ppm of nucleotides. The ADG, ADFI, G:F and occurrence of diarrhea were calculated during 1 to 14 and 1 to 34 d of experimental period. A day after the end of the experimental period, an animal from each pen was slaughtered to evaluate of organ morphometry (empty stomach, empty small intestine, pancreas, liver and spleen), intestinal histology (villus height, villus width, crypt depth and villus height-to-crypt depth ratio), and intestinal microbiota (mesophiles, Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, Lactobacillus spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Clostridium perfringens). During 1-14 d of experimental period, performance was not affected (P>0.05) by treatments. For the total experimental period (1-34 d), beneficial linear effects of dietary levels of nucleotides on final BW (P=0.005; BW = 0.0033X + 23.657, R2 = 0.87) and ADG (P = 0.008; ADG = 0.0002X + 0.4955, R2 = 0.83) were observed, but not (P>0.05) on ADFI and G:F. Pigs fed antimicrobial treatment had lower (P=0.049) occurrence of diarrhea from d 1 to 14 than those fed nucleotide treatments. However, for the total experimental period (1-34 d), treatments did not affect (P>0.05) occurrence of diarrhea, organ morphometry, intestinal histology and intestinal microbiota. Therefore, adding up to 200 ppm of dietary nucleotides to complex diets for weanling pigs showed beneficial effect on growth performance, without affecting organ morphometry, intestinal histology, intestinal microbiota and occurrence of diarrhea of nursery pigs.

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o efeito da adição de complexo enzimático, composto por protease, xilanase e amilase, associado ou não a betaína em rações de frangos de corte sobre o desempenho e a análise econômica. Novecentos e vinte e quatro pintos machos da linhagem Cobb 500, com peso médio inicial de 45,8 g, foram distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos, sete repetições por tratamento e trinta e três animais por unidade experimental (boxe). Os tratamentos foram: Controle Tratamento controle dieta basal constituída por milho e farelo de soja; Enz Tratamento enzima ração com adição de enzimas (amilase, protease e xilanase); Bet Tratamento betaína ração com adição de betaína; Enz+Bet Tratamento enzima e betaína ração com adição de enzimas (amilase, protease e xilanase) e betaína. O período experimental foi dividido em quatro fases: pré-inicial, inicial, crescimento e final. Aos sete, 21, 35 e 41 dias de idade, as aves e as sobras de ração foram pesadas para avaliar o peso médio, o consumo médio de ração, o ganho médio de peso e a conversão alimentar dos animais. Além disso, foram determinados a viabilidade criatória, o fator de produção e o custo da alimentação. No período de 1 a 7 dias, não se detectou diferença significativa (P>0,05) para as variáveis de desempenho com a adição de betaína ou enzimas na ração. Para o período de 1 a 21 dias de idade, foi observado menor consumo médio de ração (P<0,05) para o tratamento Enz+Bet quando comparado com o tratamento acrescido apenas de enzimas, porém sem afetar o ganho médio de peso (P>0,05) e a conversão alimentar (P>0,05). Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) para as variáveis de desempenho analisadas quando os frangos de corte foram suplementados com complexo enzimático ou betaína. Com relação ao período de 1 a 35 dias, as aves que receberam os tratamentos Enz ou Bet apresentaram desempenho semelhante ao controle (P>0,05). No período total de 41 dias os frangos de corte recebendo rações formuladas com enzimas ou betaína tiveram desempenho muito próximo ao das aves do tratamento Controle, indicando que as substituições tiveram o efeito desejado. Não houve efeito significativo (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos para o custo da alimentação. A suplementação independente das rações com enzimas ou com betaína natural resultou em desempenho semelhante ao das aves do tratamento Controle. Entretanto, a associação entre os aditivos não se constituiu uma alternativa satisfatória para melhorar o desempenho das aves, embora tenha resultado em custo de alimentação mais baixo que os demais tratamentos. / The broiler of this study was evaluate the effects of an enzyme complex containing protease, xylanase and amylase, associated or not with betaíne, added to broiler diets on the performance of the birds and economic results. Day-old male Cobb 500 broiler chicks (924) with average weight of 45,8 g were distributed to four treatments and seven replicates per treatment in a completely randomized design. The experimental was a pen with 33 birds. The treatments were: Control unsupplemented diets based on corn and soy bean meal; Enz Diets containing enzymes (protease, xylanase and amylase); Bet Diets containing natural betaína; Enz+Bet association of the two previous treatments. The experimental period comprised the pre-starter, starter, grower and finisher pfases. At seven, 21, 35 and 41 days of age the chickens and feeders were weighed to determine the average weight, average feed intake, average weight gain, and feed conversion of the birds. Viability, productivity index, and feeding cost were also determined. On days 1 to 7 addition of enzymes or betaína to the feeds did not result in significant differences in performance (P>0,05). In the period from 1 to 21 days of age, the treatment Enz+Bet had a lower average feed intake (P<0,05) compared to Enz; however, average weight gain and feed conversion were similar (P>0,05). Compared to the Control, the performance of birds in the treatments Enz or Bet was not significantly affected (P>0,05). Linewise, the treatments Enz and Bet resulted in performance similar to the Control (P>0,05) in the period from 1 to 35 days. In the overall period of 41 days, the chickens receiving diets formulated to contain enzymes or betaína had a performance very similar to those fed the Control diet, indicating that the supplements used resulted in the expected effects. There were no differences among treatments in cost of feed per kg of chicken (P>0,05). These additives may be used as components of broilers diets depending on economic considerations.

Este projeto de pesquisa teve como objetivo principal avaliar aditivos químicos e microbianos no controle da produção de etanol durante a ensilagem da cana-de-açúcar, com vistas à redução das perdas de matéria seca (MS) e de valor nutritivo que ocorrem durante o processo. Para tanto foram realizados três experimentos utilizando silos laboratoriais e um experimento de desempenho com bovinos em crescimento. As avaliações em laboratório foram realizadas com cana-de-açúcar colhida com aproximadamente 12 meses de crescimento e ensilada em baldes de plástico de 20 litros, adaptados com válvulas para eliminação de gases e substrato para colheita de efluentes: Experimento I: Procurou-se caracterizar a dinâmica da fermentação, das perdas de MS e de valor nutritivo e o desenvolvimento da microflora epífita na silagem. Amostragens após 1/2, 1, 2, 3, 7, 15, 45, 90, 120 e 180 dias de fermentação indicaram que: a população de leveduras cresceu até o segundo dia (5,1 log ufc/g massa verde - MV); o teor de etanol atingiu nível máximo (6,4% da MS) aos 15 dias após a ensilagem, quando observou-se desaparecimento de 68% dos carboidratos solúveis (CHOs); aos 45 dias de ensilagem atingiu-se a maior perda total de MS (29%), sendo esta composta por 16% de perdas gasosas; houve pequena produção de efluentes (20 kg/t MV); o pH da silagem apresentou queda constante atingindo 3,47 aos 180 dias; a expressiva produção de etanol, caracterizada por perda elevada de CHOs e aumento no teor de fibra causou redução da DVIVMS da forragem ensilada, de 63 para 47%. Experimento II: O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito de uréia (0,5; 1,0; 1,5% da MV), NaOH (1; 2; 3% da MV), propionato de cálcio-PROP (0,05; 0,1; 0,2% da MV), benzoato de sódio-BENZ (0,05; 0,1; 0,2% da MV), sorbato de potássio-SORB (0,015; 0,03; 0,045% da MV), L. plantarum-BAL (1 x 10 6 ufc/g de MV), L. buchneri-BUCH (3,64 x 10 5 ufc/g de MV), uréia (0,5 e 1,0% da MV) combinada com L. plantarum-Lact/Ur 0,5% e Lact/Ur 1,0%, sobre o valor nutritivo, as perdas de MS e a estabilidade aeróbica das silagens. A comparação das silagens aditivadas com a silagem controle, aos 90 e 180 dias de fermentação, indicou que: os aditivos foram pouco eficientes em reduzir a concentração de etanol (P>0,05) e que, inclusive, os tratamentos PROP-0,1% e BAL causaram aumento (P<0,05) no teor do álcool (4,8 e 12,5% vs 3,8% da MS); uréia, NaOH, SORB-0,03%, BUCH, Lact/Ur 0,5% e Lact/Ur 1,0% causaram diminuição da perda total de MS (P<0,05); as silagens tratadas com uréia, NaOH, BENZ, e SORB-0,045% apresentaram maior DVIVMS e os tratamentos com BUCH, Lact/Ur 1,0%, uréia-1,5%, NaOH (1 e 2%) e BENZ-0,2% resultaram em silagens com maior estabilidade aeróbica (P<0,05). Experimento III: O objetivo foi comparar o efeito de aditivos, selecionados na fase II, sobre a dinâmica da fermentação e das perdas de MS, avaliando também a estabilidade aeróbica das silagens. Os aditivos avaliados foram: uréia (0,5% da MV), benzoato de sódio-BENZ (0,1% da MV), sorbato de potássio-SORB (0,03% da MV), L. plantarum-BAL (1 x 10 6 ufc/g de MV) e L. buchneri-BUCH (3,64 x 10 5 ufc/g de MV). Comparando-se as silagens aditivadas com a silagem controle, aos 94 dias de fermentação, concluiu-se que: a adição de uréia, BENZ, SORB e BUCH resultou em silagens com menor teor de etanol e o tratamento BAL causou aumento na concentração do álcool (P<0,05); uréia e SORB causaram aumentos (P<0,05) na perda total de MS; a aplicação de uréia resultou em aumento e a inoculação com BAL em redução na DVIVMS (P<0,05); o tratamento com BENZ resultou na silagem com maior (P<0,05) concentração de carboidratos solúveis. As curvas da tendência temporal (amostragem aos 2, 10, 31, 62, 94 e 144 dias após ensilagem) indicaram que: a concentração de etanol atingiu seu pico entre 60 e 90 dias de ensilagem; a perda de gases se prolongou além dos 90 dias e foi menor para o tratamento com uréia; o tratamento com BUCH resultou em tendência de maior consumo de açúcares ao longo do tempo; os tratamentos com uréia e SORB apresentaram as maiores perdas totais de MS e estimularam a produção de efluentes; a DVIVMS das silagens nos tratamentos com uréia, BENZ e SORB apresentou tendência de decréscimo linear, provavelmente como efeito da tendência de produção crescente de efluentes. Os aditivos BUCH e BENZ melhoraram a estabilidade aeróbica das silagens, em relação ao controle (78 e 72 h vs 48 h). Experimento IV: Trinta e duas novilhas holandesas (388 kg) foram alocadas a 4 tratamentos, com 4 repetições, em um delineamento em blocos. Os tratamentos consistiram em 4 tipos de rações completas contendo aproximadamente 46% da MS na forma de silagem de cana-de-açúcar, submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: controle (sem aditivos); uréia (0,5% da MV); benzoato de sódio-BENZ (0,1% da MV) e Lactobacillus buchneri (BUCH, 3,64 x 10 5 ufc/g de MV). O ganho de peso médio diário (GPD) mostrou aumento de 32% para BUCH e de 21% para BENZ (P<0,05), em comparação ao controle (0,94 kg/dia); os tratamentos com BENZ e BUCH resultaram em melhor conversão alimentar (GPD/kg MS) em relação ao controle (7,6 e 7,7 vs 9,4); a ingestão de MS (2,2% PV) não diferiu entre os tratamentos (P>0,10); o tratamento contendo silagem de cana-de-açúcar aditivada com uréia não diferiu (P>0,05) do controle, em nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados. A ensilagem da cana-de-açúcar, sem aditivos, tem resultado em perdas excessivas e reduzido valor nutritivo da forragem. O presente trabalho identificou alguns aditivos capazes de reduzir a produção de etanol, diminuindo as perdas de matéria seca nas silagens, promovendo melhor desempenho de animais com elas alimentados. / The objective of this project was to evaluate chemical and microbial additives on ethanol control in sugar cane silages, aiming to decrease dry matter (DM) and nutritional losses during storage. Three laboratory silos trials were conducted to study fermentation process and associated losses, and one additional experiment was carried out to evaluate animal performance. For the laboratory trials sugar cane (12 months vegetative growth) was ensiled in 20 L plastic buckets provided with valves for gas release and a device for effluent collection: Experiment I: Aimed to characterize fermentation, DM losses and epiphytic microflora dynamics during ensilage. Silage sampling at ½ , 1, 2, 3, 7, 15, 45, 90, 120 and 180 days after sealing indicated: intensive growth of yeast population until day two of fermentation (5.1 log cfu g -1 ); ethanol reached its highest content after 15 days from sealing (6.4% in DM) when 68% of the water soluble carbohydrates (CHOs) disappeared; total DM (29%) and gases (16% of the DM) losses reached a plateau after 45 days of ensilage; effluent yield was negligible (20 kg t -1 ); silage pH was lowest after 180 days of storage (3.47); ethanol production led to increased CHOs loss and higher fiber content in the silage, which in turn were associated with reduction in silage's IVDDM (63 to 47%). Experiment II: The main objective was to evaluate the addition of wet basis): urea (0.5, 1.0,1.5%), NaOH (1, 2, 3%), calcium propionate-PROP (0.05, 0.1, 0.2%), sodium benzoate-BENZ (0.05, 0.1, 0.2%), potassium sorbate-SORB (0.015, 0.03, 0.045%), L. plantarum-LAB (1 x 10 6 cfu g -1 ), L. buchneri-BUCH (3.64 x 10 5 cfu g -1 ), urea (0.5 e 1.0% fresh basis) plus L. plantarum-Lact/Ur 0.5% and Lact/Ur 1.0% on silage quality, DM losses and aerobic stability. Comparison of treated silages with control after 90 and 180 days from sealing indicated: none of the additives were effective to decrease ethanol concentration in silages and PROP-0.1% and LAB even increased (P<0.05) alcohol levels (4.8 and 12.5% vs 3.8% in control DM); urea, NaOH, SORB-0.03%, BUCH, Lact/Ur 0.5% and Lact/Ur 1.0% treated silages showed lower total DM losses (P<0.05); higher IVDDM was achieved by adding urea, NaOH, BENZ and SORB-0.045% (P<0.05); aerobic stability was improved with BUCH, Lact/Ur 1.0%, urea-1.5%, NaOH (1 and 2%) and BENZ-0.2% treatments (P<0.05). Experiment III: The objective was to compare the effects of additives screened in experiment II based on silage fermentation traits, DM losses and aerobic stability. Treatments were (wet basis): urea (0.5%), sodium benzoate-BENZ (0.1%), potassium sorbate-SORB (0.03%), L. plantarum-LAB (1 x 10 6 cfu g -1 ) e L. buchneri-BUCH (3.64 x 10 5 cfu g -1 ). Comparing treated silages with control after 94 days from sealing indicated: urea, BENZ, SORB and BUCH resulted in silages with less etanol, however LAB resulted in higher ethanol concentration (P<0.05); urea and SORB treatments decreased total DM losses (P<0.05); IVDDM was higher for urea and lower for LAB treated silages (P<0.05); CHOs content was higher in BENZ treated silage (P<0.05). Regression slopes performed through 144 days after sealing indicated: ethanol yield was maximum between 60 and 90 days; gases losses were extended up to 90 days and was lower in urea treated silages; BUCH inoculated silages showed a trend to loose more CHOs; treatment with urea and SORB resulted in silages with increased total DM and effluent losses; IVDDM reduced linearly with time in chemically treated silages, probably due to the increased effluent yield. BUCH and BENZ improved silages aerobic stability over control (78 and 72 h vs 48 h). Experiment IV: Thirty two Holstein heifers (388 kg) were allocated to 4 treatments, 4 replications each, in a block design. The animals were fed total mixed rations containing 46% sugar cane silage, within the following treatments (wet basis): control (without additive), urea (0.5%), sodium benzoate-BENZ (0.1%) e Lactobacillus buchneri-BUCH (3.64 x 10 5 cfu g -1 ). Average daily gain (ADG) showed 21% increase (P<0.05) for BENZ and 32% for BUCH over control (0.9 kg d -1 ); better feed conversions (DMI/ADG) were observed for BENZ and BUCH (7.6 and 7.7 vs 9.4); DM intake (2.2% BW) did not differ (P>0.10) across treatments. Urea treated silage was similar to control in all traits (P>0.05).

The growing demand for meat worldwide by the increasing human population (6.8 billion) calls for an increase in livestock production as well as attention to environmental sustainability. Production increases are critical especially in Africa with the highest annual population growth rate (2.5%), where most communities rely on livestock for protein supply. Attempts by intensive livestock farming to optimize production are limited by fibrous quality feeds (roughages) and their unavailability in both developed and developing countries. The overall objective of this study was to scan both domestic and wild herbivores in search for microbial ecosystems with superior fibrolytic potential that can be used as feed additives. It was hypothesized that microbes from wild herbivore can improve fibrous feed breakdown in domesticated ruminants. Experiment 1 evaluated the use of fresh or in vitro cultured faecal inoculum (FF) from two Jersey cows as a potential substitute for rumen fluid (RF). Cultured FF was a better substitute for fresh RF as demonstrated by percentage differences in exocellulase activity (0.4%) and true degradability (TD) (7%), compared to the differences observed between fresh RF and FF for exocellulase activity (33%) and TD (14%). It was applied in subsequent experimentation because it was cost effective (no surgery and reduced sample collection time). The second experiment compared the fibrolytic competence of cultured faecal inocula from three hindgut fermenters (miniature horse (mH), horse (H) and Zebra (ZB)) in summer and winter grazing in their natural environment. Both cellulase enzyme assays (exocellulase, endocellulase and hemicellulase) and in vitro maize stover digestibility study ranked the herbivores according to their fibrolytic competence as ZB > H > mH. The effect of cultured faecal inocula from H, ZB and wildebeest (WB) and its combined systems (N1=H+WB, N2=H+ZB, N3=WB+ZB and N4=H+WB+ZB) on the fermentation of maize stover were also evaluated in vitro. Both enzyme assays and MS degradability studies showed that the combined systems were higher (P<0.01) in fibrolytic activities compared to the individual systems. The microbial ecosystems were ranked as N1 > N2 > N4 > H > ZB > WB >N3; and N3 > N1 > N4 > WB > N2 > ZB >H by their exocellulase activity and degradability parameters, repetitively. The diversity of microbial ecosystems was confirmed by numerous active carboxymethyl cellulase bands present on a carboxymethy cellulose zymograms in experiment 4. The combined microbial ecosystems contain more active and variable bands of cellulases than in the individual microbial ecosystems. Systems N3 and N1 were considered as the best inocula for rumen transinoculation studies. Experiment 5 assessed the in vivo effect of direct-fed microbials from N1 and N3 on MS degradation, ruminal fermentation characteristics and cellulase enzyme profile in sheep. Feed dry matter intake increased (P<0.03) in N1 but tended to increase when inoculated with N3. The treatments, N1 and N3 increased (P<0.05) rumen exocellulase (9.4 and 33.2%, respectively) and endocellulase (82.1 and 47.1%, respectively) specific activities but not hemicellulase activity. Maize stover degradability parameters for N3 (TD, degradability of the insoluble fraction of MS, effective degradability, total SCFA and propionate) measured after 96 h of incubation tended (P>0.05) to be numerically different (1.1, 5.4, 7.1 and 7.9%, respectively). Increase in propionate for N3 was accompanied by higher total SCFA and lower CH4. A decrease in CH4 and no difference in CO2 allow both systems to be environmentally friendly since they have been associated with global warming. These studies showed that direct-fed microbials from N1 and N3 inocula have the potential of improving the utilization of maize stover feeds in ruminants, particularly in view of its simplicity and availability which allows it to be implemented at a relatively lower cost compared to other specific strains or microbial cultures. However, more research is required to identify, purify and classify the superior fibrolytic microbes in the most active ecosystems. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of an exogenous multi-blend enzyme ( -glucanase and xylanase) on the performance of the broiler chickens and laying hens fed diets based on wheat and barley. Experiments were conducted on a flock of broilers and two flocks of laying hens. In both cases feed and water were provided ad libitum. The enzyme effect of enzyme addition on the broiler performance involved 2080 day-old male and female chicks in 48 pens, allocated one of four dietary treatments (0, 50, 100 or 200g/ton enzyme supplementation), to 35 days of age. On day 35, ten birds from each treatment were sacrificed for the analysis of the digestive organs weight (gizzards and livers). The trial was divided into two phases: a starter (1 to 21 d) and grower (22 to 35 d). Feed consumption was measured weekly and birds were also weighed weekly. The investigation of enzyme effect in laying hen diets involved 896 birds for each specific period. Each replicate consisted of four cages (four birds per cage) with a common feeder; 16 hens/pen of 56 pens. Eggs were weighed three times a week, feed consumption weekly and birds every weeks. The addition of a multi-blend enzyme significantly improve body weight, body weight gain, food intake, and feed conversion ratio for both sexes (P<0.05) in broiler chickens. There was a significant improvement in egg production in laying hens (P<0.05). Egg weight and egg mass were not significantly improved. Wheat and barley have cell wall components (arabinoxylans and -glucans respectively) which have a negative effect on the nutritive value of these feeds and therefore performance in poultry fed diets based on these ingredients. Addition of an exogenous multi-blend enzyme( -glucanase and xylanase) could help reduce these effects and improve performance and digestibility values in poultry. The null hypothesis was there will be no difference between supplemented and un-supplemented diets based on wheat and barley in performance of poultry. The results of this study suggest that the inclusion of 50 g/ton enzyme helps improve poultry performance, especially in young birds. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2010.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 3 uppsatser.

Testes de comportamento têm sido utilizados para observar diferenças na reatividade de animais domésticos, quando submetidos a condições desafiadoras. A eficácia do teste do campo aberto (TCA) na detecção de diferenças comportamentais em suínos de diferentes raças, condição sexual e doses de ractopamina e relação as variáveis de comportamento do teste com qualidade de carne foram analisadas. Trinta suínos da raça Large White (LW) (15 machos castrados e 15 fêmeas) e 30 da raça Duroc (DC) com mesma distribuição de condição sexual e média de 105 dias de idade e 78,3 kg de peso vivo, foram individualmente submetidos ao primeiro TCA (CA1) por 5 minutos, em uma área gramada (6,0 X 6,0 m), sem contato visual com o exterior, dividida em 36 quadrantes pintados no chão de 1,0 m2. O teste foi repetido (CA2) aos 120 dias de idade e peso médio de 101,7 kg, 11 dias após o início do fornecimento de doses de ractopamina (0, 10 e 20 ppm). O experimento considerou as variáveis: diferença entre o tempo de permanência dentro dos quadrantes inicial (QI), intermediário (QInt), lateral (QL), central (QC) e central total (QCT), durante o CA2 e CA1 (&#916;TP) e o tempo de permanência nos quadrantes durante o CA2. Os resultados de variáveis informativas de diferenças comportamentais foram relacionados com diferenças nas variáveis de qualidade da carne: cor (CIELab), perdas por gotejamento e cozimento. Para análises de qualidade de carne foram utilizados 30 suínos LW (15 machos castrados e 15 fêmeas) e 22 suínos DC (10 machos castrados e 12 fêmeas). As avaliações de comportamento apresentaram diferenças para as raças em &#916;TP no QI. O &#916;TP no QInt e QCT foi maior para fêmeas LW em relação às fêmeas DC. Os resultados em conjunto apontam para LW e, especialmente as fêmeas, como animais mais reativos a condições novas. O &#916;TP para o QL apresentou valores extremos e inversos para fêmeas e machos que receberam 10 ppm. No CA2, fêmeas LW permaneceram menos tempo no QI e mais tempo no QInt, em relação aos LW castrados e fêmeas DC, respectivamente. Por outro lado, DC castrados permaneceram mais tempo no QCT, em relação aos LW castrados e fêmeas DC. No segundo trabalho, animais LW apresentaram menores valores de a* e b* em relação aos DC, distribuição coincidente com as diferenças de raças avaliadas pelo TCA. Fêmeas LW e DC castrados que apresentaram comportamento diametralmente oposto, mais e menos reativos, obtiveram maiores valores de L*. Machos castrados que receberam ractopamina perderam menos água após o cozimento. Esse resultado não parece ter relação com os resultados de mudança de reatividade que podem estar ligados ao fornecimento de ractopamina. O TCA detectou diferenças comportamentais relacionadas com reatividade em suínos. Fêmeas LW e machos castrados DC apresentaram maior impacto nas variáveis do teste, com possível influência nas variáveis de cor de carne. O mesmo teste apresenta potencial para identificar suínos com comportamento (reatividade) que pode ser determinante da cor da carne. / Behavior tests have been used to observe differences in reactivity of domestic animals when submitted to challenging conditions. The effectiveness of open field test (OFT) to detect behavior differences in pigs of different breeds, sexual condition and doses of ractopamine, and the relation of the behavior variables of the test with meat quality were analyzed. Thirty pigs Large White (LW) (15 barrows and 15 gilts) and 30 Duroc (DC), with the same distribution of sexual condition were used in the tests. They were submitted to first OFT (OF1) individually, with average age and weight of 105 days and 78.3 kg, respectively. The test lasted 5 minutes, in a grassy area (6.0 X 6.0 m), without visual contact with the exterior, divided in 36 squares painted on the floor, with 1.0 m2 each. The test was repeated (OF2) with 120 days of average age and 101.7 kg of average weight and, 11 days after the beginning of ractopamine dosage (0, 10 and 20 ppm). The experiment considered the variables: difference between the rest time during the OF2 and OF1 (&#916;PT) inside initial squares (IS), intermediary (IntS), lateral (LS), central (CS) and central total (CTS), and the rest time into those squares during the OF2. The results of informative variables of behavior differences were related with differences in meat quality variables: color (CIELab system), driploss and cookingloss. For meat quality analyses were used 30 pigs Large White (LW) (15 barrows and 15 gilts) and 22 Duroc (10 barrows and 12 gilts). The behavior evaluations showed higher absolute &#916;PT values at IS for the LW breed. The &#916;PT for IntC and TCS was higher for gilts LW in relation to gilts DC. The results, point to LW, especially gilts, as more reactive animals to new conditions. The &#916;PT for LS presented extreme and inverse values for gilts and barrows who received 10 ppm. In OF2, gilts LW remained shorter time in IS and longer in IntS, in relation to barrows LW and gilts DC, respectively. On the other hand, barrows DC remained more time in CTS, in relation to barrows LW and gilts DC. In relation to meat quality, LW animals presented lower values of a* and b* in relation to DC, distribution that coincides with breed differences evaluated on OFT. Gilts LW and barrows DC that presented opposite behavior, more and less reactive, obtained higher values of L*. Barrows that received ractopamine lost less water after cooking. This result does not seem to have relation with reactivity changes that can be caused by ractopamine supply. The OFT detected behavior differences related to reactivity in pigs. Barrows DC and gilts LW presented more impact in the variables of the test, with possible influence in the meat color variables. The OFT presents potential to identify pig with behavior (reactivity) that can be determinant in meat color.

Tendo em vista o notável crescimento da aquicultura mundial e principalmente a brasileira, torna-se cada vez mais importante o desenvolvimento de tecnologias que favoreçam esta prática. No entanto, a intensificação da piscicultura faz aumentar as chances de ocorrência de epizootias nos sistemas de produção como resultado do maior estresse imposto aos animais (lotação, manejo, transporte etc). Este estudo determinou a eficácia na utilização de imunoestimulantes dietéticos (levamisol e vitamina E) e a farmacocinética do imunoestimulante levamisol em juvenis de surubim Pseudoplatystoma sp. O levamisol dietético não afetou as variáveis de desempenho, mas influenciou positivamente o sistema imunológico inespecífico do cachara, afetando a atividade da lisozima sérica, sendo o melhor resultado observado para a concentração de levamisol de 247 mg kg-1 de ração. No estudo com vitamina E, não foram registrados efeitos sobre as variáveis de desempenho; ainda, na dose dietética 166 mg kg-1 o acetato de DL-?-tocoferol promoveu aumento das globulinas séricas. O estudo farmacocinético revelou-se que o levamisol é eliminado do sangue do cachara em 12 horas, sendo a meia-vida de distribuição (t1/2?) de 0,10 horas, e para o intervalo de eliminação meia-vida (t1/2?) de 1,86 horas. / Continuous stress negatively influences the immune system of farmed fish, increasing diseases susceptibility. In such a context, preventive measures, such as the administration of immunostimulants, are better suited for diseases control than using drugs and chemicals as remedies. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary immunostimulants (levamisole and vitamin E) as well as the pharmacokinetic study of levamisole in juvenile of Pseudoplatystoma sp. Dietary levamisole did not affect growth parameters. However, increased lysozyme activity and lysozyme concentration, the best effects were recorded for fish fed 247 mg levamisole per kg of feed. In the vitamin E assay, no differences in growth parameters were recorded. However, vitamin E levels positively influenced the innate immune system increasing serum globulins at dose of 166 mg kg-1 of DL-?-tocoferol acetate. Also, at pharmacokinetic study levamisole is shown to be completely eliminated from fish blood on a 12-h period, being the distribution half-life (t1/2?) of 0.10 hours, whilst for the elimination interval the half-life (t1/2?) was 1.86 hours.

O trabalho objetivou avaliar como o emurchecimento, as fontes absorventes de umidade e os aditivos químicos e microbianos podem afetar as perdas de MS, o perfil fermentativo, os parâmetros físicos, a estabilidade aeróbia e o valor nutritivo de silagens de capim Marandu. O valor alimentício das silagens foi avaliado em bovinos de corte consumindo rações contendo silagens de capins Marandu ou Tanzânia. O capítulo 3 avaliou os efeitos do emurchecimento, da adição de polpa cítrica peletizada (PCP) e dos inoculantes bacterianos sobre o valor nutritivo e perfil fermentativo das silagens de capim Marandu. No capítulo 4 foram avaliadas as perdas de MS, parâmetros físicos e estabilidade aeróbia dessas silagens. O capítulo 5 avaliou as variáveis descritas acima, porém o capim Marandu foi submetido aos efeitos da PCP ou casca de soja peletizada (CSP), e dos aditivos químicos ou microbiano. Nos três capítulos, as silagens foram confeccionadas em silos laboratoriais (20 L), que permitiu avaliar o valor nutritivo, perdas por gases e efluente. O capítulo 6 avaliou o valor alimentício e as perdas de MS em aerobiose das silagens de capins Marandu e Tanzânia, submetidas ou não ao aditivo a base de ácido fórmico e formato de amônio. O emurchecimento foi o tratamento mais efetivo em aumentar o teor de MS, o que resultou na ausência de efluente, menor produção de gases e perfil fermentativo satisfatório, no verão. Contudo, não diferiu das silagens controle para o coeficiente de digestibilidade in vitro da MS (DVIVMS), o que somado a maior perda no recolhimento e menor estabilidade aeróbia tornaram esta prática menos interessante. A adição de PCP resultou em maior DVIVMS, em ambas estações, além de ter reduzido teores de N-NH3 e C4. A adição de 7,5% de PCP melhorou a estabilidade e reduziu a produção de efluente e gases, resultando em maior recuperação de MS. A adição de 10% de PCP ou CSP ratificou os benefícios da polpa e comprovou a eficiência da CSP, visto que as silagens acrescidas destas fontes apresentaram maior capacidade e perfil fermentativo, maior DVIVMO e menores perdas de MS. O inoculante com duas cepas de bactérias, que atuam em momentos distintos, reduziu as perdas por gases e, assim como nos aditivos contendo ácido fórmico, foi responsável pela maior DVIVMO das silagens. Esses benefícios, entretanto, não foram verificados nos capítulos 3 e 4, provavelmente pela ausência de cepas distintas de microrganismos e pela menor quantidade de substratos a eles disponibilizados. O benzoato não propiciou incremento da DVIVMO e não reduziu as perdas por gases, tendo sido o menos efetivo. Os efeitos positivos do aditivo contendo ácido fórmico em melhorar as características das silagens foram comprovados no capítulo 6, porém, não foi possível destacar sua eficiência em melhorar o desempenho animal, bem como reduzir as perdas por deterioração durante a remoção da silagem. / The objective of this trial was to investigate the effects of wilting, moisture absorbents sources and chemical or microbial additives on dry matter losses, fermentation profile, physical parameters, aerobic stability and nutritive value of Palisadegrass silages. The feeding value was also evaluated in beef cattle fed Tanzania and Palisade silages based diets. The chapter 3 investigated the effects of wilting, addition of citrus pulp or inoculation with bacterial additive on the nutritive value and fermentation profile of Palisadegrass silages. In the chapter 4, the objective was to evaluate dry matter losses, physical parameters and aerobic stability of those silages. In the chapter 5, the same variables were evaluated, however, the Palisadegrass silages were ensiled with citrus pulp, soybeans husk or with chemical or microbial additives. In all chapters, the forage was ensiled in 20 L experimental silos and the nutritive value, fermentation profile and dry matter losses were determined. The chapter 6 evaluated the feeding value and the feed out losses of Palisade and Tanzania grass silages ensiled with or without formic acid based additives. The wilting process was the most effective in increasing the dry matter content and, reducing both the effluent production and the gaseous losses of silages harvested in the summer season. However, this process was ineffective in altering the IVTDMD and resulted in higher field losses. The use of citrus pulp at the time of ensiling increased the IVTDMD and reduced the ammonia-N and C4 content of silages harvested in both year seasons. The addition of 7.5% of citrus pulp also increased the aerobic stability and reduced both the effluent and gaseous production, resulting in silages with higher dry matter recovery rates. The use of either 10% of citrus pulp or soybean husk showed a similar trend, improving the fermentation profile, increasing the IVTOMD and reducing the dry matter losses. The use of the additive containing two bacterial strains, acting in different steps of the ensiling process, reduced the gaseous losses and improved the IVTOMD of the silages. These benefits, however, were not observed in the chapter 3 and 4 probably due to the lack of different bacterial strains and the low levels of fermentable substrates. The sodium benzoate was ineffective in altering the IVTOMD and did not reduce the gaseous losses. The benefits observed in the acid formic treated silages were also observed in the chapter 6, however, these silages were ineffective in improving the animal performance and reducing the feed out losses.

Master of Science / Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology / Tiruvoor G. Nagaraja / Sanjeevkumar Narayanan / Antimicrobials are included in finishing cattle diets for growth promotion, feed efficiency, and protection against liver abscesses. The inclusion of in-feed antimicrobials at or below therapeutic concentrations may provide a selective pressure for antimicrobial resistant microorganisms. Additionally, heavy metals such as copper and zinc may be included in cattle diets because of growth-promoting effects. Heavy metal resistance genes are on transferable plasmids that also contain antimicrobial resistance genes. The objectives of this research were to 1) determine the prevalence of food-borne pathogens, Salmonella and E. coli O157, in cattle fed diets with or without monensin and tylosin and 0 or 25% wet corn distiller's grains (WDGS), 2) determine the prevalence of food-borne pathogens in cattle fed elevated concentrations of copper and zinc 3) evaluate the effect of antimicrobials on antimicrobial susceptibility of food-borne pathogens and commensal fecal bacteria, and 4) determine a possible association between in-feed antimicrobials and the concentration of antimicrobial resistance genes in the feces of cattle. Inclusion of 25% WDGS was associated with a higher prevalence of E. coli O157 on one of two sample collection days; however, there was no association between the use of monensin and tylosin, or copper and zinc on the prevalence of food-borne pathogens. Including monensin and tylosin in cattle diets was associated with an increased resistance of enterococci to macrolides, but was not related to concentration of the common macrolide resistance gene, ermB. In cattle fed diets with copper and/or zinc, no differences were observed in antimicrobial susceptibility or the concentration of antimicrobial resistance genes. In conclusion, results indicate that including growth-promoting antimicrobials in cattle diets at below therapeutic concentrations only limitedly impacted antimicrobial susceptibility and concentration of fecal antimicrobial resistance genes; however, this research encompassed only a select number of microorganisms. The positive association between WDGS and E. coli O157 prevalence in cattle has important implications for food safety, and warrants further investigation.