Existing literature suggests evidence that American citizens have implicit and explicit biases against Muslims that influence or allow biased policies. In general, many of these biases stem from media framing, ethnic discrimination, and religious stereotypes. Some of these stereotypes associate Muslims with terrorism and violence, and public opinion research has concluded that Americans do not believe Muslims uphold American values. Thus, after 9/11, security policies against Muslims have resurfaced the question of suppressing individual liberties for the general welfare of all. My paper analyzes public opinion towards security legislation that discriminates against Muslims and examines how willing Americans are to support policies that infringe on civil liberties. My research poses three main questions: 1) Are opinions on national security influenced by the framing; 2) Does bias and ethnic-profiling make minorities more prone to support protection of civil liberties and 3) Are discriminatory policies against Muslims politicized by party affiliates? Using a survey, I found that framing the chosen policies to emphasize liberty or security had little influence on responses. Furthermore, I argue that, while literature suggests that minority groups tend lean pro-liberty relative to the White demographic, this concept is not substantial across all races when considering current Muslim-profiling policies. Finally, we find some evidence that ideology and ethnocentrism have become closely related factors after the 2016 Presidential Campaign, and that negative feelings of Muslims and national security policy have become more polarized than in the past.

Le Feeling-of-Knowing (FOK) traduit l'expérience subjective de posséder une information en mémoire alors que l'on ne peut pas y accéder actuellement. Le jugement de FOK est une fonction métamnésique permettant d'évaluer l'état de sa mémoire lors de la récupération. Les capacités d'évaluation mnésique sont centrales pour guider la régulation du fonctionnement mnésique. L'objectif de ce travail était d'étudier les mécanismes à la base de la précision des jugements de FOK en mémoire épisodique. Trois expériences ont été menées afin d'examiner les effets de l'âge et de la division de l'attention lors des phases d'encodage, de rappel et de jugements de FOK sur la précision du FOK. Nos résultats révèlent que l'évaluation mnésique est coûteuse en ressources attentionnelles et suggèrent que les différences liées à l'âge sur la précision du FOK seraient dues à une réduction des ressources attentionnelles avec l'âge. La qualité de l'encodage et de l'évaluation mnsésique contribueraient au FOK / Feeling-of-knowing (FOK) represents the subjective experience that information is available in memory while this information cannot be currently accessed. The FOK judgement is a metamemory function that allows monitoring one's memory state in the course of retrieval. The ability to monitor stored information in memory is central to guide the regulation of memory functionning. The aim of this work was to study mechanisms underlying the accuracy of FOK judgements about information stored in episodic memory. Three experiments were conducted in order to examine effects of both aging and divided attention in each phase of an episodic FOK task on metamemory processes. Our findings indicated that monitoring required attentional resources, and supported the idea taht the age-related decline in episodic FOK accuracy was depending on attentional resources limitation associated with aging. The quality of memory encoding and the quality of memory monitoring eem essential to predict accurate FOK

125f. / Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-04-16T18:59:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedro Jonas de Almeidaseg.pdf: 626207 bytes, checksum: b1c9c6b10c3fd4389fef3a65e82a8613 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-16T17:37:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedro Jonas de Almeidaseg.pdf: 626207 bytes, checksum: b1c9c6b10c3fd4389fef3a65e82a8613 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-16T17:37:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedro Jonas de Almeidaseg.pdf: 626207 bytes, checksum: b1c9c6b10c3fd4389fef3a65e82a8613 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Ao deslocar a necessidade causal das coisas para o espírito, Hume dá uma nova definição de necessidade. Enquanto a tradição filosófica a definia como um liame objetivo e interno entre a causa e o efeito, Hume a define como um sentimento imediato de determinação na mente que nos leva a passar de uma idéia àquela que lhe é habitualmente associada. Este sentimento será transferido como uma força, como uma vivacidade que irá carregar a segunda idéia. Esta idéia assim avivada será chamada de crença no Tratado da Natureza Humana. A crença é uma maneira de conceber uma idéia, uma maneira mais vívida de concebê-la. Além disso, para que uma idéia ganhe vivacidade é preciso que haja uma relação de semelhança entre os casos observados ou associados na imaginação. Ora, em virtude da determinação imediata no espírito, a crença se dá mesmo quando não há uma semelhança completa entre os casos. Hume acrescenta, então, uma outra operação para regular esse mecanismo automático: a reflexão. Essa operação irá nos remeter à teoria das regras gerais, indispensável para uma compreensão adequada do projeto de Hume. No sistema moral do livro 3 será esta a operação responsável pela estabilização do juízo moral. A afetividade e a reflexão constituem, assim, a unidade do Tratado. Esses dois componentes da natureza humana se articulam ainda em uma teoria das paixões que, como diz Hume, é a pesquisa principal de sua filosofia desde o livro 1. A fantasia, por sua vez, irá aparecer no Tratado seja enquanto fator de desestabilização da crença, exigindo uma operação reflexiva ou corretiva do entendimento, seja enquanto fator criador de regras artificiais úteis à sociedade. Por isso, suas funções não possuem o mesmo valor e sentido. No livro1, ela ameaça de dentro a ciência, as inferências legítimas. Nos livros 2 e 3, ela possui uma positividade, subordinada apenas à utilidade de suas regras para a estabilidade social. Essa utilidade depende também de uma reflexão sobre as tendências dessas regras artificiais de promover a ordem e a estabilidade sociais. Hume se apresenta como o Newton das ciências morais. Seu empreendimento é científico nesse novo sentido de ciência experimental. Sua física do homem descreve este último como um animal governado por princípios gerais de associação de idéias e de paixões, assim como por instintos. / Salvador

This dissertation proposes a phenomenological investigation into value and feeling in classical and "neo-" Confucianism, particularly in the works of Mencius and Wang Yangming, in light of the German phenomenologist Max Scheler's clarification of human experience and theory of value. The phenomenological method and attitude, which seek essence by resorting to concrete personal and interpersonal experience rather than relying on the presuppositions of conceptual systems, offers a fresh and insightful perspective from which to examine the experiential pattern of morals in Confucian tradition. In order to illustrate how moral feelings and values establish each other, I examine the feeling-value correlations of love, sympathy and ren, shame and righteousness, respect and ritual propriety, and approval and wisdom, developed from Mencius' discussion on four initial moral emotions. This work not only clarifies the optimal experience of moral feelings, but also points out the concrete contents of what Wang Yangming calls the pure knowing of Heavenly principle. This phenomenological presentation of Confucian values, especially as mediated by Wang with some clarification through Scheler's thought, opposes both the dogmatic and relativist conceptions of principle (li) and the abstract interpretations of "pure knowing" (liang zhi) as having no concrete content, and thus it is relevantly applicable in directing our moral lives. The clarification of experience in different traditions is significant for research in both phenomenology and Chinese philosophy, and the experiential analysis made possible by this approach offers greater possibilities for mutual understanding among various cultures in the world.

O conjunto de textos e fragmentos que compõem a obra de Blaise Pascal e também uma parte da tradição interpretativa deixam entender que há no pensamento deste filósofo certas cisões radicais. Assim, frequentemente, chega-se à conclusão de que, em maior ou menor grau, a filosofia de Pascal é fragmentada e descontínua. Por uma obra fragmentada ou descontínua, não entendemos aqui o inacabamento dos textos ou a estrutura em aforismos ou pequenas digressões aparentemente independentes (de fato presentes em Pascal), mas aquela obra a que falte um elemento comum entre os textos, a que falte o mínimo de continuidade temática e conexão argumentativa, ou seja, uma obra que careça de um solo mínimo para a leitura do conjunto de seus textos. Embora alguns temas em Pascal notadamente a doutrina das três ordens evoquem uma espécie de cisão, isso não nos parece ser verdade quando tomamos seu pensamento na totalidade. Não é claro que o pensamento de Pascal careça totalmente de organização interna. Com efeito, ao lermos com mais atenção a obra pascaliana, tomamos consciência da originalidade e importância que tem, em seus escritos, o conceito de coração, entendido como a faculdade do sentimento. O que pensamos é que, embora não torne a filosofia do nosso autor um sistema fechado (à maneira cartesiana, por exemplo), o conceito de coração, na medida em que é definido pela capacidade de sentir seja aos princípios, seja a Deus , é capital na obra de Blaise Pascal e por isso nos oferece uma chave de leitura para entendermos os textos pascalianos em seu conjunto. Da ciência à teologia, passando pelo desejo de ser feliz e o divertimento, o conceito de coração cumpre papel central na filosofia de Pascal. / The set of texts and fragments that make up the work of Blaise Pascal and also a part of the interpretative tradition lead to understand that there is in the thought of this philosopher certain radical decisions. So, often, one comes to the conclusion that, to a greater or lesser extent, the philosophy of Pascal is fragmented and discontinuous. For a fragmented or discontinuous work, we do not understand here incompleteness of the text or structure in aphorisms or small seemingly unrelated digressions (actually present in Pascal), but that work that lacks a common element between the texts, that lacks the minimum thematic continuity and argumentative connection, that is, a work that lacks a minimum ground for reading the set of their texts. Although some issues in Pascal - notably the doctrine of the three orders - evoke a kind of rupture, it does not seem to be true when we take his thoughts in full. It is not clear that the thought of Pascal totally lacks internal organization. Indeed, when we read with more attention Pascals work, we become aware of the originality and importance of, in his writings, the concept of \"heart\", understood as the faculty of feeling. What we think is that, though it doesnt make the philosophy of our author a closed system (in cartesian manner, for example), the concept of the heart, to the extent that is defined by the ability to feel - wether the principles, or God - is capital in the work of Blaise Pascal and therefore offers us a reading key to understand pascalian texts as a whole. From science to theology, through the desire to be happy and diversion, the concept of heart plays a central role in Pascal\'s philosophy.

A group multicomponent positive affect intervention for individuals with HIV was conducted with seven participants accessing an inner-city charity providing support for this population. The intervention ran over eight weeks and included a number of skills which have previously been found to improve positive affect. Outcomes were measured using quantitative scales of affect and mindfulness, and qualitative follow-up interviews. Following the intervention, positive affect and mindfulness significantly increased, and a variety of other subjective changes were also reported, although more sessions or booster sessions may have maintained these changes more effectively. These findings are in keeping with previous studies exploring the impact of multicomponent interventions with chronically ill populations. The limitations of these findings are discussed, and suggestions are made for future research, including having a larger number of participants and more carefully controlled studies.

Cette thèse étudie les processus d’écriture sous une perspective métacognitive et métasubjective à partir de la théorie des opérateurs constructifs de Pascual-Leone (1976, 1984, 1987, 1989, 1995, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2012, 2013) et d’Efklides (2001, 2002, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2013). Il s’agit ici de comprendre quel pourrait être l’apport de cette théorie à l’écrit. Les chercheurs considèrent qu’à cause de sa capacité limitée la mémoire de travail soit responsable des difficultés à l’écrit (cf. Alamargot & Chanquoy, 2001 pour une revue complète de la littérature ; Olive, 2012). À partir d’un autre concept de base de la théorie des opérateurs constructifs, celui d’entraînement guidé (guided training, Pascual-Leone & Johnson, 2011), cette thèse suggère que l’intervention explicite de la métacognition – penser la pensée selon Flavell (1979) – sur le fonctionnement de l’attention mentale devrait contribuer à améliorer la performance en mémoire de travail et, par conséquent, la performance en production écrite. La question se pose alors de savoir : entraîner le développement des connaissances et des capacités métacognitives chez les enfants de l’école primaire pourrait-il contribuer à l’activation (inhibition) spontanée des connaissances (non) pertinentes et détourner ainsi le sentiment de difficulté des écoliers au profit de leur performance ? Les études expérimentales réalisées au sein de cette thèse se basent sur les trois systèmes du système métaconstructif de la théorie des opérateurs constructifs: le système d’apprentissage, le système attentionnel et le système personnel. Les recherches décrites dans la partie expérimentale ont été réalisées auprès d’enfants de CE2, CM1 et CM2. Les résultats montrent que les enfants sont en mesure de développer de nouvelles compétences métacognitives et qu’ils parviennent à déclencher des capacités appropriées à mieux gérer les ressources cognitives exigées par la tâche. / This dissertation studies writing under the metacognitive and metasubjective perspectives from Pascual-Leone’s Theory of Constructive Operators (1976, 1984, 1987, 1989, 1995, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2012, 2013) et d’Efklides (2001, 2002, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2013). Research on writing emphases the role working memory plays on the processes underlying it (cf. Alamargot & Chanquoy, 2001 for a review of the literature ; Olive, 2012), namely how the limited capacity of working memory affects children’s difficulties in writing. The notion of guided training (Pascual-Leone & Johnson, 2011) is here adopted suggesting the explicit implementation of metacognition, generally defined as thinking about thinking (Flavell, 1979), to manage mental attention resources while enhancing working memory performance, and as a consequence, written performance.This being said, the following questions apply: does training primary school children to develop metacognitive knowledge and abilities contribute to activate (inhibit) (non)pertinent knowledge while dispelling their feeling of difficult about writing?The experimental studies conducted within this research focus on the metaconsctructive system of the theory of constructive operators: the learning system, the attention system and the personal system. Results show that 3rd, 4th and 5th graders are able to develop new metacognitive knowledge about writing, furthermore, primary school children succeed in better handling the cognitive resources required by the task.

Instances in which we cannot retrieve information immediately but know that the information might be retrieved later are subjective states that accompany retrieval failure. These are expressed in feeling-of-knowing (FOK) and Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) experiences. In Experiment 1, participants with Parkinson's disease (PD) and older adult controls were given general questions and asked to report when they experienced a TOT state and to give related information about the missing word. The PD group experienced similar levels of TOTs but provided less correct peripheral information related to the target when in a TOT state. In Experiment 2, participants were given a Semantic (general knowledge questions) and an Episodic (word pairs) FOK task. PD patients failed to accurately predict their future memory performance (FOK) in response to both episodic and semantic cues. Results are interpreted in the context of recent frameworks of memory and metacognition.

Age differences in metamemory accuracy obtained for episodic memory – new information – compared to semantic memory – general knowledge information were compared in this study. Younger and older adults with no known cognitive impairments viewed pictures of famous faces for semantic memory and nonamous faces for episodic memory. Participants then viewed the faces again and had to provide the name for either semantic or episodic memory. After attempting recall for each face, participants made a Feeling-of-Knowing prediction about future recognition. Finally, each face was presented with the correct answer and three alternative answers. A gamma correlation was used to calculate prediction accuracy. Younger and older adults were equally accurate at predicting their recognition for semantic and episodic memory. The findings demonstrate that using the same materials and a within-subjects design, older adults do not show deficits in metamemory accuracy, even when predicting a type of memory that is typically impaired with age.

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