<p>A considerable number young of students are suffering from sociopsychological complaints. The psychological complaints emerge from differnt sources. Important factors for psychological well being are experiences of a satisfactory social network, efficient coping strategies and a supportive school climate.</p><p>The aim of this study was to examine how young girls in the age of 16-18 years old experience and cope with demands from school. To fulfill the aim of this study we have five questions: What do the girls apprehend as a satisfactory/unsatisfactory working environment? How do the girls define stress? How do the girls cope with stress? What importance has leisure time? What importance has the social network?</p><p> </p><p>The method we used for this study was qualitative and the material was collected through four focus groups. Fourteen girls were interviewed from four different school classes with different profiles. The theoretical framework used to analyze the findings consisted of the demand-control-model created by Karasek & Theorell, Antonovsky’s KASAM theory and Selyes GAS-theory.</p><p> </p><p>Stress expressed by the girls in this study is described as an unbalance between workload and available time. The analysis shows that most of the girls in the study experience school as a demanding setting that create strain. Furthermore, the results indicate that experienced demands not only originate from school but also from the girls themselves and by comparison with classmates. A satisfactory school environment is described as possibilities to influence the school work and the structrue of courses. Also a good relationship with teachers as well as classmates where pointed out as important factors. Strategies the girls use to cope with stress and demands are structuration, priority and planning. Some of the girls also think that a positive attitude towards life, regular eating and sleeping are important factors in coping with stress.</p><p>All the girls describs leisure time as significant.  Most girls practice sport activites but activities as playing instrument, watching movies and spending time with peers is also mentioned. All of the girls find their leisure time as of importance for them to relax and revive from the strain caused by school. However, some girls find it hard to fully relax during leisure activites and also think that time for leisure is too limited.</p><p>The social network is aslo seen as an important instrument in coping with strain. Most of the girls in this study do talk to family or friends in times of hardship.</p>

<p>When we talk about the females employment in different organization, it is till treated in different disciplines. There are some gaps linked to it which still need to be filled in order to give equal opportunities to females as well. Although, from the last few decades it is been said and noticed that the number of females are rising to the top which is a symbol of progressive social change. However, it is also been noticed that there is still gender inequality in top management positions which leads to under presentation of females in top management position.</p><p>The society and the masculine man has developed some theories. Due to which, it is been said that female qualities do not contribute to the required management attributes. For instance, In order to have an executive role, a person must be more aggressive, competitive, more task oriented etc. but females always have the opposite qualities. For instance, interpersonal relations, emotional, collaborative etc.</p><p>This paper is an effort that shows the obstacles that woman faces in order to reach top management positions. Moreover, I also tried to describe that the traditional leadership model is linked to the masculine stereotypes. Henceforth, I tried to explain that the new organizational culture requires also the feminine stereotypes (emotions, interpersonal relations, cooperation etc). So, one could say that the leadership is not just linked to the masculine stereotypes but it also requires more of feminine qualities as well.</p><p>The empirical study involves the semi structured interviews from men and women on management positions and also general discussions with the public. Based on these interviews and discussions I tried to analyze if both male and female follow the gender stereotypes and if they have difference in leadership styles according to gender.</p><p>Hence, companies should have a more diversity in their organization in order to have more flexibility in organizational culture.</p>

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective was to analyse the effect of subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT), conformation (CONF), cold carcass weight (CCW) and age on carcass and meat quality of 152 Nellore cull cows and 240 Charolais cull cows. The data were submitted to a regression analysis by PROC REG and PROC STEPWISE procedures. Cold carcass yield was influenced by SFT (Y = 47.36274 + .45159x) and CCW (Y = 42.84735 + .02857x) in Nellore cull cows. It was observed, for Nellore cull cows, interaction equations for pistol cut percentage (Y = 48.3228 + .35761CONF - .00739 CCW), forequarter weight (Y = 68.64009 + .51448SFT + .06195CCW) and side cut weight (Y = 22.53615 + .33861SFT + .02735CCW). Nellore cull cows presented positively relation between Longissimus dorsi area and CCW, however it presented negativly relation with SFT (Y = 50.6691 - .47432SFT + .05012CCW). The accretion of 1 kg in CCW or 1 point in conformation of the carcass of Nellore cows resulted in an increase of .12 and 1.7 kg, respectively, in muscle weight. SFT and age influenced positively fat tissue and negatively muscle participation in carcass of Nellore cows. Muscle:bone relation increased with CCW and decreased with age advance in Nellore cows. For Nellore cull cows, the SFT had a quadratic relation with tenderness and shear force, presenting greater tenderness (5.3 points) when SFT had 7.8 mm and lower shear force (6.6 kgf/cm2) when SFT reached 5.6 mm. Each point increased in conformation of Charolais carcasses added 12 kg in slaughter weight, as well as 1 kg added to CCW represented adition slaughter weight of .4 kg. Pistol cut of Charolais cows, when expressed in kg, had positively relation to CCW, however had negatively relation to CONF. Each millimeter or kg added to SFT or CCW, in Charolais cows, resulted in a reduction of .4 and .04 cm2 in Longissimus dorsi area. Carcasses muscle and fat quantities of Charolais cows was positively influenced by SFT and CCW. However, age and conformation influenced negatively muscle and fat quantities, respectively, in Charolais cows carcasses. The addition of 1 kg of CCW increased in .003 points Charolais meat tenderness, while shear force presented a quadratic relation to SFT, being animals with 5.3 mm the ones with higher value for this characteristic (5.6 kgf/cm2). / Objetivou-se analisar o efeito da espessura de gordura subcutânea, conformação, peso de carcaça fria e idade sobre as características da carcaça e da carne de 152 vacas de descarte da raça Nelore e 240 vacas de descarte da raça Charolês. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de regressão pelo PROC REG e PROC STEPWISE. O rendimento de carcaça fria foi influenciado pela espessura de gordura (EGS) (Y=47,36274+0,45159x) e peso de carcaça fria (PCF) (Y=42,84735+0,02857x) em vacas de descarte Nelore. Em vacas de descarte Nelore observou-se equações com interação significativas para as características de traseiro especial (%) (Y = 48,3228 + 0,35761CONF - 0,00739 PCF), dianteiro (kg) (Y = 68,64009 + 0,51448EGS + 0,06195PCF) e ponta de agulha (kg) (Y = 22,53615 + 0,33861EGS + 0,02735PCF). Vacas de descarte Nelore apresentam relação entre a área de olho de lombo e o peso de carcaça fria positiva, porém negativa com EGS (Y = 50,6691 - 0,47432EGS + 0,05012PCF). O acréscimo de 1 quilograma no PCF ou 1 ponto na conformação da carcaça de vacas Nelore, resultou no aumento do peso de músculo em 0,12 e 1,7 kg, respectivamente. A EGS e a idade influenciaram positivamente a participação de tecido adiposo na carcaça, e negativamente a participação de tecido muscular de vacas de descarte Nelore. A relação músculo:osso aumentou com a elevação do PCF e decresceu com o avanço da idade de vacas de descarte Nelore. Para vacas de descarte Nelore, a EGS se relacionou de forma quadrática com a maciez subjetiva e objetiva, obtendo-se melhor maciez (5,3 pontos) com 7,8 mm de EGS e menor força de cisalhamento (6,6 kgf/cm2) quando a EGS atingiu 5,6 mm. Cada 1 ponto a mais na CONF de vacas de descarte Charolês repercutiu em 12 kg a mais no peso de abate, bem como cada 1 kg a mais no PCF representou 0,4 kg a mais no peso de abate. Em vacas de descarte Charolês, o corte comercial traseiro especial, quando expresso em peso absoluto, teve relação positiva com PCF, porém negativa com CONF. Vacas de descarte Charolês apresentam decréscimo de 0,4 e 0,04 cm2 na área de olho de lombo com o aumento de 1 milímetro na EGS ou 1 kg no PCF, respectivamente. As quantidades de músculo e de gordura da carcaça de vacas de descarte Charolês foram influenciadas, positivamente, pela EGS e PCF. Porém a idade e a conformação influenciaram negativamente a quantidade de músculo e gordura, respectivamente, em vacas de descarte Charolês. O aumento em 1 kg no PCF aumenta em 0,003 pontos a maciez da carne de vacas de descarte Charolês, enquanto que a força de cisalhamento apresentou relação quadrática com a EGS, sendo que animais com 5,3 mm de gordura apresentaram o menor valor para a força de cisalhamento (5,6 kgf/cm2).

abstract: Adolescence is a tumultuous time, and for those with risk factors, it can be even more difficult. This study examined the relationships among intrinsic and extrinsic protective factors such as high self-esteem, high self-efficacy, mattering to others, positive sense of identity, and healthy peer relationships in female adolescents. Additionally, the current study assessed the impact of a positive youth development intervention designed for this particular population. The potential sample consisted of adolescent girls who were students at an alternative high school in the Southwestern region of the United States. Of the 25 girls at the school, 12 participated in the study and completed pre-test instruments measuring self-esteem, self-efficacy, mattering to friends and parents, identity distress, and relational aggression. The instruments were administered before and after a positive youth development intervention of which 10 of the 12 participants attended. The intervention, Girls Circle, consisted of activities designed to foster self-acceptance, identity formation, healthy friendships, and goal setting in adolescent girls. While the study's intervention did not result in significant changes over time, several important findings emerged. Self-esteem was positively related to both mattering to friends and mattering to parents. Likewise, a negative correlation was found between relational aggression and mattering to parents. Girls who felt they were more important to friends and family had higher self esteem and were less likely to engage in covert aggression tactics such as spreading rumors and maliciously excluding peers from their social groups. These results support the literature and highlight the important interconnection of social relationships and subjective well-being. Teachers, counselors, social workers, and other helping professionals who work with adolescents need to understand these relationships and use this understanding to design and implement interventions that will best serve at-risk girls, such as those in this study. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.C. Counselor Education 2010

Introduction: Eating disorders were previously regarded as a Western culture-bound syndrome affecting only young Western women. However they have been described in the UK and in across the world. Research has highlighted the prevalence of disordered eating among South Asian females. However little is known about the process of how this comes about, and little qualitative research has been conducted in this area. This research aimed to understand the issues relating to the development and maintenance of eating disorders among South Asian females and their help seeking behavior, as well as the barriers to accessing treatment. Methods: Three main studies were carried out; two systematic reviews, a review of prevalence (study 1), a qualitative review (study 2) and a qualitative study (study 3). For study 1, the review was planned and reported with reference to MOOSE guidelines (Stroup et al 2000) for systematic reviews of observational studies. For study 2, the quality of the studies was appraised in accordance with Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Criteria (CASP 2013), qualitative research check list. For both reviews, a systematic literature search was conducted across four data basis, Psychinfo, Medline, CINAL and EMBASE. All articles were screened against inclusion/exclusion criteria. The data extracted from the selected studies was tabulated in a way that demonstrated the methodological robustness and cultural quality of each study was also reported. For the qualitative study (study 3), semi-structured interviews were carried out with three groups of participants, ten South Asian females with eating disorders, seven parents and siblings and eighteen health care professionals. Results: For study 1, thirteen studies were initially selected. Overall, these studies reported higher prevalence of Bulimia among Asian females in the UK compared to Caucasian females. Studies conducted in Pakistan and India reported a lower prevalence rate of diagnosable eating disorders than reported in Western countries. In study 2, three studies were selected. They identified important themes; cultural conflict and controlling families. In study 3, two overarching themes were identified with corresponding sub-themes; development and maintenance of eating disorders in the context of family and cultural conflict; barriers and facilitators to accessing treatment. Conclusions: Reviewed prevalence study findings highlighted a need to consider the adaptation of measuring tools, as eating disorders may present differently in different cultures, and diagnostic criteria based on Western norms may not always be appropriate. There was a lack of qualitative studies and those available were of poor quality. The main aetiology and maintenance of Eating Disorders reported by South Asian females were focused on conflict with family and culture. Seeking treatment was difficult for these women due to stigma, shame, issues of confidentiality and lack of training and understanding in cultural competence among health care professionals.

Cervical cancer has been reported as the second most common malignancy among Asian Indian women (Sankaranarayanan, Budukh, & Rajkumar, 2001). Researchers suggested the use of a comprehensive health model in examining such issues for this population (Gupta, Kumar, & Stewart, 2003; Tang, Solomon, Yeh, & Worden, 1999). Utilizing a biopsychosocial model (Engel, 1977; Hoffman & Driscoll, 2000), the purpose of this study was to examine the biomedical (i.e., family history of cervical cancer), biosocial (i.e., acculturation), and psychosocial (i.e., personality) factors that may be associated with the level of knowledge and appropriate utilization of cervical cancer screening tests (i.e., Papanicolaou smears) among Asian Indian women in the United States. Totally, 123 1.5 and 2nd generation Asian Indian women were recruited to participate in this study. Participants' levels of knowledge and utilization of cervical cancer screenings were high and moderate, respectively. Regression analyses indicated that identification with one's heritage culture significantly predicted correct utilization of cervical cancer screenings. However, none of the three biopsychosocial factors was significantly associated with knowledge of cervical cancer. Findings support the need to further clarify and adequately identify factors of influence within the knowledge and utilization of cervical cancer screenings for this population. More specifically, it seems necessary to examine the influence of culture on Asian Indian women's health beliefs and their perceived risk of obtaining cervical cancer both in practice and research.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a soroprevalência da leptospirose bovina no Estado da Bahia, bem como identificar fatores de risco associados à infecção. A amostragem foi delineada para a determinação da prevalência de propriedades positivas (focos) e de animais soropositivos para a leptospirose. O Estado foi dividido em quatro circuitos produtores, nos quais foram amostradas 10.823 fêmeas bovinas com idade &ge;24 meses distribuídas em 1.414 propriedades. Na ocasião da colheita de sangue, foi aplicado um questionário epidemiológico por propriedade e as coordenadas geográficas foram obtidas com um aparelho de GPS. A reação de Soroaglutinação Microscópica (SAM), empregando 24 sorovares de Leptospira spp. como antígenos, foi utilizada como teste diagnóstico. O rebanho foi considerado foco quando apresentou pelo menos um animal soropositivo. As prevalências de foco e de animais soropositivos no Estado foram de 77,93% [75,73% 79.99%] e 45,42% [42,00% 48,88%], respectivamente. O sorovar mais freqüente foi o Hardjoprajitno, com 34,49% [31,93% 37,14%] de propriedades positivas e 14,95% [12,59% - 17,67%] de animais soropositivos. Nos circuitos produtores 1, 2, 3 e 4, as prevalências de focos foram de 62,40% [57,43% 67,13%], 88,10% [84,16% 91,15%], 77,47% [72,88% 81,49%] e 78,25% [73,47% 82,37%], e as prevalências de animais soropositivos foram de 42,52% [35,82% 49,51%], 48,60% [43,68% 53,56%], 47,72% [40,36% 55,18%] e 44,18% [38,13% 50,41%], respectivamente. A compra de reprodutores, presença de animais silvestres, utilização de pasto compartilhado, presença de eqüinos, cães e suínos, presença de cervídeos, abate de reprodutores nas fazendas, existência de áreas alagadiças, exploração de corte, aluguel de pasto e predominância de raças especializadas foram os principais fatores de risco identificados. A presença de gatos foi um fator de proteção contra a leptospirose. / The aim of this work was to determine the seroprevalence of bovine leptospirosis in Bahia State, Northeastern Brazil, as well as to identify risk factors associated to infection. The sampling was delineated for the determination of the prevalence of positive herds and seropositive animals for bovine leptospiroses. The State was divided into four productive circuits in which 10,823 bovine females aged &ge;24 months allocated in 1,414 herds were sampled. On the occasion of the blood collection, an epidemiological questionnaire was applied in each herd and the geographical coordinates were obtained with a GPS. The Microscopic Agglutination Teste (MAT), using 24 Leptospira spp. serovars as antigens, was employed as diagnostic test. The herd was considered positive if at least one animal was seropositive. The prevalences of positive herds and seropositive animals in State were 77. 93% [75.73% 79.99%] and 45.42% [42.00% 48.88%], respectively. Serovar Hardjoprajitno was the most frequent, with 34.49% [31.93% 37.14%] of positive herds and 14.95% [12.59% - 17.67%] of seropositive animals. In the productive circuits 1, 2, 3 and 4, the prevalences of positive herds were 62.40% [57.43% 67.13%], 88.10% [84.16% 91.15%], 77.47% [72.88% 81.49%] and 78.25% [73.47% 82.37%], and the revalences of seropositive animals were 42.52% [35.82% 49.51%], 48.60% [43.68% 53.56%], 47.72% [40.36% 55.18%] and 44.18% [38.13% 50.41%], respectively. Purchase of reproducers, presence of wild animals, utilization of shared pasturage, presence of equine, dogs and swine, presence of cervides, slaughter of reproducers in the farms, existence of flooded areas, meat farm enterprise, rent of pasturage and predominance of specialized breeds were the main identified risk factors. Presence of cats was a protective factor against leptospirosis.

Scholarly research has been written on the forces behind the barriers preventing Hispanic women from reaching the top of the public school ladder. These barriers are to be recognized and addressed. This study focuses not on the barriers which hinder forward and upward career movement, but instead examines how many Hispanic American women have not allowed these barriers to prevent them from achieving their goals of attaining the principalship. This study seeks to determine how Hispanic women principals came to grips with the challenges and barriers to promotion, and to success as K&#8210;12 school leaders. This qualitative research study consisted of 12 Hispanic female school principals from the Dallas/Fort Worth metropolitan area. The three districts selected were Fort Worth Independent School District, Arlington Independent School District, and Grand Prairie Independent School District. Three principals were from Grand Prairie Independent School District, two principals were from Arlington Independent School District, and seven principals were from the Fort Worth Independent School District. All of the 12 Hispanic school principals were interviewed. From the responses to each of the questions, themes became evident. The themes expressed what individual principals had done and the strategies they used to overcome the varied barriers which they confronted. The responses to the interview questions and the themes were very insightful and displayed the women's tenacity, courage, perseverance, and determination to succeed in their aspirations to become Hispanic female principals and leaders in their school districts.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / In South Africa there are currently 44.8 million people under the age of 20 years accounting for approximately 44% of the total South African population. Literature has indicated a number of lifestyle behaviors which account for most of the mortality, morbidity and social problems in adolescents. These behaviors include tobacco uses, unhealthy dietary behaviors, physical inactivity, alcohol and other drug use, risky sexual behaviors, and behaviors that result in unintentional and intentional injuries. Adolescent women are profoundly affected by a number of health risks related to their behavior. Many of these also affect their male peers such as smoking, drinking, use of other drugs, and violence, but have a special effect on women because of either higher prevalence or a relationship to other risks. Another set of risky behaviors are those uniquely linked to women's reproductive potential. The health of young people today, and the adults they will become, is critically linked to the health related behaviors they choose to adopt. It is thus vitally important for health professionals to address adolescent health issues with targeted health-related interventions and effective health-promoting programmes. The heightened adverse health effects of many risk behaviors for adolescent women and the unique risks associated with being female point to the need for gender-specific prevention efforts. The purpose of this study was to investigate health risk behaviours among black female high school learners. The study used a mixed method approach, specifically the sequential explanatory strategy. Quantitative data was collected using two self-administered questionnaires assessing six domains of health risk behaviours including cigarette use, alcohol use, drug use, sexual activity, behaviours leading to violence and behaviours related to physical activity.

Immigration to Sweden has increased in recent decades with low employment records of foreign-born, especially among females. It is a political challenge to integrate immigrants into the labour market and in the ongoing debate, an integration factor that has been put forward is immigrant’s adaption of the majority identity in the host country. Using data from the European Social Survey, this thesis investigates the female native-immigrant employment gap in Sweden and contributes to the debate about the relationship between ethnic identity and labour market-outcomes. The results indicate that it exists an interethnic employment gap and being an immigrant leads to an employment penalty of 10%. Further, ethnic identity is negatively correlated with employment probabilities. Having a strong identity being an immigrant decreases the probability of employment by 6%.