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Orientador: José de los Santos Guerra / Resumo: O titanato de bário (BaTiO3, BT) é um material ferroelétrico com diversas aplicações, dentro do mercado de componentes eletrônicos, devido às excelentes propriedades físicas que manifesta, em relação a outros sistemas ferroelétricos, continuando a atrair durante várias décadas o interesse científico e comercial. Dentre o grande número de trabalhos sobre o sistema BT reportados na literatura muitos são associados à vasta gama de aplicações para a indústria eletro-eletrônica, dentre as quais se destacam o uso em dispositivos para capacitores, termistores, entre outros. A dopagem do BaTiO3 com íons doadores implica na mudança de algumas propriedades físicas, que conduzem a comportamentos anómalos em determinados parâmetros físicos, cuja natureza ainda não tem sido muito esclarecida, embora muitos trabalhos tenham se empenhado para tentar justificar tais efeitos. Neste contexto, neste trabalho, as propriedades físicas do sistema BaTiO3 serão investigadas considerando a adição de elementos doadores, nos sítios A e B da estrutura. Em particular, os íons de gadolínio (Gd3+) e nióbio (Nb5+) serão usados como modificadores da estrutura perovskita em substituição dos íons de bário (Ba2+) e titânio (Ti4+) nos sítios A e B, respectivamente, considerando as fórmulas químicas Ba1-xGdxTiO3 e BaTi1-x NbxO3 (sendo x = 0.001, 0.002, 0.003, 0.004 e 0.005). As propriedades estruturais e microestruturais foram investigadas à temperatura ambiente, enquanto as propriedades dielétricas e elétricas f... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

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No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_ma_dr_ilha.pdf: 7398841 bytes, checksum: acb7f174226b997e4c4c4192ff05e406 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O titanato de bário (BaTiO3, BT) é um material ferroelétrico com diversas aplicações, dentro do mercado de componentes eletrônicos, devido às excelentes propriedades físicas que manifesta, em relação a outros sistemas ferroelétricos, continuando a atrair durante várias décadas o interesse científico e comercial. Dentre o grande número de trabalhos sobre o sistema BT reportados na literatura muitos são associados à vasta gama de aplicações para a indústria eletro-eletrônica, dentre as quais se destacam o uso em dispositivos para capacitores, termistores, entre outros. A dopagem do BaTiO3 com íons doadores implica na mudança de algumas propriedades físicas, que conduzem a comportamentos anómalos em determinados parâmetros físicos, cuja natureza ainda não tem sido muito esclarecida, embora muitos trabalhos tenham se empenhado para tentar justificar tais efeitos. Neste contexto, neste trabalho, as propriedades físicas do sistema BaTiO3 serão investigadas considerando a adição de elementos doadores, nos sítios A e B da estrutura. Em particular, os íons de gadolínio (Gd3+) e nióbio (Nb5+) serão usados como modificadores da estrutura perovskita em substituição dos íons de bário (Ba2+) e titânio (Ti4+) nos sítios A e B, respectivamente, considerando as fórmulas químicas Ba1-xGdxTiO3 e BaTi1-x NbxO3 (sendo x = 0.001, 0.002, 0.003, 0.004 e 0.005). As propriedades estruturais e microestruturais foram investigadas à temperatura ambiente, enquanto as propriedades dielétricas e elétricas foram analisadas em uma ampla faixa de temperatura e frequência. Em particular, os efeitos condutivos proporcionados pela dopagem dos íons doadores em diferentes sítios cristalográficos, cujo estudo ainda não foi reportado na literatura, foram cuidadosamente investigados para melhor compreender os fatores que influenciam e determinam as propriedades semicondutoras de tais materiais, visando aprimorar no entendimento a nível microscópico e macroscópico dos fatores que influenciam e originam os mecanismos condutivos nestes materiais, fatores determinantes para uma posterior aplicação na indústria eletroeletrônica. Os materiais foram obtidos a partir do método de Pechini (ou Método dos Precursores Poliméricos), bem conhecido na literatura por ser um método muito eficiente, quando comparado com métodos convencionais para síntese de materiais policristalinos, pois apresenta inúmeras vantagens, tais como a síntese em baixas temperaturas, baixa contaminação, maior controle estequiométrico, alta homogeneização e possibilidade de obtenção de pós em escala nanométrica. / Barium titanate (BaTiO3, BT) is a ferroelectric material with several applications for the electronic components market, due to its excellent physical properties when compared to other ferroelectric systems. So that, BT continues up today attracting the scientific and commercial interest for several decades. Among the large number of papers on the BT system reported in the literature, many are associated with the wide range of applications in the electric and electronic industry, where the use in capacitors, thermistors and other devices stands out. By doping BaTiO3 with donor ions implies in the change of some physical properties leading to abnormal behaviors in certain physical parameters. The nature of these changes is not yet very clear, although many papers have been reported trying to justify such effects. In this context, this work aims the investigation of the physical properties of the BaTiO3 system, considering the addition of donor elements in the A- and B-sites of the structure. In particular, the gadolinium (Gd3+) and niobium (Nb5+) ions will be used as modifiers on the perovskite structure by substitution of barium (Ba+2) and titanium (Ti+4) ions in the A- and B-site, respectively, considering the Ba1-xGdxTiO3 and BaTi1-x NbxO3 ( where x = 0.001, 0.002, 0.003, 0.004 and 0.005). The structural and microstructural properties were investigated at room temperature, while the electrical and dielectric properties were analyzed in a wide range of temperature and frequency. Particularly, the conductive effects provided by the doping with donor ions in different crystallographic sites, whose study has not yet been reported in the literature, were carefully investigated to better understand the factors that influence and determine the semiconductor properties of such materials. The objective is to enhance the understanding of the factors that influence and originate the conductive mechanisms in these materials at the microscopic and macroscopic level, therefore determining factors for a subsequent application in the electronics industry. The materials were obtained from the Pechini method (known as the Polymeric Precursors Method). This method is well known in the literature because it is a very efficient method, when compared with conventional methods for synthesis of polycrystalline materials, because of the numerous advantages it presents, such as the synthesis at low temperatures, low contamination, greater stoichiometric control, high homogenization and possibility of obtaining nanoscale powders.

This work is focused on the study of perovskite ferroelectric materials group and monitoring changes their dielectric parameters in temperature and frequency dependence Is described scrystallographic systems of barium titanate and their influence on material properties. The measured values are mathematically interpreted using the Curie – Weiss law and discussed about the influence of strontium titanite on important dielectric parameters.

Résumé / Abstract

Dans ce travail nous avons élaboré des matériaux ferroélectriques Ba0,9Sr0,1TiO3 (BST) de tailles de plus en plus réduites : céramiques, couches minces et nanoparticules pour des applications en microélectronique. Des matériaux composites constitués de nanoparticules de BST dispersées dans un cristal liquide ont également été réalisés. Le caractère ferroélectrique des films BST a été mis en évidence par des mesures des cycles d'hystérésis électriques. Les meilleures propriétés électriques ont été obtenues avec un recuit à 950 °C pendant 15 mn. Les analyses physico-chimiques sur les nanopoudres BST indiquent que la température optimale de calcination est de 900 °C. La taille des grains obtenue, entre 30 et 100 nm. Les caractérisations par diffraction de rayons X des nanopoudres montrent une structure quadratique à l'ambiante donc la possibilité d'un caractère ferroélectrique de celles-ci. La synthèse de céramiques BST par voie sol-gel et frittées à différentes températures a montré que la taille des grains dépend directement de la température de frittage et s'avère être un paramètre clé influençant la réponse diélectrique du matériau. Les céramiques BST élaborées par la méthode solide-solide permettent d'obtenir une taille de grains supérieure et en conséquence des valeurs de permittivité diélectrique plus élevées. L'étude comparative des propriétés diélectriques du cristal liquide seul et du mélange nanoparticules BST-cristal liquide a confirmé l'influence des nanoparticules BST sur l'orientation des molécules du cristal liquide. La confrontation des résultats expérimentaux aux lois de mélanges a permis l'estimation de la permittivité diélectrique des nanoparticules de BST. / In this work a ferroelectrics Ba0,9Sr0,1TiO3 (BST) ceramics, thin layers and nanoparticles were elaborated in order to obtain suitable materials for microelectronics. A mixture of BST nanoparticles dispersed in a liquid crystal was also performed. The ferrolectric nature of BST films has been demonstrated by measurements of the electrical hysteresis cycles. The best electrical properties were obtained with annealing at 950 °C for 15 min. The physico-chemical analyzes of BST nanapowders indicate that the optimum calcination temperature is at 900 °C. The grain size obtained is between 30 and 100 nm. The characterizations of nanapowders with X-Ray Diffraction show a tetragonal structure at room temperature therefore the possibility of a ferroelectric character. The ceramics synthesized by sol-gel method and sintered at different temperatures showed that the grain size depends directly on the sintering temperature and proves to be a key parameter influencing the dielectric response of the material. The BST ceramics prepared by solid-solid method used to get a size larger grain and consequently a higher value of dielectric permittivity. The comparative study of the dielectric properties of the liquid crystal single and the mixture "BST nanoparticles- liquid crystal" confirmed the influence of nanoparticles on the orientation of liquid crystal molecules. The comparison of experimental results with the mixtures laws allowed the estimation of the dielcectric permittivity of BST nanoparticles.

Ce travail de recherche porte sur l'étude d'un nouveau matériau issu de la combinaison de deux oxydes perovskites ferroélectriques Sr2Ta2O7 et La2Ti2O7 ; la solution solide résultante est formulée selon (Sr2Ta2O7)100 x(La2Ti2O7)x (STLTO). Notre étude comprend la synthèse de poudres, la réalisation de céramiques, le dépôt de films minces et leur caractérisation structurale, morphologique, élémentaire, optique, diélectrique et ferroélectrique. L'objectif visé à moyen terme pour ce matériau est son intégration dans des dispositifs hyperfréquences miniatures et reconfigurables. Pour cela, sont recherchées des permittivités élevées, variables sous champ électrique, afin d'atteindre une accordabilité du matériau, puis une reconfigurabilité en fréquence des antennes, par exemple. L'analyse structurale par diffraction des rayons X a confirmé, par la variation linéaire des paramètres de maille, la formation de la solution solide pour les compositions x ∊ [0-5]. Les analyses diélectriques menées à basses fréquences (1 100 kHz) sur les céramiques STLTO ont montré des valeurs maximales de permittivité (375) et d'accordabilité (55 % à 3 kV/mm), associées à des tangentes de pertes faibles (0,01), pour la composition x = 1,65. Les mesures en hautes fréquences (200 MHz – 18 GHz) sont en accord avec les résultats obtenus en basses fréquences. Le dépôt de films minces par pulvérisation cathodique réactive, réalisé à partir d'une cible de composition x = 1,65, produit des films s'apparentant à la phase Sr2,83Ta5O15, ce qui dénote une perte en strontium. Cependant, à basses fréquences, les films présentent des permittivités relativement élevées (130) pour des pertes faibles (0,01) avec une accordabilité modérée (A = 14,5% à 340 kV/cm à f =100 kHz). Le dépôt de films minces oxynitrures (Sr,La)(Ta,Ti)O2N, réalisé en atmosphère réactive Ar + N2, mènent à des échantillons colorés ayant des permittivités élevées (jusqu'à 3000 environ), mais avec des pertes également élevées (jusqu'à 2) et sans accordabilité. Par ailleurs, l'étude de films SrTaO2N a montré que ces composés sont adaptés pour la décomposition de l'eau sous lumière visible. / This research focuses on the study of a new material resulting from the combination of two ferroelectric perovskite oxides Sr2Ta2O7 and La2Ti2O7; the resulting solid solution is formulating according to (Sr2Ta2O7)100 x(La2Ti2O7)x (STLTO). Our study includes the synthesis of powders, the realization of ceramics, thin film deposition and their structural, morphological, elemental, optical, dielectric and ferroelectric characterizations. The medium-term objective for this material is its integration into miniature and reconfigurable microwave devices. For this, high permittivity, variable under electric field, is required in order to achieve a tunability of the material, then a reconfigurability of the antennas, for example. Structural analysis by X-ray diffraction confirmed, by the linear variation of the cell parameters, the formation of the solid solution for the compositions x ∊ [0-5]. The dielectric analyzes carried out at low frequencies (1 - 100 kHz) on STLTO ceramics showed maximum values of permittivity (375) and tunability (55% at 3 kV/cm), associated with weak loss tangents (0,01), for the composition x = 1.65. The measurements at high frequencies (200 MHz – 18 GHz) are in agreement with the results obtained at low frequencies. The deposition of thin film by reactive sputtering, made from a target of composition x = 1.65, produces films similar at Sr2.83Ta5O15 phase, which denotes a loss of strontium. However, at low frequencies, the films have relatively high permittivity (130) for low losses (0.01) with moderate tunability (A= 14.5% at 340 kV/cm at f = 100 kHz). Deposition of oxynitride thin film (Sr,La)(Ta,Ti)O2N, carried out in Ar + N2 reactive atmosphere, leads to coloured samples having high permittivity (up to about 3000), but with equally high losses (up to 2) and without tunability. Moreover, the study of SrTaO2N showed that these compounds are suitable for the decomposition of water under visible light.

Methods for and computed results of including the physics and spatial attributes of microstructures are presented for a number of materials applications in devices. The research in our group includes applications of computation of macroscopic response of material microstructures, the development of methods for calculating microstructural evolution, and the morphological stability of structures. In this review, research highlights are presented for particular methods for computing the response in: 1) ferroelectric materials for actuator devices; 2) coarse-graining of atomistic data for simulations of microstructural evolution during processing; 3) periodic and non-periodic photonic composites; and 4) re-chargeable battery microstructures. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)

High dielectric constant materials are of technological importance as they lead to the miniaturization of the electronic devices. In this context, the observation of anomalously high dielectric constant (>104) in the body-centered cubic perovskite-related (Space group Im3) material Calcium Copper Titanate ((CaCu3Ti4O12)(CCTO)) over wide frequency (100 Hz – 1MHz at RT) and temperature (100 – 600 K at 1 kHz ) ranges has attracted a great deal of attention. However, high dielectric constant in CCTO is not well understood yet, though internal barrier layer capacitor (IBLC) mechanism is widely been accepted. Therefore, the present work has been focused on the preparation and characterization of CCTO ceramic and to have an insight into the origin of high dielectric constant. Influence of calcination temperature, processing conditions, microstructure (and hence grain size), composition, doping etc on the electrical characteristics of CCTO ceramics were investigated. Electrical properties were found to be strongly dependent on these parameters. The dielectric constant in CCTO was observed to be reduced considerably on substituting La+3 on Ca+2 site. The formation temperature of CCTO was lowered substantially (when compared to conventional solid-state reaction route) by adopting molten-salt synthesis. The dielectric loss in CCTO was reduced by incorporating glassy phases at the grain boundary. Potential candidates for the practical applications such as charge storage devices, capacitors etc, with dielectric constant as high as 700 at 300 K was accomplished in a three-phase percolative composite fabricated by incorporating Aluminium particle into CCTO-epoxy composite. Polycrystalline CCTO thin films with dielectric constant as high as ~ 5000 (1 kHz and 400 K) were fabricated on Pt(111)/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates using radio frequency magnetron sputtering. Effect of sintering conditions on the microstructural, ferroelectric and varistor properties of CCTO and LCTO ceramics belonging to the high and low dielectric constant members of ACu3M4O12 family of oxides were investigated in detail and are compared. Ferroelectric-like hysteresis loop (P vs E) and weak pyroelectricity were observed in CCTO and plausible mechanisms for this unusual phenomenon have been proposed.

Cette thèse traite avec des équations aux dérivées partielles provenant de la physique mathématique. En particulier, à partir de modèles 3D ferromagnétisme et ferroélectricité, nous obtenons des modèles 1D et 2D par l'intermédiaire de processus asymptotiques basés sur des méthodes de réduction de dimension. Le modèle 3D ferromagnétisme a été proposé par W.F. Brown depuis lesannées 40. Il est également possible d'utiliser un modèle dynamique, décrivant l'aimantation au cours du temps, en utilisant un système introduit par L.D. Landau et E.M. Lifschitz en 1935. Pour le modèle ferroélectrique, nous nous référons aux papiers de P. Chandra et P.B. Littlewood, W. Zhang et K. Bhattacharya et au livre de T. Mitsui, I. Taksuzaki et E. Nakamura.Ma thèse est constituée de trois parties :Au début, je considère l'énergie micromagnétique avec des coefficients dégénératifs dans un fil mince. Après avoir montrer l'existence de minimiseurs du problème, j'identifie l'énergie limite lorsque la section du fil tend vers zéro.Dans la deuxième partie, j'étudie le comportement asymptotique des solutions dépendant du temps des problèmes micromagnétique dans une multi-structure constituée de la jonction de deux fils minces. En supposant que les volumes des deux fils tendent vers zéro avec la même vitesse. On obtient un problème limite couplé par une condition de jonction. Le problème limite reste non-convexe, mais devient complètement local.Dans le dernier chapitre, à partir d’un modèle variationnel 3D non convexe et non-local pour la polarisation électrique dans un matériau ferroélectrique, et à l'aide d'un processus asymptotique basé sur la réduction de dimension, j'analyse des phénomènes de jonction pour deux films minces ferroélectriques joints orthogonaux. Selon la façon dont la réduction se passe, on obtienttrois modèles différents de dimension 2. On remarque qu’un effet de mémoire du processus de réduction apparaît, ce dernier dépend de la compétition entre les épaisseurs des deux films: Le paramètre de guidage est la limite du rapport des épaisseurs des deux films / This thesis deals with partial differential equations coming from mathematical physics. Particularly, starting from 3D models for ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity, we derive 1D and 2D models via asymptotic processes based on dimensional reduction methods. The 3D model for ferromagnetism was proposed by W.F. Brown in the 40s and it is based on a system introduced by L.D. Landau and E.M. Lifschitz in 1935. About the ferroelectric model, we refer tothe papers of P. Chandra and P.B. Littlewood, W. Zhang and K. Bhattacharya and to the book of T. Mitsui, I. Taksuzaki, and E. Nakamura.This thesis based on three works:At the beginning, we consider micromagnetic energy, with some degenerating coefficients, in a thin wire. After showing the existence of minimizers, we identify the limit energy as the section of the wire vanishes.In the second part, we study the asymptotic behavior of the solutions of a time dependent micromagnetic problem in a multi-structure consisting of two joined thin wires. We assume that the volumes of the two wires vanish with same rate. We obtain two 1D limit problems coupled by a junction condition on the magnetization. The limit problem remains non-convex, but now it becomes completely local.In the last chapter, starting from a non-convex and nonlocal 3D variational model for the electric polarization in a ferroelectric material, and using an asymptotic process based on dimensional reduction, we analyze junction phenomena for two orthogonal joined ferroelectric thin films. We obtain three different 2D-variational models for joined thin films, depending on how the reduction happens. We note that, a memory effect of the reduction process appears, and it depends on the competition of the relative thickness of the two films: The guide parameter is the limit of the ratio between these two small thickness