Background: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) has been linked with later metabolic abnormalities in offspring due to subsequent overweight and obesity. In Sub-Saharan Africa, there is a paucity of data on the outcomes of children exposed to GDM in utero. Aims: The primary aim of this sub-study was to investigate the prevalence of overweight and obesity in 5 and 6-year-old children from GDM complicated pregnancies and macrosomia at birth in the same cohort. The secondary aim was to identify risk factors associated with overweight and obesity in these 5 and 6-year-old children. Outcome measures: The main outcome was the prevalence of overweight and obesity in these children as measured by their age-specific body mass index (BMI) and Z-scores. Additionally, the association between other risk factors, overweight and obesity was investigated. Methods: A cross-sectional sub-study design was employed nested within a larger study that is investigating the progression to type 2 diabetes in women managed for GDM during 2010 and 2011. Mothers who participated in the larger study were informed about the sub-study and invited to allow their children to participate in the sub-study. Written informed consent was obtained from the mothers for the sub-study. The following data were collected: anthropometric data at birth and pregnancy related information from the mothers’ hospital record, additional demographic, social and medical information by questionnaire from the mother and at the research center. In addition, the children were weighed and had their height measured using standardized methods. Anthropometry was standardized using WHO standards. Risk factors for overweight and obesity were tested using a BMI>1 Z-score cut-off, (as a binary variable) in a manual multivariate logistic regression model. Results: The sub-study recruited 176 participants; 78 boys (44.3%) and 98 girls (55.7%). The mean (SD) Z-scores for the children’s anthropometry at ages 5 to 6 years were 0.28 (1.40) for weight, 0.01 (1.07) for height and 0.37 (1.63) for BMI. The overall prevalence of macrosomia at birth (birth weight>4000 gm) was 12.3 % (95% CI 8.2-9.1). The overall prevalence of overweight in the 5 and 6-year-old children was 13.4% (95% CI 8.6-20.4), while the prevalence of obesity was 14.2% (95% CI 9.2-21.2). The combined prevalence of overweight and obesity was 27.6% (95% CI 20.6-35.9). The prevalence of macrosomia (P=0.53) or overweight/obesity proportions (P=0.37) at ages 5 to 6 years did not differ by gender. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, factors independently associated with the risk of overweight and obesity were: mothers’ oral glucose tolerance test 2-hour blood glucose level during pregnancy (AOR=2.06, 95% CI 1.14-3.74, P=0.02), birth weight (AOR=1.00, 95% CI 1.00-1.00, P=0.01), child’s age in years (AOR=0.03, 95% CI 0.002-0.29, P=0.004) and number of adults in the house (AOR=0.38, 95% CI 0.17-0.86, P=0.02). Conclusion: This is the first study to report the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children born from GDM complicated pregnancies, in the Western Cape, South Africa. The combined prevalence of overweight and obesity found in 5 and 6-year-old children exposed to GDM in the Western Cape is higher than overweight and obesity in children reported in other South African studies. This can imply a higher tendency towards overweight and obesity in children exposed to GDM which needs further exploration.

Orientador: Iracema de Mattos Paranhos Calderon / Resumo: Identificar fatores de risco para a macrossomia fetal na população de gestantes portadoras de diabete ou hiperglicemia diária. Método - Estudo retrospectivo, tipo caso-controle, incluindo 803 pares de mães e recém-nascidos desta população específica, distribuídos em dois grupos - macrossômicos (casos, n = 242) e não-macrossômicos (controles, n = 561). Foram comparadas variáveis relativas à idade, paridade, peso e índice de massa corporal (IMC), ganho de peso (GP), antecedentes de diabete, hipertensão arterial e tabagismo, tipo e classificação do diabete e indicadores do controle glicêmico no terceiro trimestre. As médias foram avaliadas pelo teste F e as variáveis categorizadas foram submetidas à análise univariada, utilizando-se o teste do qui-quadrado (c²). Os resultados significativos foram incluídos no modelo de regressão múltipla, para identificação do risco independente de macrossomia, considerando-se OR, IC95% e valor de p. Para todas as análises foi estabelecido o limite de significância estatística de 5% (p < 0,05). Resultados - Observou-se associação significativa entre macrossomia e GP > 16kg, IMC = 25kg/m2, antecedentes pessoais, obstétricos e, especificamente, o de macrossomia, classificação nos grupos de Rudge (IB e IIA + IIB), média glicêmica (MG) ³120mg/dL e média de glicemia pósprandial (MPP) ³ 130mg/dL no terceiro trimestre. Na análise de regressão múltipla, o GP > 16kg (OR = 1,79; IC95% = 1,23 ¾ 1,60), o IMC = 25kg/m² (OR = 1,83; IC95% = 1,27 ¾ 2,64), o antecedente pessoal de diabete (OR = 1,56; IC95% = 1,05 ¾ 2,31) e de macrossomia (OR = 2,37; IC95% = 1,60 ¾ 3,50) e a MG ³120mg/dL no terceiro trimestre (OR = 1,78; IC95% = 1,13 ¾ 2,80) confirmaram risco independente para macrossomia nestas gestações de risco. Conclusão - O GP > 16Kg, o IMC ³ 25Kg/m2, a MG ³ 120mg/dL no terceiro trimestre e a presença... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: To identify risk factors for fetal macrosomia in pregnant women having diabetes or daily hyperglycemia. Method - Retrospective study, control-case, including 803 pairs of mothers and newborns belonging to this specific population, distributed in two groups- macrosomic (cases, n = 242) and non-macrosomic (controls, n = 561). Variables related to age, parity, weight and body mass index (BMI), weight gain (WG), diabetes history, high blood pressure and tabagism, diabetes type and classification and glycemic control indicators in the third trimester were compared. The means were evaluated by the F test and the categorized variables were submitted to univariate analysis using the chi square test (c²). The significative results were included in the multiple regression model for the identification of macrosomia independent risk considering OR, 95% CI and p value. The statistical significance limit of 5% was established for all the analysis. Results - There was significative association between macrosomia and WG > 16kg, BMI = 25kg/m², personal, obstetric and macrosomic history, classification in the Rudge groups (IB and IIA + IIB), glycemic mean (GM) = 120mg/dL and postprandial glycemic mean (PPGM) = 130mg/dL in the third trimester. In the multiple regression analysis, the WG > 16kg (OR= 1,79; 95%CI= 1,23 - 1,60), the BMI ³ 25kg/m² (OR = 1,83; 95% CI = 1,27 - 2,64), the diabetes personal history (OR = 1,56; 95%CI = 1,05 - 2,31), and of macrossomia (OR = 2,37; 95%CI= 1,60- 3,50) and the GM ³ 120mg/dL in the third trimester (OR = 1,78; 95%= 1,13 - 2,80) confirmed independent risk for macrossomia in these risk pregnancies. Conclusion - The WG > 16kg, the BMI ³ 25kg/m², the GM = 120mg/dL in the third trimester and macrosomia and diabetes personal history were identified as risk factors for fetal macrosomia in pregnant women having diabetes or daily hyperglycemia. / Mestre

O Diabetes melito gestacional (DMG) está relacionado ao crescimento fetal exagerado. Entender a influência do controle glicêmico no padrão do crescimento fetal auxilia na identificação dos fetos com maior risco de desvios da normalidade. Objetivo: comparar o crescimento fetal em pacientes com DMG segundo o controle glicêmico. Método: estudo retrospectivo com 89 gestantes da Clínica Obstétrica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo no período de maio de 2005 a junho de 2011. Foram incluídas apenas pacientes com gestações únicas e com DMG diagnosticado pelo teste de tolerância oral à glicose de 100 gramas ou 75 gramas, sem doenças maternas que interferem no ganho de peso fetal, sem malformações fetais ou tabagismo. Todas as gestantes realizaram retornos semanais no pré-natal especializado, dieta para diabetes, controle glicêmico diário e uso de insulina quando necessário. Foi introduzida insulina quando 30% ou mais das glicemias capilares aferidas em uma semana eram superiores a: jejum> 95 mg/dl, 1hora pós-prandial> 140 mg/dl ou 2 horas pós-prandial> 120 mg/dl. As gestantes foram divididas para análise dos dados em dois grupos: se apresentassem menos de 30% de hiperglicemias em todas as glicemias capilares aferidas eram alocadas no grupo 1 (n= 65), e caso contrário no grupo 2 (n=24). Elas realizaram três ultrassonografias (USG): USG 0 (entre 18 a 24 semanas), USG 1 (início do tratamento do DMG) e USG 2 (final do tratamento). Foram analisadas as médias dos percentis do peso e da circunferência abdominal fetal para avaliação do padrão do crescimento fetal, e o ganho de peso fetal entre os USG. Resultados: Não houve diferenças quanto à: idade materna e índice de massa corpórea pré-gestacional; ganho de peso materno no pré-natal; idade gestacional do diagnóstico do DMG e do início do tratamento; idade gestacional da realização das USG. As médias glicêmicas foram de 98,7 mg/dl no grupo 1 e de 111,9 mg/dl no grupo 2 (p<0,001). O uso de insulina foi de 16,9% vs. 87,5%; p<0, 001 nos grupos 1 e 2, respectivamente. O valor da hemoglobina glicada no diagnóstico de DMG foi maior no grupo 2 (5,52% vs. 5,93%; p<0,001). Os percentis do peso fetal foram semelhantes entre os grupos no USG 0 e no USG 1, porém significativamente maiores no grupo 2 no USG 2 (p=0,02). Os percentis da circunferência abdominal fetal foram significativamente maiores no grupo 2 no USG 1 e USG 2. O grupo 2 apresentou um maior ganho de peso fetal (27,53 gramas/dia vs. 33,43gramas/dia; p=0,001) e um maior peso ao nascer (3247g. vs. 3499g.; p=0,025). Conclusões: O controle glicêmico influenciou no peso fetal, as gestantes que apresentaram mais de 30% de hiperglicemia durante o pré-natal apresentaram maior velocidade de ganho de peso fetal durante o tratamento e recém-nascidos com maior peso ao nascer. O percentil da circunferência abdominal fetal parece modificar antes que o percentil do peso fetal e seria um marcador mais sensível de alterações no potencial de crescimento fetal. / Gestational diabetes (GDM) is related to overgrowth fetal. Objective: To evaluate fetal growth in patients with gestational diabetes (GD) according to glycemic control. Methods: Eighty-nine pregnant women seen at the Obstetric Clinic of the University Hospital, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, between May 2005 and June 2011 were studied retrospectively. The study included non-smoking women with singleton pregnancies and GD diagnosed by the 100- or 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. The patients had no maternal disease interfering with fetal weight gain and there were no fetal malformations. All women attended weekly specialized prenatal care, consumed a diabetes diet, performed daily glycemic control, and used insulin when necessary. Insulin was introduced when >=30% of the capillary glucose measurements obtained in one week were >95 mg/dl (fasting), >140 mg/dl (1 h postprandial), or >120 mg/dl (2 h postprandial). The women were divided into two groups according to the frequency of hyperglycemic episodes in all capillary glucose measurements obtained during treatment: group 1 (n = 65, <=30%), and group 2 (n = 24, >30%). Ultrasound (US) was performed at three time points for the comparison of mean fetal weight and abdominal circumference percentiles and fetal weight gain (g/day): US0 (18 to 24 weeks), US1 (at the beginning of treatment of GD), and US2 (at the end of treatment) Results: The two groups did not differ in terms of maternal age, pregestational BMI, prenatal maternal weight gain, gestational age at the diagnosis of GD, time of onset of treatment, or gestational age at US. Mean glycemia was 98.7 mg/dl in group 1 and 111.9 mg/dl in group 2 (p<0.001). Insulin was used by 16.9% of the patients of group 1 vs. 87.5% of group 2 (p<0.001). HbA1c at diagnosis of GD was higher in group 2 (5.52% vs. 5.93%; p<0.001). Fetal weight percentiles were similar in the two groups at US0 and US1, but significantly higher in group 2 at US2 (p=0.02). Abdominal circumference percentiles were significantly higher in group 2 at US1 and US2. Fetal weight gain (27.5 vs. 33.4 g/day; p=0.001) and birthweight (3247 vs. 3499 g; p=0.025) were higher in group 2. Conclusions: The pattern of fetal growth in patients with GD varies according to glycemic control. The fetal growth velocity and newborn birthweight were higher in women who presented >30% of hyperglycemic episodes during treatment of GD. The abdominal circumference percentile seems to change before the weight percentile and would be a more sensitive marker of altered fetal growth.

O Diabetes melito gestacional (DMG) está relacionado ao crescimento fetal exagerado. Entender a influência do controle glicêmico no padrão do crescimento fetal auxilia na identificação dos fetos com maior risco de desvios da normalidade. Objetivo: comparar o crescimento fetal em pacientes com DMG segundo o controle glicêmico. Método: estudo retrospectivo com 89 gestantes da Clínica Obstétrica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo no período de maio de 2005 a junho de 2011. Foram incluídas apenas pacientes com gestações únicas e com DMG diagnosticado pelo teste de tolerância oral à glicose de 100 gramas ou 75 gramas, sem doenças maternas que interferem no ganho de peso fetal, sem malformações fetais ou tabagismo. Todas as gestantes realizaram retornos semanais no pré-natal especializado, dieta para diabetes, controle glicêmico diário e uso de insulina quando necessário. Foi introduzida insulina quando 30% ou mais das glicemias capilares aferidas em uma semana eram superiores a: jejum> 95 mg/dl, 1hora pós-prandial> 140 mg/dl ou 2 horas pós-prandial> 120 mg/dl. As gestantes foram divididas para análise dos dados em dois grupos: se apresentassem menos de 30% de hiperglicemias em todas as glicemias capilares aferidas eram alocadas no grupo 1 (n= 65), e caso contrário no grupo 2 (n=24). Elas realizaram três ultrassonografias (USG): USG 0 (entre 18 a 24 semanas), USG 1 (início do tratamento do DMG) e USG 2 (final do tratamento). Foram analisadas as médias dos percentis do peso e da circunferência abdominal fetal para avaliação do padrão do crescimento fetal, e o ganho de peso fetal entre os USG. Resultados: Não houve diferenças quanto à: idade materna e índice de massa corpórea pré-gestacional; ganho de peso materno no pré-natal; idade gestacional do diagnóstico do DMG e do início do tratamento; idade gestacional da realização das USG. As médias glicêmicas foram de 98,7 mg/dl no grupo 1 e de 111,9 mg/dl no grupo 2 (p<0,001). O uso de insulina foi de 16,9% vs. 87,5%; p<0, 001 nos grupos 1 e 2, respectivamente. O valor da hemoglobina glicada no diagnóstico de DMG foi maior no grupo 2 (5,52% vs. 5,93%; p<0,001). Os percentis do peso fetal foram semelhantes entre os grupos no USG 0 e no USG 1, porém significativamente maiores no grupo 2 no USG 2 (p=0,02). Os percentis da circunferência abdominal fetal foram significativamente maiores no grupo 2 no USG 1 e USG 2. O grupo 2 apresentou um maior ganho de peso fetal (27,53 gramas/dia vs. 33,43gramas/dia; p=0,001) e um maior peso ao nascer (3247g. vs. 3499g.; p=0,025). Conclusões: O controle glicêmico influenciou no peso fetal, as gestantes que apresentaram mais de 30% de hiperglicemia durante o pré-natal apresentaram maior velocidade de ganho de peso fetal durante o tratamento e recém-nascidos com maior peso ao nascer. O percentil da circunferência abdominal fetal parece modificar antes que o percentil do peso fetal e seria um marcador mais sensível de alterações no potencial de crescimento fetal. / Gestational diabetes (GDM) is related to overgrowth fetal. Objective: To evaluate fetal growth in patients with gestational diabetes (GD) according to glycemic control. Methods: Eighty-nine pregnant women seen at the Obstetric Clinic of the University Hospital, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, between May 2005 and June 2011 were studied retrospectively. The study included non-smoking women with singleton pregnancies and GD diagnosed by the 100- or 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. The patients had no maternal disease interfering with fetal weight gain and there were no fetal malformations. All women attended weekly specialized prenatal care, consumed a diabetes diet, performed daily glycemic control, and used insulin when necessary. Insulin was introduced when >=30% of the capillary glucose measurements obtained in one week were >95 mg/dl (fasting), >140 mg/dl (1 h postprandial), or >120 mg/dl (2 h postprandial). The women were divided into two groups according to the frequency of hyperglycemic episodes in all capillary glucose measurements obtained during treatment: group 1 (n = 65, <=30%), and group 2 (n = 24, >30%). Ultrasound (US) was performed at three time points for the comparison of mean fetal weight and abdominal circumference percentiles and fetal weight gain (g/day): US0 (18 to 24 weeks), US1 (at the beginning of treatment of GD), and US2 (at the end of treatment) Results: The two groups did not differ in terms of maternal age, pregestational BMI, prenatal maternal weight gain, gestational age at the diagnosis of GD, time of onset of treatment, or gestational age at US. Mean glycemia was 98.7 mg/dl in group 1 and 111.9 mg/dl in group 2 (p<0.001). Insulin was used by 16.9% of the patients of group 1 vs. 87.5% of group 2 (p<0.001). HbA1c at diagnosis of GD was higher in group 2 (5.52% vs. 5.93%; p<0.001). Fetal weight percentiles were similar in the two groups at US0 and US1, but significantly higher in group 2 at US2 (p=0.02). Abdominal circumference percentiles were significantly higher in group 2 at US1 and US2. Fetal weight gain (27.5 vs. 33.4 g/day; p=0.001) and birthweight (3247 vs. 3499 g; p=0.025) were higher in group 2. Conclusions: The pattern of fetal growth in patients with GD varies according to glycemic control. The fetal growth velocity and newborn birthweight were higher in women who presented >30% of hyperglycemic episodes during treatment of GD. The abdominal circumference percentile seems to change before the weight percentile and would be a more sensitive marker of altered fetal growth.

The objectives of this research were to determine the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) among the Cree of James Bay, identify independent risk factors for GDM and infant macrosomia in this population and compare the risk for GDM and infant macrosomia among Cree women with Canadian non-Native women. The prevalence of GDM using the National Diabetes Data Group criteria among the Cree was 12.8% (95% CI: 10.1--15.5), among the highest ever reported for an Aboriginal group. Independent risk factors for GDM among the Cree were advanced age, pregravid overweight and previous GDM. A comparison of risk of GDM between Cree and non-Native women revealed a significant interaction between ethnicity and pregravid weight. Overweight Cree women were at an elevated risk for GDM compared with overweight non-Native women (OR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.3--3.8), whereas the risk for GDM was not statistically different between normal weight Cree and non-Native women (OR: 1.4, 95% CI: 0.7--2.7) after adjusting for age, parity, and smoking status. Mean birth weight among Cree infants was 3859 +/- 519 g, the highest reported for any ethnic group in the world. Macrosomia prevalence was also high at 34.3%. Independent risk factors for macrosomia among the Cree were advanced age, pregravid overweight and GDM. A significant interaction was noted between ethnicity and GDM on risk for macrosomia. GDM increased the risk for macrosomia 4.5-fold among the Cree but had no significant effect among non-Natives. After adjusting for age, parity, pregravid weight, gestational weight gain, GDM, gestational duration and smoking status, Cree infants remained heavier than non-Native infants by 235 g. The results of this research indicate the need to control pregravid obesity through culturally acceptable dietary modifications and exercise in order to minimize the risk for GDM among Cree women. The significant impact of GDM on risk for macrosomia among the Cree calls for the re-evaluation of the existi

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:36:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 kerche_ltrl_me_botfm.pdf: 560618 bytes, checksum: 73e382097a4197d2e252b34f5a64a0f0 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Identificar fatores de risco para a macrossomia fetal na população de gestantes portadoras de diabete ou hiperglicemia diária. Método - Estudo retrospectivo, tipo caso-controle, incluindo 803 pares de mães e recém-nascidos desta população específica, distribuídos em dois grupos - macrossômicos (casos, n = 242) e não-macrossômicos (controles, n = 561). Foram comparadas variáveis relativas à idade, paridade, peso e índice de massa corporal (IMC), ganho de peso (GP), antecedentes de diabete, hipertensão arterial e tabagismo, tipo e classificação do diabete e indicadores do controle glicêmico no terceiro trimestre. As médias foram avaliadas pelo teste F e as variáveis categorizadas foram submetidas à análise univariada, utilizando-se o teste do qui-quadrado (c²). Os resultados significativos foram incluídos no modelo de regressão múltipla, para identificação do risco independente de macrossomia, considerando-se OR, IC95% e valor de p. Para todas as análises foi estabelecido o limite de significância estatística de 5% (p < 0,05). Resultados - Observou-se associação significativa entre macrossomia e GP > 16kg, IMC = 25kg/m2, antecedentes pessoais, obstétricos e, especificamente, o de macrossomia, classificação nos grupos de Rudge (IB e IIA + IIB), média glicêmica (MG) ³120mg/dL e média de glicemia pósprandial (MPP) ³ 130mg/dL no terceiro trimestre. Na análise de regressão múltipla, o GP > 16kg (OR = 1,79; IC95% = 1,23 ¾ 1,60), o IMC = 25kg/m² (OR = 1,83; IC95% = 1,27 ¾ 2,64), o antecedente pessoal de diabete (OR = 1,56; IC95% = 1,05 ¾ 2,31) e de macrossomia (OR = 2,37; IC95% = 1,60 ¾ 3,50) e a MG ³120mg/dL no terceiro trimestre (OR = 1,78; IC95% = 1,13 ¾ 2,80) confirmaram risco independente para macrossomia nestas gestações de risco. Conclusão - O GP > 16Kg, o IMC ³ 25Kg/m2, a MG ³ 120mg/dL no terceiro trimestre e a presença... / To identify risk factors for fetal macrosomia in pregnant women having diabetes or daily hyperglycemia. Method – Retrospective study, control-case, including 803 pairs of mothers and newborns belonging to this specific population, distributed in two groups- macrosomic (cases, n = 242) and non-macrosomic (controls, n = 561). Variables related to age, parity, weight and body mass index (BMI), weight gain (WG), diabetes history, high blood pressure and tabagism, diabetes type and classification and glycemic control indicators in the third trimester were compared. The means were evaluated by the F test and the categorized variables were submitted to univariate analysis using the chi square test (c²). The significative results were included in the multiple regression model for the identification of macrosomia independent risk considering OR, 95% CI and p value. The statistical significance limit of 5% was established for all the analysis. Results – There was significative association between macrosomia and WG > 16kg, BMI = 25kg/m², personal, obstetric and macrosomic history, classification in the Rudge groups (IB and IIA + IIB), glycemic mean (GM) = 120mg/dL and postprandial glycemic mean (PPGM) = 130mg/dL in the third trimester. In the multiple regression analysis, the WG > 16kg (OR= 1,79; 95%CI= 1,23 - 1,60), the BMI ³ 25kg/m² (OR = 1,83; 95% CI = 1,27 - 2,64), the diabetes personal history (OR = 1,56; 95%CI = 1,05 - 2,31), and of macrossomia (OR = 2,37; 95%CI= 1,60- 3,50) and the GM ³ 120mg/dL in the third trimester (OR = 1,78; 95%= 1,13 - 2,80) confirmed independent risk for macrossomia in these risk pregnancies. Conclusion – The WG > 16kg, the BMI ³ 25kg/m², the GM = 120mg/dL in the third trimester and macrosomia and diabetes personal history were identified as risk factors for fetal macrosomia in pregnant women having diabetes or daily hyperglycemia.

Orientador: João Luiz de Carvalho Pinto e Silva / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T23:07:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rehder_PatriciaMoretti_D.pdf: 1866616 bytes, checksum: 49b75f5f19ec3fe077d8154a0e8696e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O Diabetes mellitus quando associado à gestação resulta em complicações gestacionais e perinatais, portanto recomenda-se a pesquisa do diabetes a todas as gestantes através da identificação dos fatores de risco para a doença e glicemia de jejum. Quando houver pelo menos um fator de risco presente ou glicemia de jejum alterada, isto é, rastreamento positivo, deve-se realizar a curva glicêmica gestacional (CGG) com sobrecarga de glicose para confirmação diagnóstica. Os pontos de corte para diagnóstico de diabetes são elevados de tal forma que algumas gestantes com curvas glicêmicas normais, mas com o rastreamento positivo, apresentam os resultados similares aos de mães diabéticas. Assim, começaram a surgir trabalhos analisando resultados de gestantes com essas características. Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados gestacionais e perinatais de mulheres com rastreamento positivo para diabetes mellitus e curvas glicêmicas normais. Pacientes e Método: Trata-se de estudo longitudinal retrospectivo e descritivo com componente de validação de testes de diagnóstico. Foram incluídas 409 gestantes, atendidas no Hospital da Mulher Prof. Dr. José A. Pinotti Centro de Atenção Integral à Saúde da Mulher - CAISM\UNICAMP, no período de 2000 a 2009, com rastreamento positivo e diagnóstico negativo para DMG. Foram analisadas as prevalências das variáveis demográficas, gestacionais e neonatais e calculadas a sensibilidade e a especificidade da CGG para predizer macrossomia e recém-nascido grande para idade gestacional e com esses valores desenhadas as curvas "ROC" tendo a curva glicêmica como teste diagnóstico. Resultados: Os fatores de risco que foram mais prevalentes para realização da CGG foram obesidade ou sobrepeso, hipertensão arterial crônica, idade materna avançada e antecedente familiar de DM. Os resultados neonatais e gestacionais com maior prevalência foram maior taxa de cesárea, recém-nascidos grandes para idade gestacional e prematuridade. Na curva ROC, a glicemia de jejum da CGG foi menor que a da literatura em predição de RN GIG. Já a glicemia de jejum de início do pré-natal sem associação a fatores de risco teve baixa prevalência a resultados adversos gestacionais e perinatais. Conclusões: A prevalência de recém-nascido grande para idade gestacional, taxa de cesárea e prematuridade foi alta em gestantes com rastreamento positivo para DM e CGG normal. O ponto da curva glicêmica que melhor se associou a esses resultados foi a glicemia de jejum com valor entre 87mg/dL, pela curva ROC / Abstract: Diabetes mellitus when associated with pregnancy, results in high frequency gestational and perinatal complications. Recommended search of gestational diabetes to all pregnant women through the identification of risk factors for disease and fasting plasma glucose and in case there is at least one risk factor or plasma glucose value over than 90mg%, must be the confirmation of the diagnosis by oral glucose challenge test (OGCT). The cut-off points for diagnosis are high so that some pregnant women have normal OGCT and positive screening with results similar to those of diabetic. Thus began to appear work analyzing results of pregnant women with these characteristics. Objective: to evaluate the accuracy of the OGCT in predicting adverse perinatal outcomes in women screened positive for diabetes mellitus and to estimate cut-off thresholds related to these outcomes. Patients and methods: retrospective study and longitudinal prevalence with component validation of diagnostic tests. The sample was constituted of 409 women, in Women's Hospital Prof. Dr. José A. Pinotti Center for Integral Women's Health of State University of Campinas - CAISM\UNICAMP, in the period of 2000 to 2009, with screening positive and negative diagnosis for DMG. Were analysed the prevalence of gestational demographic variables, and neonatal diseases and sensitivity and specificity were calculated for each of the OGCT to predict macrossomia and newborn large for gestational age and with these values drawn on curves "ROC" having the OGCT as diagnostic testes. Results: the risk factors that were more prevalent for realization of OGCT were overweight or obesity, chronic hypertension, advanced maternal age and family antecedent of DM. the results of neonatal and gestational with higher prevalence were higher rate of c-section, newborn large for gestational age (LGA) and prematurity. In the ROC curve, the GCT fasting which best joined the ability of predicting newborn LGA was smaller than the literature. Already the fasting of early prenatal without association with risk factors had low Association regarding adverse perinatal and gestational outcomes. Conclusion: the pregnant women with positive screening for DM and CGG normal higher prevalence of newborns large for gestational age, Cesarean sections and premature and the point of the curve which best joined this fact was the fasting plasma glucose value of 87 mg% / Doutorado / Saúde Materna e Perinatal / Doutor em Ciências da Saúde

Objetivo: Determinar potenciales factores de riesgo para diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG). Métodos: Estudio de casos y controles realizado en el Hospital Alberto Sabogal mediante recolección de historias clínicas del 2009 a 2014. Se define como caso las gestantes con diagnóstico de DMG mediante una prueba de tolerancia oral a la glucosa (PTOG), previa glucosa en ayunas anormal y control a la gestante sin valores indicativos de DMG. Las variables de interés fueron paridad, antecedente de cesáreas, abortos y recién nacido con mayor peso. Modelos de regresión logística fueron calculados para estimar odd ratios (OR) e intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC95%). Resultados: Se incluyeron 84 casos y 336 controles. En el modelo multivariado, la multiparidad incrementó el riesgo de DMG (OR= 3,54; IC95% 1,55 – 8,14). También, antecedente de abortos, a partir del segundo aborto (OR= 3,40, IC95% 1,55 – 7,44) y cesáreas previas (1 cesárea OR= 3,5 IC95% 1,89 – 6,47 y 2+ cesáreas OR=8,35 IC95% 3,50 – 19,95). La multiparidad, dos o más abortos y mayor número de cesáreas son factores de riesgo para DMG. / Objectives: To identify risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: A case-control study was performed in Alberto Sabogal Hospital, collecting medical records from 2009 to 2014. A case was defined as a pregnant women diagnosed with GDM by an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) after an abnormal fasting glucose and control was defined as a pregnant women without GDM indicative values. The study outcome was GDM. The variables of interest were multiparity, previous cesarean section, abortions, newborn with the greatest weight. Logistic regression were used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and a confidence interval of 95% (IC95%). Results: 84 cases and 336 controls were included. In the multivariate model, multiparity increased risk of GDM (OR= 3.54, 95% CI 1.55 to 8.14). As well history of abortions, from the second abortion (OR= 3.40, 95% CI 1.55 to 7.44) and previous cesarean section are also related (cesarean section 1 OR= 3.5 95% CI 1.89 to 6.47 and 2+ cesarean OR= 8.35 95% CI 3.50 to 19.95). Multiparity, two or more abortions, a biggest number of cesarean sections are GDM risk factors.

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Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and infant macrosomia are important obstetric health concerns for Aboriginal populations in Canada. Previous research in non-Aboriginal populations has established that GDM and macrosomia are associated with increased risk of fetal morbidity. Specifically, GDM is a risk factor for infant macrosomia, hypoglycemia, polycythemia, hypocalcemia, and hyperbilirubinemia. Furthermore, macrosomia is an independent risk factor for shoulder dystocia, clavicular fracture, brachial plexus injury, birth asphyxia and operative delivery. The main objectives of this study were to determine prevalence rates of GDM and macrosomia related neonatal complications for the James Bay Cree population of northern Quebec, and to identify risk factors for specific birth trauma injuries and metabolic complications in the population. The prevalence of macrosomia (≥4500 g) was 10.4%, and the estimated prevalence of GDM was 16.6% (95% CI 14.6-18.6) (n = 229/1379). Shoulder dystocia was the most common birth trauma event among the Cree, affecting 2.5% (n = 42/1650) of all Cree births, and 9.3% (n = 16/172) of macrosomic deliveries ≥4500 g. The prevalence of neonatal hypoglycemia was also high, affecting 8.8% (n = 144/1650) of all Cree newborns, and 18.1% (n = 34/192) of GDM deliveries. Macrosomia (BW ≥ 4500 g) was a significant risk factor for shoulder dystocia, clavicular fracture, hypoglycemia, and caesarean section delivery. After adjusting for maternal age, parity, and gestational age, GDM was identified as a significant risk factor for macrosomia (≥4500 g), hypoglycemia, polycythemia, and hypocalcemia. In summary, this study identified a high incidence of neonatal complications among the James Bay Cree compared with rates in the general North American population. These outcomes can be explained, in part, by high prevalence rates of gestational diabetes and infant macrosomia. Further studies to investigate the long-term consequences of GDM and