The issue of identity is receiving the most attention in recent times. Communities, groups and individuals tend to ask themselves who they are after the colonial period. The dawn of modern democracy and the fall of the Berlin Wall have become important sites of self-definition. In this study, I examine narratives of self-invention and selflegitimisation from a variety of texts ranging from poetic to dramatic voices. The author creates characters who represent his wishes, desires and fears in dramatic form. The other characters re-present the other members of his family. He uses autobiographical voices to re-create and re-present history, particularly his family history which has been dismembered by memory's inability to recover the past in its entirety. Memory, visions and dreams are used as tropes to negotiate the pain of loss. These narratives assist him to recapture that which has been lost dearly, and imaginatively re-members what has been dismembered. The autobiographical I shifts into an autobiographical we where the author uses his poetry to lambast the injustices of apartheid. The study further examines some aspects of postcolonial identity, which include the status of African writing and the role of africalogical discourse, the conception of home in apartheid South Africa as well as the juxtaposition of power between indigenes and settlers. These reflect the problem of marginality as a postcolonial condition and how the marginals can be returned to the centre of power. Marginalisation of the indigenes occurs by coercion, inferiorisation, tabooing certain political and cartographical spaces, harassment, torture and imprisonment. Despite these measures, the poetry of NS Puleng persisted to remove the fetish of apartheid disempowerment and disenfranchisement. / African Languages / D.Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

The aim of the study is to survey the usage of closure as it is reflected in Northern Sotho Narratives. Chapter one This chapter introduces the objectives of the research and definition of the concepts narrative and closure. Reference is made to different scholars to substantiate the argument. Chapter two Plot serves as the basis of the study of closure in a novel. The interconnectedness of the elements of plot expressed by the presence of different closural patterns supports this. Major mutual relationships are distinguished, namely between author and reader as well as between author, reader and text. Chapter three The principles of brevity and single effect which differentiate a short story from other narratives play a major role in the study of closure. The five signals of closure and the mode of approaching the end also influence how closure is approached in this genre. Chapter four The study of folktales is divided into traditional and modern approaches. Despite their difference, opening and closing are commonly based on the syntactical position occupied by the opening and closing phrases. In the traditional approach the position is fixed while in the modern approach it is controlled by the presence of motifemes. This chapter embarks on the usage of closure in narrative poetry. The ending is doubly determined, based on structural elements and linguistic principles. Repetition and cessation of the idea expressed in a verse llne, are major poetic devises to illustrate closure. Chapter six This chapter summarizes the findings of the previous chapters and proposals for future research. / African Languages / D.Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

The study makes an analysis of Charles Mungoshi's Shona works from a Modernist perspective. In this study, Modernist literature is shown as full of change and adventure that has seen characters failing to catch up with the speed at which their social lives are going. The change is continuos and has resulted in many characters continuously failing to cope, which in turn has resulted in continuous frustrations, here described as despair. The study also shows how the despair is being nurtured in the circumstances of crumbling social institutions which, in the past, had acted as the haven for devastated individuals. The crumbling social institutions are shown to be triggering the despair and the characters are given no room to recuperate. The study makes an analysis of what brings this despair and how in the end, particular individual characters fight to ward off the despair. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

The research examines the interface of history and fiction. It predominantly focuses on historical fiction on the Zimbabwean liberation war written in Shona, Ndebele and English and published after the attainment of political independence in 1980. Historical fiction on the liberation war is both biographical and autobiographical. Consequently, the study comes to the conclusion that historical fiction is a veritable stakeholder in the history issue in Zimbabwe. It becomes another type or source of history that cannot be papered over when dealing with the nation’s history. In a nation where liberation war history is not only taken seriously, but is also a vigorously contested terrain, historical fiction becomes part of those discursive contestations, particularly on nation and nationalism. It is in this regard that the study problematises the interface of history and fiction by reasoning that historical fiction published in the early 1980s largely advances a state-centered perspective which views history, nation and nationalism in positive terms. This discourse uses history in order to argue for a single nation that derives its identity from the heroic and symbolic guerrilla characters. Nationalism is exclusively presented as humanising and as being the sole legitimate political brand capable of leading the nation. On the other hand, historical fiction written in English and published in the late 1980s onwards represents alternative historical truths that contest nationalism and debunk official definitions of nation. This discourse leads to the pluralisation of perspectives on nation and nationalism. The focus on historical fiction published in three languages used in Zimbabwe is a conscious attempt to transcend ethnicity in critical scholarship. Discussing novels in Shona, Ndebele and English, which are the three main languages in Zimbabwe, makes it possible for the study to draw reasoned conclusions on the bearing of time, language, region and background among others on historical representation. This undertaking brings to the fore how literature responding to similar historical processes appears moderately conjunctive and principally disjunctive. Correspondingly, it also shows various trends in the development of liberation war fiction in Zimbabwe. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Esta dissertação trata dos mecanismos de geração do humor no conto “No Kaddish for Weinstein” (ALLEN, 1975). É possível identificar nessa narrativa a forte e frequente presença do humor étnico, mais especificamente do humor judaico-americano. Porém acredita-se que este não seja o único tipo de humor de que o autor faz uso, considerando-se também que o humor possui diversos mecanismos e pode emergir de diversas situações. Por essa razão, há a necessidade de não só identificar o humor característico de Woody Allen, mas também analisar o tipo de narrativa que esse escritor constrói em seus contos. Além disso, é necessário verificar a relevância do conhecimento cultural na construção do humor e nas relações identitárias que constituem as personagens e narradores. Partindo do pressuposto de que o humor de WA é singular, surgem as questões desta pesquisa: (a) Quais são os domínios, estratos e parâmetros que tipificam a narrativa de Allen?, (b) Quais os mecanismos de humor que o autor usa em seus contos?, (c) Que elementos linguísticos, culturais, identitários e cognitivos são peças-chave na construção do humor alleniano? A partir dessas questões, surgem questionamentos derivados: por que o humor e o judaísmo estão conectados? Qual a relação entre eles? O objetivo geral da pesquisa é examinar o humor nos contos de Woody Allen e sua relação com elementos sociocognitivos e identitários da cultura judaica e judaico-americana. Os objetivos específicos são (a) analisar a estrutura narrativa dos contos de WA, (b) identificar as características dos tipos de humor no conto alleniano “No Kaddish for Weinstein”, (c) analisar os elementos linguísticos que fazem emergir o humor no conto em questão, (d) relacionar elementos linguísticos e fatores socioculturais no conto do escritor e (e) relacionar os elementos que constituem o humor alleniano. Entre os vários contos pré-analisados de diferentes coletâneas da produção de Allen, escolheu-se o conto “No Kaddish for Weinstein", por ser uma narrativa que reúne características que estão presentes, em maior ou menor grau, em seus contos como um todo. Embora variem as temáticas narrativas, o conto “No Kaddish for Weinstein" pode ser considerado prototípico. Por prototípico, entende-se a propriedade de reunir, de forma bastante condensada, atributos gerais do estilo narrativo do autor. Os resultados demonstram que o autor utiliza uma ampla variedade de mecanismos geradores de humor, tais como: quebra de expectativa do leitor, punch lines e scripts opostos. Quanto as questões identitárias da cultura judaico-americana, são mais salientes as referências à autodepreciação e a costumes próprios desta cultura. Fica evidente a construção de uma narrativa que demanda a evocação de conhecimentos enciclopédicos (frames) por parte do leitor, sem os quais não é possível reconhecer o humor potencial do conto. Todos esses resultados se encontram relacionados com o tipo de estrutura narratológica do conto, segundo o framework do Sistema Cognitivo da Narrativa de Talmy (2000), principalmente em relação ao perfilamento de um leitor que compartilhe de conhecimentos da cultura judaico-americanca e de referências as mais diversas à história e cultura nova-iorquina. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2015-03-30T16:36:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Cíntia Brunetta Moreira.pdf: 1436905 bytes, checksum: 5f270e4ff2f3d61937e25705566549f3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-30T16:36:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Cíntia Brunetta Moreira.pdf: 1436905 bytes, checksum: 5f270e4ff2f3d61937e25705566549f3 (MD5) / This dissertation is about humor mechanisms generation present in the short story “No Kaddish for Weinstein” (ALLEN, 1975). It is possible to identify in the narrative the frequent presence of ethnic humor, more specifically the Jewish-American humor. However, it is believed that this is not the only type of humor the author uses, considering also that humor can emerge from many different mechanisms and situations. For this reason, there is the necessity of not only identifying the characteristic humor of Woody Allen, but also the necessity of analyzing the narrative type built by the author in his short stories. Besides all that, it is necessary to verify the relevance of cultural background in humor generation, as well as in identity relations within characters and narrators. The research questions derive from the presupposition that the humor created by Allen is singular, they are: (a) what are the domains, strata and parameters that typify Allen’s narrative?, (b) what are the humor mechanisms that the author uses in his short stories?, (c) what linguistic, cultural, identity and cognitive elements are essential in the Allenian humor? Other questions rise from these interrogations: why humor and Judaism are connected? What is the relation between them? The general objective of this research is to examine the humor present in Allen’s short stories and its relation with sociocognitive and identity elements of Jewish culture. The specific objectives are (a) to analyze the narrative structure in Allen’s short stories, (b) to identify the characteristics of the type of humor in Allen’s “No Kaddish for Weinstein”, (c) analyze what linguistic elements make humor rise in Allen’s referred short story, (d) make relations between linguistic and sociocultural elements in Allen’s short story and (e) make relations between the elements that constitute allenian humor. Among the many short stories pre-analyzed from different collection books produced by Woody Allen, “No Kaddish for Weinstein” was chosen for being a narrative that encompasses the characteristics that are present, in higher or lower degree, in all his short stories as a whole. Although the narrative themes vary, the short story “No Kaddish for Weinstein" can be considered prototypical. By prototypical it is understood the property of encompassing, in a condensed manner, the general requisites of the narrative style of the author. The results demonstrate that the author makes use of a great variety of humor mechanisms, among them: rupture of the reader’s expectation, punch lines e opposite scripts. In relation to the identity issues of Jewish-American culture, the references to selfhatred and habits are more relevant. It is evident, the construction of a narrative that demands from the reader the evocation of encyclopedic knowledge (frames). Without the recognition of these frames it is not possible to recognize the potential humor of the short story. All the results are related with the narratologic structure type of the short story, according to the framework of the Cognitive Approach to the Analysis of Narrative by Talmy (2000). This is mainly because it permits designing a reader’s profile that shares the knowledges concerning the Jewish-american and New Yorker culture, moreover references about history.

Esta dissertação trata dos mecanismos de geração do humor no conto “No Kaddish for Weinstein” (ALLEN, 1975). É possível identificar nessa narrativa a forte e frequente presença do humor étnico, mais especificamente do humor judaico-americano. Porém acredita-se que este não seja o único tipo de humor de que o autor faz uso, considerando-se também que o humor possui diversos mecanismos e pode emergir de diversas situações. Por essa razão, há a necessidade de não só identificar o humor característico de Woody Allen, mas também analisar o tipo de narrativa que esse escritor constrói em seus contos. Além disso, é necessário verificar a relevância do conhecimento cultural na construção do humor e nas relações identitárias que constituem as personagens e narradores. Partindo do pressuposto de que o humor de WA é singular, surgem as questões desta pesquisa: (a) Quais são os domínios, estratos e parâmetros que tipificam a narrativa de Allen?, (b) Quais os mecanismos de humor que o autor usa em seus contos?, (c) Que elementos linguísticos, culturais, identitários e cognitivos são peças-chave na construção do humor alleniano? A partir dessas questões, surgem questionamentos derivados: por que o humor e o judaísmo estão conectados? Qual a relação entre eles? O objetivo geral da pesquisa é examinar o humor nos contos de Woody Allen e sua relação com elementos sociocognitivos e identitários da cultura judaica e judaico-americana. Os objetivos específicos são (a) analisar a estrutura narrativa dos contos de WA, (b) identificar as características dos tipos de humor no conto alleniano “No Kaddish for Weinstein”, (c) analisar os elementos linguísticos que fazem emergir o humor no conto em questão, (d) relacionar elementos linguísticos e fatores socioculturais no conto do escritor e (e) relacionar os elementos que constituem o humor alleniano. Entre os vários contos pré-analisados de diferentes coletâneas da produção de Allen, escolheu-se o conto “No Kaddish for Weinstein", por ser uma narrativa que reúne características que estão presentes, em maior ou menor grau, em seus contos como um todo. Embora variem as temáticas narrativas, o conto “No Kaddish for Weinstein" pode ser considerado prototípico. Por prototípico, entende-se a propriedade de reunir, de forma bastante condensada, atributos gerais do estilo narrativo do autor. Os resultados demonstram que o autor utiliza uma ampla variedade de mecanismos geradores de humor, tais como: quebra de expectativa do leitor, punch lines e scripts opostos. Quanto as questões identitárias da cultura judaico-americana, são mais salientes as referências à autodepreciação e a costumes próprios desta cultura. Fica evidente a construção de uma narrativa que demanda a evocação de conhecimentos enciclopédicos (frames) por parte do leitor, sem os quais não é possível reconhecer o humor potencial do conto. Todos esses resultados se encontram relacionados com o tipo de estrutura narratológica do conto, segundo o framework do Sistema Cognitivo da Narrativa de Talmy (2000), principalmente em relação ao perfilamento de um leitor que compartilhe de conhecimentos da cultura judaico-americanca e de referências as mais diversas à história e cultura nova-iorquina. / This dissertation is about humor mechanisms generation present in the short story “No Kaddish for Weinstein” (ALLEN, 1975). It is possible to identify in the narrative the frequent presence of ethnic humor, more specifically the Jewish-American humor. However, it is believed that this is not the only type of humor the author uses, considering also that humor can emerge from many different mechanisms and situations. For this reason, there is the necessity of not only identifying the characteristic humor of Woody Allen, but also the necessity of analyzing the narrative type built by the author in his short stories. Besides all that, it is necessary to verify the relevance of cultural background in humor generation, as well as in identity relations within characters and narrators. The research questions derive from the presupposition that the humor created by Allen is singular, they are: (a) what are the domains, strata and parameters that typify Allen’s narrative?, (b) what are the humor mechanisms that the author uses in his short stories?, (c) what linguistic, cultural, identity and cognitive elements are essential in the Allenian humor? Other questions rise from these interrogations: why humor and Judaism are connected? What is the relation between them? The general objective of this research is to examine the humor present in Allen’s short stories and its relation with sociocognitive and identity elements of Jewish culture. The specific objectives are (a) to analyze the narrative structure in Allen’s short stories, (b) to identify the characteristics of the type of humor in Allen’s “No Kaddish for Weinstein”, (c) analyze what linguistic elements make humor rise in Allen’s referred short story, (d) make relations between linguistic and sociocultural elements in Allen’s short story and (e) make relations between the elements that constitute allenian humor. Among the many short stories pre-analyzed from different collection books produced by Woody Allen, “No Kaddish for Weinstein” was chosen for being a narrative that encompasses the characteristics that are present, in higher or lower degree, in all his short stories as a whole. Although the narrative themes vary, the short story “No Kaddish for Weinstein" can be considered prototypical. By prototypical it is understood the property of encompassing, in a condensed manner, the general requisites of the narrative style of the author. The results demonstrate that the author makes use of a great variety of humor mechanisms, among them: rupture of the reader’s expectation, punch lines e opposite scripts. In relation to the identity issues of Jewish-American culture, the references to selfhatred and habits are more relevant. It is evident, the construction of a narrative that demands from the reader the evocation of encyclopedic knowledge (frames). Without the recognition of these frames it is not possible to recognize the potential humor of the short story. All the results are related with the narratologic structure type of the short story, according to the framework of the Cognitive Approach to the Analysis of Narrative by Talmy (2000). This is mainly because it permits designing a reader’s profile that shares the knowledges concerning the Jewish-american and New Yorker culture, moreover references about history.

Orientador: Maria Eugenia Boaventura / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T16:43:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferreira_CarolinaDuarteDamasceno_M.pdf: 3533727 bytes, checksum: ffb9a9e29f58c560eda2c6f9d0ffa7c9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A presente pesquisa tem como finalidade estudar o papel desempenhado pela experiência ficcional no relato do narrador-protagonista de Angústia, de Graciliano Ramos. O intuito era mapear, nesse romance pouco estudado, possíveis motivos que levaram Luís da Silva a escrever seu relato, apesar de sua manifesta desconfiança diante da escrita. A partir da análise da modalidade narrativa, da relação entre o narrador e a matéria narrada e do tratamento dado ao tempo no romance, constatou-se que há uma indistinção no discurso do protagonista entre os elementos apresentados como reais e seus devaneios. A proximidade entre presente e passado, realidade e sonho, memória e imaginação, que perpassa a narrativa, faz com que a ficção ganhe, na vida de Luís da Silva, um lugar de destaque, uma vez que ela é capaz de recriar e até substituir sua experiência / Abstract: The purpose of this dissertation is to study the role that the fictional experience plays in the narrative made by the protagonist and narrator of Graciliano Ramos' Angústia. The goal was to map, in this barely studied novel, possible reasons that made Luís da Silva write bis narrative, in spite of his apparent mistrust regarding the writing experience. By analyzing the narrative format, the relation between the narrator and the narration subject and the treatment given to the course of time in the novel, it was found out that there is no distinction between the elements presented as real and as his daydreaming in the discourse of the protagonist. The proximity between present and past, reality and dream, memory and imagination that passes through the narrative gives the fiction a remarkable role in Luís da Silva' s life, since it is able to remake and even substitute his experience / Mestrado / Literatura Brasileira / Mestre em Teoria Literaria

Orientador: Miriam Viviana Garate / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T01:59:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alves_FernandaAndradedoNascimento_M.pdf: 1216703 bytes, checksum: 4c357b667d8c2b8b85de2aab513db830 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O presente estudo está pautado pela possibilidade de leitura da obra cortazariana com base em um aspecto relevante de sua trajetória: a dedicação não apenas à ficção, mas também à crítica. Partindo da poética de Cortázar acerca do conto, surgem algumas metáforas e comparações para definir o gênero e para tratar do ato de narrar. Essas metáforas têm diversas entonações ao longo da obra, configurando não apenas uma recorrência temática que atravessa textos ensaísticos e narrativos, mas também uma contaminação dos registros ficcional e crítico. As referências à fotografia e ao jazz, como parâmetros para a construção literária, são temas de reflexão em ensaios que assumem alguns traços ficcionais e são motivos narrativos em contos perpassados pela dimensão crítica. Os contos assumem o discurso crítico dentro de sua própria estrutura, questionando o ato de narrar; os ensaios, muitas vezes, têm a estratégia argumentativa baseada na constituição de uma imagem e no recurso ao anedótico; os textos que compõem os livros-almanaque transitam entre a ficção, o autobiográfico e o ensaístico. Desse modo, a comparação entre conto e fotografia, discutida em "Algunos aspectos del cuento" (1962), já havia sido ficcionalizada no conto "Las babas del diablo" (1959) e é retomada em "Apocalipsis de Solentiname" (1977) e em "Ventanas a lo insólito (1978); a busca por uma linguagem desautomatizada, proposta no ensaio "Para una poética" (1954), é trabalhada em "Las babas del diablo" e em "Diario para un cuento" (1982); o princípio analógico explicitado em "Para una poética" culmina no conceito de figura - uma nova forma de percepção da realidade e um efeito buscado nos contos -, retomado em "Cristal con una rosa dentro" (1969), texto cujo gênero é difícil definir e que compõe um dos livrosalmanaque cortazarianos; os "takes", propostos em "Melancolía de las maletas" (1967) como parâmetro para a literatura, parecem definir o movimento narrativo de "Las babas del diablo" e de "Diario para un cuento". / Abstract: This work aims at identifying the reading possibilities in Cortázar's works, based on an important aspect of the author?s path: his commitment not only to fiction, but also to literary criticism. From Cortázar's poetics regarding short stories, it is possible to identify metaphors and similes created in order to define the literary genre and to address the narrative act. Such metaphors assume several intonations throughout the author's work, configuring not only the recurrence of themes which is present in essays and narratives, but also the traces of contamination of fictional writings and critiques. The references to photography and to jazz as parameters for the literary construction are the object of analysis in essays that assume some fictional traces and constitute narrative motifs in short stories which span the dimension of criticism. Cortázar's short novels assume the critical discourse in its own structure, questioning the narrative act; the essays, many times, adopt an argumentative strategy based on the constitution of an image and resort to the anecdotal; the texts that compose the "almanac" books shift between fiction, autobiography and essay. Therefore, the comparison between short story and photography, which is discussed in "Algunos aspectos del cuento" (1962), had already been turned into fiction in the short story entitled "Las babas del diablo" (1959) and is discussed again in "Apocalipsis de Solentiname" (1977) and in "Ventanas a lo insólito" (1978); in "Las babas Del diablo" and "Diário para um cuento", Cortázar is in the quest for a language that is not automated, and such quest is also present in the essay "Para una poética" (1954); the analogy principle shown in "Para una poética" reaches its highest point with the concept of figure - a new form of perception of reality and effect which Cortázar looks for in his short stories -, which is recurrent in "Cristal con una rosa dentro" (1969), a text whose genre cannot be easily defined and that is part of one of Cortázar's "almanac" books; the "takes" proposed in "Melancolía de las maletas" (1967) as literary parameter seem to establish the narrative movement in "Las babas del diablo" and "Diario para un cuento". / Mestrado / Teoria e Critica Literaria / Mestre em Teoria e História Literária

Orientador: Maria Betania Amoroso / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T11:43:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Corilow_PriscilaMalfattiVieira_M.pdf: 812273 bytes, checksum: 96c4a204d00972f582c9d0d598271349 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Italo Calvino publica Se una notte d'inverno un viaggiatore em 1979, após um considerável período de reflexão sobre as discussões relacionadas ao romance como gênero no cenário cultural europeu, em especial a partir das teorizações de Roland Barthes e das experimentações do grupo OULIPO (Ouvroir de Littératture Potentielle). Nessa obra, o caráter metaliterário se destaca à primeira vista. Os mecanismos envolvidos no ato de narrar e seus agentes, leitores e autores, são ostensivamente encenados nesse "hiperromance", como o denominou seu escritor. Em função das peculiaridades de sua construção, essa obra tem sido submetida a análises que buscam identificar o funcionamento da interação autor-obra-receptor, a "função autor" e a "função leitor", estabelecer teorias da leitura através do romance ou estudá-lo a partir de metodologias semiológicas e pós-estruturalistas. Esses trabalhos têm consolidado uma imagem exclusiva de Italo Calvino como escritor pósmoderno por excelência, dedicado prioritariamente à reflexão sobre os processos lógicolingüísticos e estruturais envolvidos na fatura do texto literário. Partindo de premissas diversas, apoiadas em um modus operandi reconhecível no trabalho de críticos italianos como Asor Rosa, Alfonso Berardinelli, Mario Barenghi, Gian Carlo Ferretti entre outros, procuramos seguir de perto o entrelaçamento entre a ficção e a reflexão crítica na obra citada, através da leitura e análise dos ensaios, notas, entrevistas, artigos jornalísticos do próprio escritor bem como da crítica italiana que recepcionou sua obra. Buscamos assim produzir uma análise do romance que fosse capaz de revelar outra dimensão do escritor: a do intelectual que, através da mediação da literatura, reflete sobre a pertinência do gênero romance em momentos diversos da cultura e da sociedade, principalmente italianas / Abstract: Italo Calvino published Se una notte d'inverno un viaggiatore in 1979, after he had gone throw for a reflexive period, when he think about issues related with the romance as a literary genre that at the same time had concerned the cultural sphere of Europeans in the decades of fifty and sixty, when this matter was broadly discussed. Those discussions became even more frequent after Roland Barthes theorizing and the OULIPO (Ouvroir de Littératture Potentielle) experimentation's. In Se una notte d'inverno un viaggiatore the metaliterary approach is a strength feature since the first contact. The mechanisms involved in the narration act and its agents, the reader and the author, are both ostensibly staged in this hyperromance, like its author called it. According to peculiarities of its construction, this work has been subjected to analysis that seek to identify the operation of the author-work-receptor interaction, the "author function" and the "reader function", besides to establish readingtheories through the romance or to study it from the semiological and poststructuralist methodology. This works had consolidated an exclusive image of Italo Calvino as a postmodern writer par excellence, whom had devoted primarily to understand the logicallinguistic and structural processes, which are involved in the making of the literary text. We seek to follow closely the interlacing between the fiction and the critical thought in the mentioned work, based on various assumptions that are supported by a modus operandi recognizable in the works of italian critics like Asor Rosa, Alfonso Berardinelli, Mario Barenghi, Gian Carlo Ferretti and others. This search was also made through the reading and analyzing of Calvino's essays, notes, interviews and journalistic articles and the italian critic which welcomed his work. Therefore, we attempted a romance's analysis that was capable of revealing another dimension of the writer: an intellectual, who through the mediation of the literature, thought about the romance genre relevance in various moments of culture and society, mainly the italian ones / Mestrado / Teoria e Critica Literaria / Mestre em Teoria e História Literária

Orientador: Mário Luiz Frungillo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T15:02:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Brito_MelissaBarros_M.pdf: 1433251 bytes, checksum: 9c3f5fbc60205a8fc202ea5ca8d5e9a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a construção do bode expiatório de José Saramago à luz das teorias de René Girard. Para analisar a construção de Saramago, foram eleitos dois de seus romances: Ensaio sobre a cegueira (1995) e Ensaio sobre a lucidez (2004), livros que mantêm entre si uma continuação. O foco desta dissertação está voltado para a personagem mulher do médico, que divide o espaço da narrativa com outros que serão de fundamental importância para o desenvolvimento da trama. É essa personagem quem faz o papel de bode expiatório nas tramas de Saramago. A leitura dos romances de Saramago sob esse viés é possível em razão das teorias e estudos elaborados por René Girard, que procura compreender e teorizar o desejo mimético, a violência fundadora e a escolha (construção) do bode expiatório. As teorias defendidas por René Girard acerca da escolha do bode expiatório ¿ desde o seu surgimento até o seu sacrifício para o surgimento de uma nova sociedade ¿ nos ajuda a compreender os movimentos criados por José Saramago no decorrer dos dois romances e a importância que a personagem mulher do médico tem para ajudar a discutir as relações de poder e, principalmente, para revelar a crítica de José Saramago aos estados tidos como democráticos. Neste trabalho me interessa, sobretudo, observar o percurso desta personagem desde o primeiro romance em que aparece como uma espécie de heroína abnegada até o segundo romance, quando se torna vítima do sistema ¿ portanto o bode expiatório ¿, até a sua execução, e quais são as questões que estão envolvidas na construção criada por Saramago para melhor compreender a crítica aos estados democráticos em suas obras / Abstract: This work aims to analyse the construction of José Saramago¿s scapegoat with the help of René Girard¿s theoretical writings. In order to do it, two novels writen by Saramago were selected: Ensaio sobre a Cegueira (Blindness, 1995) and Ensaio sobre a Lucidez (Seeing, 2004), whose themes derive one from another. The focus is put on the main character, named simply as doctor¿s wife, who shares the narrative space with other characteres responsible for the developing of the plot. It¿s doctor¿s wife who plays the role of the scapegoat in Saramago¿s novels. The reading of both books from the point of view of Girard¿s works is possible because there are a sort of resemblances between the novels and the theory: the mimetic desire, the founding violence e the choosing of the scapegoat are all themes and subjects that belong both to Saramago¿s literature and Girard¿s thought. Finally, the work also wants to understand the trajectory of doctor¿s wife from the first novel, where she shows herself as some sort of unselfish heroine, to the second novel, when she becomes a victim of the political system ¿ therefore, the scapegoat ¿ until her execution. The goal is to reveal what is behind the construction of the character in order to be able to comprehend the critics that Saramago draws to the democratic system in his literary works / Mestrado / Teoria e Critica Literaria / Mestra em Teoria e História Literária