The sorption of humic acid (HA) and HA size fractions onto magnetite has been studied. There is considerable irreversibility in the interaction of the humic with the magnetite surface, but the presence of Eu3+ ions has no effect on the sorption of humic onto magnetite. The magnitude of the sorption to magnetite increases with HA fraction size for all ionic strengths between 0.01 and 3 mol dm-3. Increasing ionic strength also increases sorption. Asymmetric Flow Field Flow Fractionation analysis of HA sorption to magnetite after 1 day revealed preferential sorption of lower molecular weight material. Eu3+ sorption onto magnetite was studied as a function of Eu concentration, which showed an increase in relative sorption as Eu concentration decreased. The behaviour of Eu3+ in ternary (HA/Eu3+/magnetite) systems is heavily influenced by HA, and from the data there is direct evidence for ternary complex formation. Larger HA size fractions retain more Eu3+ in solution than the smaller fractions. The binding strengths of HA size fractions were determined through ion exchange resin experiments: generally the larger fractions (> 10 kDa) showed stronger binding than the smaller components, but the unfractionated sample showed the strongest binding.First order dissociation rate constants have been determined for the whole HA and HA size fractions. The dissociation rate constants are independent of HA fraction size, but the larger species bind more Eu non-exchangeably. Time series ultrafiltration of Eu3+/whole humic mixtures has shown a shift in the distribution of metal ions to larger size fractions after a few days. Two ternary system kinetic speciation models have been developed to predict the behaviour of HA and Eu3+ in ternary systems. The two differ in their description of the multi-component behaviour of the binary HA-mineral interaction. The first assumes a single HA species and two surface binding sites and was found to perform better overall than the second, which has a single surface sorption site and two HA species in solution. The exchangeable binding strengths for the different HA samples calculated from both models showed similarities to those measured experimentally.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19025号 / 農博第2103号 / 新制||農||1030(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H27||N4907(農学部図書室) / 31976 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 加納 健司, 教授 植田 和光, 教授 植田 充美 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Les mécanismes d’interactions entre uranium et colloïdes ont été étudiés à partir d’échantillons provenant d’un site d’intérêt pour le Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA). La mobilisation de l’uranium depuis les sols a été appréhendée par lixiviations statique et dynamique. Le transfert et le transport ont été investis en considérant les eaux de nappe et de surface (drain). Les résultats confirment que l’uranium anthropique est plus mobile que l’uranium naturel. Le comportement (mobilisation, distribution) de l’uranium ne diffère cependant pas selon son origine. La phase colloïdale joue un rôle non négligeable dans la migration dans le sol et le transfert vers les eaux, représentant de 10 à 90 % de l’uranium suivant les échantillons. Les phases porteuses de l’uranium sont dans un continuum de taille allant jusqu’à environ 200 nm de diamètre hydrodynamique. Elles sont principalement composées de matière organique, de fer et d’aluminium. Le long du drain, de l’amont à l’aval du site, un réarrangement des associations colloïdales uranium-matière organique se fait en défaveur de celles uranium-fer, la proportion d’uranium colloïdale lié à l’aluminium restant elle inchangée. / Mechanisms of interaction between uranium and colloids were studied by samples taken from a site of interest for the “French Nuclear Agency” (CEA). The mobilization of uranium from soils was apprehended by static and dynamic leaching experiments. The transfer and transport have been studied by considering pondwaters and drainwaters. Results confirm that anthropogenic uranium is more mobile than natural uranium. However mechanisms of mobilization and distribution of uranium, does not differ depending on its origin. The colloidal fraction plays an important role on the migration in soil and the transfer into water by representing from 10 to 90 % uranium depending on samples. The colloidal fractions of uranium are in a continuum of size up to about 200 nm hydrodynamic diameter. They are mainly composed of organic material, iron and aluminum. Along the drain, from the upstream to the downstream of the site, rearrangement of colloidal associations between uranium and organic material occurs in disfavor of colloidal associations between uranium and iron, the proportion of colloidal uranium bound to aluminum remains unchanged.

: L’une des méthodes qui consiste à optimiser la production d’hydrocarbure est basée sur l’injection d’eau, viscosifiée par addition de polymères de type polyacrylamides, afin d’améliorer l’extraction de pétrole (RAH). Or, les propriétés viscosifiantes des polymères dépendent de leurs masses molaires. L’enjeu de ce travail de thèse a donc été de mettre en place de nouvelles méthodes pour la détermination de larges distributions en masses molaires et de grande dispersité, caractéristiques propres aux échantillons d’intérêt industriel dans le domaine pétrolier. La stratégie d’analyse retenue repose sur la chromatographie d’exclusion stérique (CES) et le fractionnement par couplage flux force (A4F) couplés à la diffusion de lumière et à la réfractométrie. Des polymères modèles ont été synthétisés par un procédé de polymérisation par transfert de chaîne réversible par addition fragmentation (RAFT/MADIX). Cela a permis d’obtenir des polymères dans une gamme de masses molaires comprises entre 103 et 107 g/mol et avec une dispersité inférieure à 1,4. Via l’utilisation de ces polymères, les performances et limites des deux méthodes séparatives investies ont été évaluées. Les conditions opératoires en A4F ont été déterminées et cette méthode s’est avérée être adaptée à l’analyse de polymères industriels distribués sur 3 décades de masses molaires. Au delà de l’analyse dimensionnelle, le couplage avec l’A4F a également permis une analyse conformationnelle. / One method for optimizing the production of hydrocarbon is based on the injection of water, viscosified by the addition of polymers such as polyacrylamides, in order to enhance the oil extraction (EOR). The viscosifying properties of polymers depend on their molecular masses. The aim of this thesis was therefore to develop new methods for determining wide molecular mass distributions and high dispersity, which are specific characteristics of samples of industrial interest in the oil sector. The analytical strategy used is based on size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and flow field flow fractionation (A4F), coupled to light scattering and refractometer. Model polymers were synthesized by a polymerization process by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT/MADIX). This allowed to obtain polymers in a range of molar masses between 103 and 107 g / mol and with a dispersity lower than 1.4. Through the use of these polymers, the capabilities and limitations of the two separation methods invested were evaluated. The A4F operating conditions were determined and this method has proved to be adapted to the analysis of industrial polymers distributed over 3 decades of molecular masses. Beyond the dimensional analysis, A4F-based coupling also allowed conformational analysis.

A virus-like particle (VLP) is a biological nanoparticle. It consists of the protective protein shell of a virus that is devoid of the nucleic acid required for viral replication. VLPs have two key uses: they can act as vaccines by inducing an immune response similar to their native virions, or they can facilitate gene therapy and drug delivery by encapsulating non-viral molecules and efficiently transporting them into cells. Manufacture of VLPs involves cell-based expression of virus-shell protein, with particle assembly and purification following one of two paradigms: (i) in vivo VLP assembly, followed by purification of full particles from cell lysate; (ii) partially assembled protein is recovered from cell lysate and assembled into VLPs in vitro. The flexibility and efficiency of both of these VLP manufacturing paradigms can be improved by first gaining a fundamental understanding of what is happening at key process steps. These improvements will lower the cost of VLP manufacture and enhance the viability of VLP products in the biopharmaceutical marketplace. The research reported here yielded positive outcomes for two key steps of the VLP manufacturing process, using murine polyomavirus VLPs for all experimentation. Firstly, enhanced understanding concerning the capture of virus shell protein in pentamer form (capsomeres) from cell lysate using glutathione-S-transferase (GST) affinity chromatography was obtained. It was discovered that prokaryotic expression of GST-tagged capsomeres yielded soluble aggregates having variable size distribution. Methods were developed to physically and chemically characterise these soluble aggregates, and the mechanism by which they adsorb to the chromatography resin was described using an established mathematical model. Secondly, particle characterisation of whole VLPs isolated from cell lysate was undertaken. Methods utilizing three orthogonal and quantitative techniques were developed to suggest that encapsulation of non-viral molecules (nucleic acids or proteins) during in vivo assembly causes distinct changes to the size distribution of isolated VLPs: transmission electron microscopy (TEM), asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation with multiple-angle light scattering (AFFFF-MALS) and electrospray differential mobility analysis (ES-DMA). The understanding gained from the research presented in this work enables the enhanced capture of partially assembled virus shell protein from cell lysate, as well as a method to efficiently and cost-effectively analyse VLP solutions for the presence of desirable or undesirable encapsulated material.

A virus-like particle (VLP) is a biological nanoparticle. It consists of the protective protein shell of a virus that is devoid of the nucleic acid required for viral replication. VLPs have two key uses: they can act as vaccines by inducing an immune response similar to their native virions, or they can facilitate gene therapy and drug delivery by encapsulating non-viral molecules and efficiently transporting them into cells. Manufacture of VLPs involves cell-based expression of virus-shell protein, with particle assembly and purification following one of two paradigms: (i) in vivo VLP assembly, followed by purification of full particles from cell lysate; (ii) partially assembled protein is recovered from cell lysate and assembled into VLPs in vitro. The flexibility and efficiency of both of these VLP manufacturing paradigms can be improved by first gaining a fundamental understanding of what is happening at key process steps. These improvements will lower the cost of VLP manufacture and enhance the viability of VLP products in the biopharmaceutical marketplace. The research reported here yielded positive outcomes for two key steps of the VLP manufacturing process, using murine polyomavirus VLPs for all experimentation. Firstly, enhanced understanding concerning the capture of virus shell protein in pentamer form (capsomeres) from cell lysate using glutathione-S-transferase (GST) affinity chromatography was obtained. It was discovered that prokaryotic expression of GST-tagged capsomeres yielded soluble aggregates having variable size distribution. Methods were developed to physically and chemically characterise these soluble aggregates, and the mechanism by which they adsorb to the chromatography resin was described using an established mathematical model. Secondly, particle characterisation of whole VLPs isolated from cell lysate was undertaken. Methods utilizing three orthogonal and quantitative techniques were developed to suggest that encapsulation of non-viral molecules (nucleic acids or proteins) during in vivo assembly causes distinct changes to the size distribution of isolated VLPs: transmission electron microscopy (TEM), asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation with multiple-angle light scattering (AFFFF-MALS) and electrospray differential mobility analysis (ES-DMA). The understanding gained from the research presented in this work enables the enhanced capture of partially assembled virus shell protein from cell lysate, as well as a method to efficiently and cost-effectively analyse VLP solutions for the presence of desirable or undesirable encapsulated material.

Τα γαλακτώματα είναι η κολλοειδής διασπορά δύο μη αναμίξιμων υγρών, τα οποία είναι κατά κανόνα θερμοδυναμικά ασταθή συστήματα. Οι πρωτεΐνες γάλακτος είναι γνωστές επιφανειοδραστικές ουσίες και ως εκ τούτου χρησιμοποιούνται ως συστατικά σε ένα ευρύ φάσμα γαλακτωμάτων τροφίμων. Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η εύρεση των κατάλληλων συνθηκών για την παρασκευή σταθερών γαλακτωμάτων πρωτεϊνών γάλακτος. Το μέγεθος των λιποσφαιριδίων διαδραματίζει τον κυρίαρχο ρόλο στη σταθερότητα του γαλακτώματος πρωτεϊνών γάλακτος. Η μέτρηση του μεγέθους των λιποσφαιριδίων έγινε με την τεχνική της Μονοφασικής Χρωματογραφίας Φυγοκεντρικού Πεδίου. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, μελετήθηκε η επίδραση της συγκέντρωσης (0,5 έως 3,0% w/w) και του τύπου (πρωτεΐνες ορού και καζεΐνες) των πρωτεϊνών γάλακτος, καθώς και των συνθηκών ομογενοποίησης (πίεση ομογενοποίησης 200 έως 600bar) του γαλακτώματος. Επίσης, μελετήθηκε η επίδραση της συγκέντρωσης γαλακτωματοποιητών εμπορίου (Tween 80) στη σταθερότητα των γαλακτωμάτων. Επιπρόσθετα, έγινε κινητική μελέτη συσσωμάτωσης των γαλακτωμάτων από πρωτεΐνες γάλακτος και στη συνέχεια μελετήθηκαν πιο συγκεκριμένα τα γαλακτώματα καζεϊνών, με σκοπό τον προσδιορισμό της σταθεράς ταχύτητας της συσσωμάτωσης των λιποσφαιριδίων σε θερμοκρασίες 30,5 και 80 ᵒC. Αυξάνοντας την πίεση ομογενοποίησης του γαλακτώματος παρατηρήθηκε μείωση της διαμέτρου των λιποσφαιριδίων. Τα γαλακτώματα που ομογενοποιήθηκαν σε πίεση μεγαλύτερη των 500 bar παρουσίασαν ευρύτερη κατανομή μεγέθους, λόγω της υψηλής θερμοκρασίας που αναπτύχθηκε κατά τη διάρκεια της ομογενοποίησης. Η πρωτεϊνική συγκέντρωση έχει σημαντικές επιπτώσεις στις φυσικοχημικές ιδιότητες του γαλακτώματος (λάδι σε νερό). Αυξανόμενης της συγκέντρωσης των πρωτεϊνών γάλακτος, μειώθηκε αισθητά η διάμετρος των λιποσφαιριδίων του γαλακτώματος και σε χαμηλές συγκεντρώσεις πρωτεϊνών (<1%κ.β.) παρατηρήθηκε σχηματισμός συσσωματωμάτων. Παρατηρήθηκε μικρή μεταβολή της διαμέτρου των λιποσφαιριδίων των γαλακτωμάτων που σχηματίστηκαν με διαφορετικές αναλογίες κλασμάτων πρωτεϊνών ορού/καζεϊνών. Οι δύο τύποι των πρωτεϊνών του γάλακτος παρουσίασαν πολύ καλή γαλακτωματοποιητική δράση και τα γαλακτώματα που σχηματίστηκαν ήταν πολύ σταθερά. Παρατηρήθηκε ότι, αυξάνοντας τη συγκέντρωση των πρωτεϊνών του ορού γάλακτος και ταυτόχρονα μειώνοντας τη συγκέντρωση των καζεϊνών, μειώθηκε η διάμετρος των λιποσφαιριδίων του γαλακτώματος. Η σταθερότητα των γαλακτωμάτων σε σχέση με τον χρόνο οφείλεται στη δομή των μορίων των πρωτεϊνών που σταθεροποιούν τα γαλακτώματα αυτά. Κατά συνέπεια, τα μόρια των καζεϊνών και των πρωτεϊνών ορού, προσδίδουν διαφορετικές ιδιότητες στα γαλακτώματα λόγω της διαφορετικής δομής τους. Τα γαλακτώματα που σχηματίστηκαν με καζεΐνες ήταν πιο ανθεκτικά στην θερμοκρασία και παρουσίασαν μακροπρόθεσμη σταθερότητα σε σχέση με τα γαλακτώματα που περιείχαν μόνο πρωτεΐνες ορού. Η υπολογισθείσα φαινόμενη σταθερά συσσωμάτωσης των γαλακτωμάτων καζεϊνών στη θερμοκρασία των 30,5 ᵒC βρέθηκε να είναι σχεδόν 14 φορές μικρότερη από αυτή των γαλακτωμάτων που συσσωματώθηκαν στη θερμοκρασία 80,0 ᵒC. Επομένως, η διαδικασία της συσσωμάτωσης συμβαίνει ταχύτερα σε πιο υψηλές θερμοκρασίες θέρμανσης για τα γαλακτώματα καζεϊνών, ωστόσο έφτασαν στο μέγιστο βαθμό συσσωμάτωσης σε ίδιο χρονικό διάστημα. / In the food industry, when referring to an oil-in-water emulsion, is usually described in which oil is dispersed in the form of small spherical droplets in the continuous phase. Food emulsions are thermodynamically unstable. Nevertheless, food scientists are able to slow down the above physicochemical mechanisms responsible for emulsion instability and thus, extend the self-life of such products by a relatively simple and well studied process, termed emulsification. Surface active materials termed emulsifiers, such as proteins help produce small droplets and contribute to the stability of the emulsion. Emulsifiers decrease the interfacial tension between the oil and water phases through rapid adsorption to the surface of the newly formed oil droplets. Milk proteins (caseins and whey proteins) are well known surfactants and hence are used as ingredients in a wide range of food emulsions. One of the important parameters affecting the quality, appearance and taste of the final food products is the particle size of the ingredients included. For example, particle size of fat globules plays predominant role in the stability of the milk-protein stabilized emulsion. Milk protein-stabilized model emulsions were formed using high-pressure homogenization and the effect of homogenization pressure during emulsification, protein concentration, type of milk proteins (casein and whey proteins) and the effect of the surfactant Tween-80 were studied. The kinetic of milk protein emulsions aggregation was also studied and moreover, the apparent rate constant was calculated for the aggregation of caseinate stabilized emulsions in different temperatures (30,5 and 80,0 ᵒC). Sedimentation field flow fractionation was employed for the size characterization of oil droplets and the results obtained are consistent with those of other studies. Increasing protein content results in significant reduction in emulsion particle size for the concentration range (0.5 – 3.0 % w/w) employed in this study. Low protein content (<1%) may be correlated with bridging flocculation leading to increased particle size, as indicated by optical microscopy. Similarly, increasing pressure during the homogenization process results in decreasing significantly the particle size of the oil-in-water emulsions, for the pressure range (200 – 600 bar) utilized in this study. Increased heating associated with high levels of pressure during the homogenization process, can result in changes in the oil or protein structure, which in turn may have an impact on the physicochemical properties of the oil-in-water emulsions on a long-term basis. The two types of milk proteins appeared to be both good emulsifiers and the formed emulsions were very stable. Increasing whey protein content and together decreasing the casein content, results in small reduction in emulsion particle size. Different proteins depending on their composition and structure posses’ properties, which render them, better emulsifiers than others. Caseinate stabilized emulsions were more resistant in heating time than whey stabilized emulsions. The calculated apparent rate constant for the aggregation of caseinate stabilized emulsions at the temperature of 30,5 ᵒC was found to be fourteen times smaller than the one at the temperature of 80,0 ᵒC. Therefore, the aggregation process is faster in high temperatures for caseinate stabilized emulsions, although the maximum of aggregation point is attained at the same time in both temperatures.

Le but de la présente étude était de vérifier l'influence de deux compartiments du latex d'Hevea brasiliensis, les lutoïdes et le sérum C, sur le durcissement au stockage et sur la mésostructure du caoutchouc naturel (NR). L'implication des composants minéraux du latex a fait l'objet d'un focus spécial. La mésostructure du NR a été étudié par fractionnement par couplage flux-force à flux asymétrique couplé à un détecteur à diffusion de lumière multiangulaire (AF4-MALS) et par chromatographie d'exclusion de tailles équipée d'un détecteur de diffusion de lumière multiangulaire (SEC- MALS). La spectrométrie de masse couplée à une torche à plasma (ICP- MS) a été utilisée pour déterminer la composition en éléments minéraux du NR.L'AF4 - MALS et l'ICP-MS n'ayant jamais été utilisées pour l'analyse du NR, les méthodes ont été développées. Pour l'AF4 - MALS, la meilleure séparation entre les deux populations principales, chaînes de polyisoprène isolées (pelote statistique) et les microagrégats (Gel<1μ), a été obtenue avec une diminution linéaire, plutôt qu'exponentielle, du flux croisé. Pour l'ICP-MS, les optimisations réalisées concernent la quantité de NR à échantillonner, la méthodologie de solubilisation des cendres, la concentration des solutions de cendres et la gestion des interférences m/z . Tous les éléments, excepté le soufre, ont été analysés en utilisant un mélange H2/He comme gaz de collision-réaction (mode CCT H2/He). La teneur en soufre a été déterminée par le rapport m/z égal à 48 (32S16O+) en mode CCT O2.Les différents compartiments du latex des champs (crème, skim, sérum C et lutoïdes) ont été séparés par centrifugation à grande vitesse. L'évolution de la mésostructure des films obtenus à partir de ces trois latex; latex des champ (FL), le latex de crème (CL) et de latex de skim (SK), par un procédé de structuration lente (échantillons stockés à température ambiante dans le laboratoire pendant 3 mois) a été suivie par SEC- MALS. Le skim n'étant pas sensible au processus de structuration lente, le nombre des étapes de centrifugation a été réduit. La stabilité des lutoïdes a été étudiée par un paramètre qualitatif (état visuel des lutoïdes après centrifugation) et un paramètre quantitatif (indice d'éclatement ou BI). Bien que les deux méthodes n'aient pas donné de résultats strictement corrélées, le BI peut être un bon indicateur de la stabilité des lutoïdes. Pour les échantillons de FL, une bonne corrélation entre la stabilité des lutoïdes et le durcissement au stockage (P) a été observée. Pour déterminer si des composés du C-sérum étaient également impliqués dans le durcissement au stockage, des expériences supplémentaires ont été effectuées en ajoutant des quantités variables de sérum C ou de lutoïdes à des particules de caoutchouc purifiées. L'augmentation à la fois de les quantités de sérum C et des lutoïdes a entrainé une augmentation du durcissement au stockage (P).La mésostructure des films et des feuilles séchées de l'air (ADS) préparés à partir des FL et CL a été analysée par SEC-MALS et AF4-MALS. Pour les échantillons d'ADS, quelle que soit la technique utilisée, les échantillons de FL présentaient des Mw, Mn et Gel>1μ supérieurs aux échantillons de CL. Cette différence entre échantillons de FL et de CL n'a pas été observée pour les échantillons de films. / The aim of the present work was to study the influence of two Hevea brasiliensis latex compartments, namely lutoids and C-serum, on the storage hardening and on mesostructure of natural rubber (NR). A special focus was done on the involvement of mineral components of latex. The NR mesostructure was studied by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation coupled to a multiangular light scattering detector (AF4-MALS) and by size exclusion chromatography equipped with a multiangular light scattering detector (SEC-MALS). Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine the mineral element composition of NR.As AF4-MALS and ICP-MS were never used for NR analysis, the methodologies were developed. For AF4-MALS, the best separation between the two main populations, namely isolated polyisoprene chains (random coil) and microaggregates (Gel<1µ) was given by a linear decrease, rather than exponential, of the cross-flow. For ICP-MS, the optimizations were in terms of amount of NR to be sampled, ash solubilisation methodology, ash solutions concentrations and m/z interference management. All elements, except sulfur, were determined using a mixture H2/He as collision-reaction gas (CCT H2/He mode). Sulfur content was determined through the m/z equal to 48 (32S16O+) in the CCT O2 mode.The different compartments of the whole field latex (cream, skim, C-serum and lutoids) were separated by high speed centrifugation. The mesostructure evolution of films obtained from these 3 lattices; whole field latex (FL), cream latex (CL), and skim latex (SK), by a slow structuring process (samples stored at room temperature in the laboratory for 3 months) was followed by SEC-MALS. As it was observed that the skim was not sensitive to the slow structuring, the centrifugation steps were reduced.Lutoid stability was studied by a qualitative parameter (visual lutoid status after centrifugation) and a quantitative parameter (bursting index or BI). Although the two methods could not provide strictly correlated results, BI can be a good indicator of lutoid stability. For the FL samples, a good correlation between the lutoid stability and storage hardening (ΔP) was observed. To determine if some compounds of C-serum are also involved in the storage hardening, additional experiments were done adding variable quantities of C-serum or lutoids to purified rubber particles. The storage hardening (ΔP) increased by the increase of both C-serum and lutoid quantities.The mesostructure of films and air dried sheet (ADS) made from FL and CL lattices (obtained from reduced centrifugation process) were analyzed by SEC-MALS and AF4-MALS. Concerning the ADS samples, whatever the technique used, FL samples exhibited a higher Mw, Mn, and Gel>1µ than CL samples. This difference between FL and CL samples was not observed for film samples. The microaggregates (Gel<1µ) were presented in all samples but the FL samples had more compact microaggregates, with a much higher Mw than the CL samples. Moreover, AF4 showed that the structure of microaggregates was very different between ADS and film samples. The Mw of microaggregates of ADS was 2 to 4 times higher than that of films. The mineral elements were determined only on samples from ADS (FL and CL). The main elements in NR were K, P, Mg, and S, in decreasing order. The purification of rubber particles affected the decrease in the element contents. During the storage of the latex at room temperature, only calcium content decreased, for both FL and CL samples.

Liposomes are versatile biocompatible and biodegradable carriers for a variety of medical applications. As the first nanoparticles, they have been approved for pharmaceutical use so far, and many liposome-based preparations are in clinical trials. Classical methods of liposome preparation represent potential limitations in technology transfer from laboratory to industrial scale. New, microfluidic techniques overcome these limitations and offer new possibilities for controlled, continuous preparation of liposomal particles in a laboratory and industrial scale. An important element in the development of new nanoparticle systems is their complex characterization and purification. In addition to the established chromatographic techniques, the Field flow fractionation technique, in particular the Asymmetrical flow Field-flow fractionation, is described. This relatively new technique in conjunction with the MALS/DLS/DAD-UV/dRI online detectors enables the purification and characterization of complex samples. The main advantage of this technique lies in the possibility of separation under native conditions, which plays an important role in the separation of biopolymers in particular. Separation in the “empty” channel then eliminates sample degradation due to unwanted interactions at the stationary phase-sample interface. The theoretical part of this thesis describes the possibilities of preparation, modification, and characterization of liposomal nanoparticles. For this purpose, optical methods based on dynamic light scattering, multi-angle dynamic light scattering and nanoparticle tracking analysis techniques are described, as well as a non-optical method using "particle by the particle" analysis, tunable resistive pulse sensing method. A separate chapter of the theoretical part is dedicated to the technique Asymmetrical flow Field-flow fractionation in connection with the above-mentioned detectors. Important results associated with this work are summarized in the attached scientific paper, together with the result summaries and the author's contributions.

This dissertation deals with the potential of thermal field-flow fractionation (ThFFF) for the multidetection-based analysis of polymers with complex topology to prove its capability in resolving polymer branching characteristics from measured thermophoretic properties. For that, not yet existent but necessary profound advances in the theory of ThFFF and as well, thermophoresis of branched polymers were generated to allow a full exploitation of the method in the elucidation of polymer topology. Exemplary, two different libraries of branched polymer model systems based on aliphatic-aromatic polyesters and on a new type of short chain branched polyethylene were investigated. On top, the potential of the optimized ThFFF theory was assessed in the context of crosslinked polymer architectures and shines light onto the so far controversially debated topic of electron beam irradiation effects on thermoplastic polyurethane.