Estudo sobre a representação literária da figura do guerrilheiro em romances do brasileiro Antonio Callado (1917-1997) e dos angolanos Pepetela (1941-) e José Luandino Vieira (1935-). Considerando que os autores recriam ficcionalmente realidades muito diferenciadas, em países e continentes distintos, num momento histórico que só as aproxima pelo contexto da Guerra Fria, mas compartilham personagens envolvidos na contestação armada do poder, queremos examinar como essas figuras são construídas, como se aproximam ou se distanciam, e de que maneira se transformam à medida que os textos produzidos se afastam do momento histórico que lhes serve de tema. Um capítulo inicial descreve o panorama geral das lutas políticas no século XX, o fim dos grandes impérios coloniais, o contexto da Guerra Fria, e traça um paralelo minucioso entre a resistência armada à ditadura brasileira e a luta guerrilheira contra o colonialismo português, situando os autores nesse contexto. Depois há uma discussão sobre a figura do guerrilheiro como motivo literário, exemplificado em Che Guevara, um levantamento de questões teóricas sobre o personagem literário e a apresentação e discussão do corpus: Quarup (1967), Bar Don Juan (1971), Reflexos do baile (1977), Sempreviva (1981), de Callado; As aventuras de Ngunga (1973), Mayombe (1980), A geração da utopia (1992), O planalto e a estepe (2009), de Pepetela; O livro dos rios (2006), O livro dos guerrilheiros (2009), de Luandino Vieira. Seguem-se perfis analíticos-interpretativos, feitos a partir da leitura cerrada, de 28 personagens de Callado, 18 personagens de Pepetela e oito personagens de Luandino Vieira, e as conclusões que essas cinquenta figuras nos sugeriram. / This dissertation presents a study of the literary representation of guerrillas in novels by the Brazilian Antonio Callado (1917-1997) and the Angolans Pepetela (1941-) and José Luandino Vieira (1935-). In their fictional recreations of distinct realities, historically contextualized in different countries and continents in the Cold War, these authors created characters who are directly involved in the armed contestation of power. Our purpose is to examine how these characters are constructed, how they converge or diverge in their characteristics, and the transformations they undergo as the focuses in the texts move away from the historical moment associated to their themes. The first chapter draws an overview of the political struggles in the twentieth century, of the end of the great colonial empires, and of the context of the Cold War, and makes a detailed comparison between the armed resistance to the Brazilian dictatorship, which is the context of Antonio Callado\'s novels, and the guerrilla warfare against Portuguese colonialism, where Pepetela\'s and José Luandino Vieira\'s novels are contextualized. Guerrilla warfare and the figure of guerrillas as literary motifs is the subject of the following chapter. The discussion is illustrated through the analysis of literary approaches of the figure of Che Guevara. This chapter also surveys theoretical questions about literary characters and analyzes the following novels : Quarup (1967), Bar Don Juan (1971), Reflexos do baile (1977), and Sempreviva (1981), by Callado; As aventuras de Ngunga (1973), Mayombe (1980), A geração da utopia (1992), O planalto e a estepe (2009), by Pepetela; O livro dos rios (2006), and O livro dos guerrilheiros (2009), by Luandino Vieira. The lasts chapters outlines analytical and interpretative profiles extracted from the close reading of twenty-eight characters by Callado, eighteen characters by Pepetela and eight characters by Luandino Vieira, and presents the conclusions we drew from the analyses of these fifty four characters.

Estudo sobre a representação literária da figura do guerrilheiro em romances do brasileiro Antonio Callado (1917-1997) e dos angolanos Pepetela (1941-) e José Luandino Vieira (1935-). Considerando que os autores recriam ficcionalmente realidades muito diferenciadas, em países e continentes distintos, num momento histórico que só as aproxima pelo contexto da Guerra Fria, mas compartilham personagens envolvidos na contestação armada do poder, queremos examinar como essas figuras são construídas, como se aproximam ou se distanciam, e de que maneira se transformam à medida que os textos produzidos se afastam do momento histórico que lhes serve de tema. Um capítulo inicial descreve o panorama geral das lutas políticas no século XX, o fim dos grandes impérios coloniais, o contexto da Guerra Fria, e traça um paralelo minucioso entre a resistência armada à ditadura brasileira e a luta guerrilheira contra o colonialismo português, situando os autores nesse contexto. Depois há uma discussão sobre a figura do guerrilheiro como motivo literário, exemplificado em Che Guevara, um levantamento de questões teóricas sobre o personagem literário e a apresentação e discussão do corpus: Quarup (1967), Bar Don Juan (1971), Reflexos do baile (1977), Sempreviva (1981), de Callado; As aventuras de Ngunga (1973), Mayombe (1980), A geração da utopia (1992), O planalto e a estepe (2009), de Pepetela; O livro dos rios (2006), O livro dos guerrilheiros (2009), de Luandino Vieira. Seguem-se perfis analíticos-interpretativos, feitos a partir da leitura cerrada, de 28 personagens de Callado, 18 personagens de Pepetela e oito personagens de Luandino Vieira, e as conclusões que essas cinquenta figuras nos sugeriram. / This dissertation presents a study of the literary representation of guerrillas in novels by the Brazilian Antonio Callado (1917-1997) and the Angolans Pepetela (1941-) and José Luandino Vieira (1935-). In their fictional recreations of distinct realities, historically contextualized in different countries and continents in the Cold War, these authors created characters who are directly involved in the armed contestation of power. Our purpose is to examine how these characters are constructed, how they converge or diverge in their characteristics, and the transformations they undergo as the focuses in the texts move away from the historical moment associated to their themes. The first chapter draws an overview of the political struggles in the twentieth century, of the end of the great colonial empires, and of the context of the Cold War, and makes a detailed comparison between the armed resistance to the Brazilian dictatorship, which is the context of Antonio Callado\'s novels, and the guerrilla warfare against Portuguese colonialism, where Pepetela\'s and José Luandino Vieira\'s novels are contextualized. Guerrilla warfare and the figure of guerrillas as literary motifs is the subject of the following chapter. The discussion is illustrated through the analysis of literary approaches of the figure of Che Guevara. This chapter also surveys theoretical questions about literary characters and analyzes the following novels : Quarup (1967), Bar Don Juan (1971), Reflexos do baile (1977), and Sempreviva (1981), by Callado; As aventuras de Ngunga (1973), Mayombe (1980), A geração da utopia (1992), O planalto e a estepe (2009), by Pepetela; O livro dos rios (2006), and O livro dos guerrilheiros (2009), by Luandino Vieira. The lasts chapters outlines analytical and interpretative profiles extracted from the close reading of twenty-eight characters by Callado, eighteen characters by Pepetela and eight characters by Luandino Vieira, and presents the conclusions we drew from the analyses of these fifty four characters.

Bushfires are an integral part of the Australian environment, and consequently Australian fire fighters are regularly confronted with the challenge of bushfire fighting activities. Bushfires can be extensive and long-lasting, and as a result fire fighters can be exposed to bushfire smoke for long periods without respite. Anecdotal evidence suggests that bushfire smoke exposure can lead to respiratory symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. In an optimal environment, fire fighters are equipped with respirators and protective filters to prevent the inhalation of the air toxics in bushfire smoke. Yet, reports from the fire ground indicate that the protective filters are not effective in preventing the inhalation of bushfire smoke. As a result, fire fighters have increasingly expressed concern about the ineffective equipment and the resultant respiratory symptoms during and after bushfire fighting. This research aims to establish a scientific data base to support the anecdotal evidence. The objectives of the research were: (1) to identify and quantify the air toxics in Western Australian bushfire smoke; (2) to profile the acute respiratory health effects associated with bushfire smoke exposure; (3) to assess the effectiveness of three different types of filters under controlled conditions in a smoke chamber, and in the field during fuel reduction burn-off; (4) to formulate recommendations for reducing fire fighters' exposure to bushfire smoke; and (5) to inform policy decision makers about the most effective form of respiratory protective equipment for bushfire fighting. Exposure trials were conducted in an experimental setting utilising bushfire smoke conditions in a smoke chamber and during prescribed burn-offs. Repeated measurements of respiratory symptoms, pulmonary function and oximetry were undertaken before and after bushfire smoke exposure. In addition, personal air sampling inside the respirators was undertaken to quantify and compare the levels of filtered air toxics. The analysis of the collected data demonstrated that, of those compared, the particulate/organic vapour formaldehyde filter was most effective in protecting fire fighters' respiratory health during the smoke exposure period of maximally 120 minutes. Further research would be useful to determine the v effectiveness of the filters under more realistic conditions during bushfire fighting activities. The findings of this research have resulted in a policy review in Western Australia. In 2006, the Fire and Emergency Services Authority of Western Australia (FESA) reviewed its Bush Fire Smoke Exposure Standard Operational Procedures 51, and now issues the recommended particulate/organic vapour/formaldehyde filters to the 1,000 FESA career fire fighters. The use of protective equipment for bushfire fighters is inadequately regulated worldwide and the recommendation implemented by FESA can be seen as proactive and in advance of national and international best practice. In conclusion, this project was instrumental in the translation of public health research into best practice that protects occupational health, without the need for the lengthy process of legislative reform. Fire fighter organisations in other countries with high frequencies of bushfires could learn from this example, and move to review their policies and introduce adequate personal protection for fire fighters.

The focus of this study was to design, implement, and evaluate a community college based program that utilizes contextual teaching and learning methods that will prepare completers for careers in public safety.

Thesis aims at fighter combat and maneuvring - so called Dogfighting. The purpose of this work is to create intelligent autopilot based on Agent system, eligible of executing in-air maneuvers and tactics in real-time simulation. In the first part, theoretical basis of air combat will be introduced, such as weapon systems, maneuvring and tactics in mutual combat 1 on 1, odds fight 2 on 1, and last but not least mass fights. Also agent programming will be introduced, as well as recognizing of agent rules and processes and its transformation to agent language. The second part describes building of a simple graphical simulation environment based on JMonkey game engine. Agent system maintaining every single aircraft within the simulation will be created and own network socket protocol for communication between intelligent behavior and simulation environment will be discussed and documented.

Au cours des dernières années, les commotions cérébrales d’origine sportive (CCOS) dans les sports de combat ont suscité un intérêt croissant de la part du public et de la communauté scientifique en raison de leur fréquence ainsi que de leurs conséquences parfois dramatiques et saisissant. Bien que ce genre de blessure affecte presque toutes les régions du cerveau, certaines régions semblent plus vulnérables que d’autres et plus souvent affectées. En étudiant ces régions, certains chercheurs ont remarqué que les CCOS ont un impact principalement sur les mêmes régions du cerveau que celles impliquées dans la régulation des émotions (RÉ) et la réactivité émotionnelle (RéaÉ). Étant donné leur rôle dans l’affect d’une personne, il est possible que les processus de RÉ et de la RéaÉ jouent un rôle dans l’apparition de symptômes psychologiques. Des dysfonctionnements dans les processus de régulation des émotions et les processus de réactivité émotionnelle peuvent même être au cœur du développement et du maintien de nombreux troubles mentaux tels que les troubles de l’humeur, la labilité émotionnelle, l’anxiété et la dépression. Afin de favoriser le dépistage précoce des troubles émotionnels post-CCOS, d’optimiser les stratégies thérapeutiques, et réduire les risques de troubles émotionnels à long terme ainsi que d’améliorer la prise en charge de ces troubles le cas échéant, il est crucial de mieux comprendre les altérations des processus de RÉ et de RéaÉ par les CCOS. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse a comme objectif d’examiner les conséquences des CCOS sur les processus de RÉ et de la RéaÉ dans une population de combattants sportifs et d’artistes martiaux de plusieurs façons. Plus précisément, à l’aide de mesures subjectives (questionnaires) et objectives (mesures comportementales et physiologiques), nous vérifierons l’existence de perturbations des processus de RÉ et de RéaÉ puis nous mesurerons de façon objective ces perturbations lors de deux articles. Le premier article de cette thèse a comme objectif d’identifier les différences entre les processus de RÉ d’athlètes en sports de combat ayant un antécédent de commotion cérébrale de ceux qui n’en ont pas subi. Les résultats indiquent que les athlètes de sports de combat développent une plus grande susceptibilité aux événements négatifs de la vie, ce qui pourrait potentiellement les amener à développer une aversion au risque. Ils ne semblent cependant pas conscients que leurs processus de RÉ fonctionnent différemment de ceux du groupe contrôle lorsqu’ils sont confrontés à des situations négatives. Le deuxième article vise à mieux comprendre l’impact des commotions cérébrales sur les processus de RéaÉ d’athlètes en sports de combat. Les résultats indiquent que même si les athlètes ne rapportent pas de changements dans leurs RéaÉ, ils sont moins réactifs sur le plan physiologique dans certains contextes sociaux complexes un an après la blessure. Mises ensemble, nos études sur les processus de RÉ et de RéaÉ chez les combattants sportifs ayant subi des commotions cérébrales ont mis en évidence que même si l’expérience subjective des émotions chez ces athlètes est similaire à celle d’un groupe témoin, il y existe des différences dans les comportements et les réactions physiologiques émotionnelles à la suite de la blessure. Ces différences restent en dessous du seuil clinique, mais sont statistiquement visibles jusqu’à un an après la blessure. Cette thèse démontre l’importance d’améliorer notre compréhension de l’impact des CCOS sur l’affect des individus, un aspect souvent négligé malgré son importance dans la qualité de vie des personnes touchées par une CCOS. Elle démontre aussi qu’il est crucial d’utiliser plusieurs angles de recherche lors de l’étude des altérations des processus de RÉ et de RéaÉ. Cette thèse met aussi en évidence plusieurs pistes de recherche pour l’étude de l’impact des CCOS sur les processus affectifs. En effet, nos résultats illustrent l’importance d’étudier les processus affectifs dans leur ensemble, plutôt que de se concentrer sur des concepts individuels tels que l’humeur ou l’émotion. Ils montrent aussi qu’il faut que les futurs chercheurs fassent bien la distinction entre les différents concepts affectifs et les définissent de manière systématique. Enfin, cette thèse souligne que les études futures devraient plus souvent examiner les effets des commotions cérébrales dans des situations de la vie réelle et plus chargée en émotions. Ces études permettront en fin de compte d’en apprendre plus sur le fonctionnement des processus affectifs suivant une CCOS, ce qui permettrait d’optimiser les interventions cliniques et offrir des conditions favorables au rétablissement des athlètes et à leur épanouissement. / In recent years, sports-related concussions (SRC) in combat sports have attracted increasing interest from the public and the scientific community due to their frequency as well as their sometimes dramatic and startling consequences. Although this type of injury affects almost all regions of the brain, some regions seem to be more vulnerable than others and more often affected. In studying these regions, some researchers have noted that SRCs impact primarily the same brain regions involved in emotion regulation (ER) and emotional reactivity (REa). Given their role in a person's affect, it is possible that both ER and REa processes play a role in the development of psychological symptoms. Dysfunctions in emotion regulation and emotional reactivity processes may even be central to the development and maintenance of many mental disorders such as mood disorders, emotional lability, anxiety and depression. In order to promote early detection of post-SRC emotional disorders, to optimize therapeutic strategies, and to reduce the risk of long-term emotional disorders as well as to improve the management of these disorders when they occur, it is crucial to better understand the alterations of ER and REa processes by SRC. With this in mind, the purpose of this dissertation is to examine the impact of SRCs on ER and REa processes in a population of sport fighters and martial artists in several ways. Specifically, using subjective (questionnaires) and objective (behavioral and physiological measures) measures, we will verify the existence of disruptions to the processes of ER and REa and then objectively measure these disruptions in two papers. The first paper in this thesis aims to identify differences in the ER processes of combat sports athletes with a history of concussion and those without. The results indicate that combat sports athletes develop a greater susceptibility to negative life events, which could potentially lead them to develop risk aversion. However, they do not appear to be aware that their ER processes function differently than those of the control group when faced with negative situations. The second paper aimed to better understand the impact of concussions on the REa processes of combat sport athletes. The results indicate that although athletes do not report changes in their REa, they are less physiologically responsive in certain complex social contexts one year after injury. Taken together, our studies of ER and REa processes in concussed sport fighters have highlighted that although the subjective experience of emotion in these athletes is similar to that of a control group, there are differences in emotional behaviors and physiological responses following injury. These differences remain below the clinical threshold, but are statistically evident up to one year post-injury. This thesis demonstrates the importance of improving our understanding of the impact of SRCs on individual affect, an aspect that is often overlooked despite its importance in the quality of life of those affected by an SRC. It also demonstrates that it is crucial to use multiple research angles when studying alterations in the ER and REa processes. This thesis also highlights several avenues of research for studying the impact of SRC on affective processes. Indeed, our results illustrate the importance of studying affective processes as a whole, rather than focusing on individual concepts such as mood or emotion. They also demonstrate the need for future researchers to clearly distinguish between different affective concepts and define them in a systematic way. Finally, this thesis emphasizes that future studies should more often examine the effects of concussions in real-life, more emotionally charged situations. Ultimately, these studies will allow us to learn more about the functioning of affective processes following SRC, which would allow us to optimize clinical interventions and provide conditions that are conducive to athletes' recovery and development.

Global research shows that media owners tend to influence the editorial direction of their newspapers. Such influence generally tends to be in line with the media owner’s economic and / or political interests. Naturally, this is a challenge because media is regarded as the fourth estate and is supposed to be an objective yet effective channel for the citizenry to make informed decisions about their world. The study seeks to find out if the owners of four daily newspapers in South Africa, based on their political proximity; may have influenced their newspapers to be biased in favour or against any of the three biggest political parties contesting the 2016 Local Government Elections. This study is an exploratory and descriptive content analysis based on an Agenda Setting theoretic framework – supported by framing analysis and game framing. Findings reveal the correlation between the media owner’s interests and the biased reporting within their respective newspaper. This suggests that although media may not be directly or explicitly forced to adopt a specific ideology, it can be argued that political relations with media owners can influence editorial decisions. Therefore, it can be inferred that media owners of The New Age, The Citizen and The Star influenced editorial content of their newspapers during the 2016 local government elections. Given the findings of this study and the elections scheduled for 2019 in South Africa, it is important for more political communication studies to be conducted in order to establish guidelines for unbiased news reporting across all media – including newspapers. Alternatively, to compel media owners to declare their bias towards and against specific political parties in each news content, upfront. Particularly important during election period, is the need for each media (including newspapers) to have an independent editor – potentially one from the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) to ensure that each piece of content produced is validated as bias or impartial. / Communication Science / M.A. (Communication Science)

D. Litt. et Phil. / This report presents the findings of a study conducted in February-March 1995, involving 109 members of different emergency services from three regions: Pretoria, Durban and Cape Town. The emergency services included in the study were three units of the South African Police Service (Visible Policing, the Internal Stability Unit and the Flying Squad), provincial fire and ambulance services, and municipal traffic services. The aims of the study were to: (1) describe the underlying causes of stress in the emergency services; (2) establish how stress is currently being dealt with by members and identify the structures and support systems available to assist members with stress-related problems; (3) identify constructive and destructive, effective and ineffective mechanisms used by members to cope with their stress, and (4) suggest solutions to problems experienced in managing stress in the emergency services. The study investigated stressors of SAPS members under the following themes: (1) public image of the SAPS, (2) management style in the SAPS, (3) communication in the SAPS, (4) working environment in the SAPS, (5) working conditions and remuneration packages, (6) distinct characteristics of the work of SAPS members, and (7) the priorities set by SAPS members that need to be addressed in order to reduce their level of stress. The stressors of members of the fire and ambulance services were dealt with under the following themes: (1) utilisation of manpower in the organisation, (2) training provided to members, (3) management style in the fire and ambulance services, (4) distinct characteristics of the work of members of the fire and ambulance services, (5) remuneration packages, and (6) the priorities set by members that need to be addressed in order to reduce their level of stress. The stressors of members of the traffic services were dealt with under the following themes: (1) the public image of the traffic services, (2) distinct characteristics of the work of traffic officials, (3) communication in the traffic services, (4) working conditions and remuneration packages and (5) the priorities set by members that need to be addressed in order to reduce their level of stress. Regarding the support members of the emergency services receive within their organisations for managing stress, a number of sources of support were mentioned, such as social workers, psychologists and chaplains in the SAPS, support by supervisors, debriefing after traumatic events, stress management training, nursing sisters at ambulance stations, drinking and socialising, with the biggest form of support being "buddies". Regarding the co-operation between members of the different emergency services, the perception was that there was a very good relationship and good co-operation. Number of problems experienced in their day-to-day contact with each other were however mentioned.

本論文以近年歐盟會員國境內之孤狼恐怖攻擊趨勢出發，分析歐盟因應孤狼恐怖主義威脅所制定之反恐政策，同時評估歐盟反恐政策之內外反恐成效，藉此檢視孤狼恐怖主義與歐盟反恐政策之因果關係。孤狼恐怖主義緣起於美國「無領袖反抗運動」與「暴力激進化」，並透過「全球伊斯蘭反抗運動」與「外國恐怖主義戰士」成為歐盟內部安全之威脅來源；而歐盟反恐政策之決策機構與執行機關，業已透過戰略方針與行動計畫等歐盟反恐法律文件，對內建立合作機制與輔助工具等內部反恐網絡，藉此強化歐盟與歐盟會員國之間的警察合作、司法合作、資訊與情報交換合作、以及邊境安全合作；對外則透過國際協定形式，與重要第三國以及國際組織建構外部反恐網絡，以雙邊與多邊反恐合作形式強化歐盟反恐能量。本論文亦以四起孤狼恐怖攻擊個案分析歐盟會員國層級之反恐措施，分析近年歐盟孤狼恐怖主義之現況與趨勢。 本論文發現，歐盟孤狼恐怖主義來自「聖戰恐怖主義」、「本土恐怖主義」、與「外國恐怖主義戰士」等三種威脅，而歐盟近年因應孤狼恐怖主義威脅之反恐政策與措施，已朝向2005年11月30日歐盟部長理事會《歐盟反恐政策》四大反恐戰略的「預防」層面發展，並以外國恐怖主義戰士為重要反恐目標；此外，歐盟除了著手打擊「激進化」與「暴力極端主義」等導致孤狼恐怖主義之根本原因原因外，亦持續因應敘利亞與伊拉克等衝突地區之「返國外國恐怖主義戰士」所帶來的後伊斯蘭國時代孤狼恐怖主義威脅。 / With the trend of lone-wolf terrorism in member states of the European Union, the thesis analyzes EU’s policy to counter threat from lone-wolf terrorism and also evaluates internal and external effectiveness of EU’s counter-terrorism policy, in an attempt to examine the correlation between lone-wolf terrorism and EU’s counter-terrorism policy. Lone-wolf terrorism originated in the United States from the “Leaderless Resistance” and “Violent Extremism” and further threatened EU’s internal security via “Global Islamic Resistance Movement” and “Foreign Terrorist Fighters.” The decision-making as well as the executing agencies of EU’s counter-terrorism policy has established mechanisms of cooperation and policy toolkits for internal counter-terrorism network by means of EU’s legal documents of counter-terrorism, strategic guidelines and implementing programs included, in order to consolidate cooperation of police, justice, exchange of communication and intelligence, as well as border security between EU and member states. Meanwhile, EU has also been constructing its external counter-terrorism network with bilateral and multilateral agreements with third states and international organizations of importance. The thesis also offers four case studies of lone-wolf terrorist attacks of EU’s member states to analyze conditions and trends of lone-wolf terrorism in EU. The thesis concludes that “Jihadist terrorism,” “Home-grown Terrorism,” and “Foreign Terrorist Fighters” are the three main types of threat of lone-wolf terrorism in EU, and that EU counter-terrorism policy has been developing strategy of “prevention”, one of which stated in “EU’s Counter-terrorism Strategies” of November 30th, 2005, by Council of the European Union, and considering foreign terrorist fighters as its main target. Additionally, EU has been countering not only root causes of lone-wolf terrorism, such as “radicalisation” and “violent extremism,” but also future threats from “Returning Foreign Terrorists Fighters” heading back home from Syria and Iraq in the Era of Post-Islamic State.

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