This study examines how gender and the gender order used to be reproduced in “the kind of workhouses known as “arbetsstugor” in Swedish” in Karlstad and Borås 1899-1928. What ideologies and general notions of gender were expressed in their activities? I have made a comparative analysis of the workhouses in Karlstad and Borås using what is known as contextual contrasts. This method is used to test theories and hypotheses about what is locally unique or features that are shared between places. The hypothesis tested in the study is based on Hirdman's theory of gender contracts and “the law of separation” and it was formulated on the assumption that the traditionally more conservative Borås would also have a stricter policy on gender separation than the traditionally more liberal Karlstad.     This study examines how gender and the gender order used to be reproduced in “the kind of workhouses known as “arbetsstugor” in Swedish” in Karlstad and Borås 1899-1928. What ideologies and general notions of gender were expressed in their activities? I have made a comparative analysis of the workhouses in Karlstad and Borås using what is known as contextual contrasts. This method is used to test theories and hypotheses about what is locally unique or features that are shared between places. The hypothesis tested in the study is based on Hirdman's theory of gender contracts and “the law of separation” and it was formulated on the assumption that the traditionally more conservative Borås would also have a stricter policy on gender separation than the traditionally more liberal Karlstad.     This study examines how gender and the gender order used to be reproduced in “the kind of workhouses known as “arbetsstugor” in Swedish” in Karlstad and Borås 1899-1928. What ideologies and general notions of gender were expressed in their activities? I have made a comparative analysis of the workhouses in Karlstad and Borås using what is known as contextual contrasts. This method is used to test theories and hypotheses about what is locally unique or features that are shared between places. The hypothesis tested in the study is based on Hirdman's theory of gender contracts and “the law of separation” and it was formulated on the assumption that the traditionally more conservative Borås would also have a stricter policy on gender separation than the traditionally more liberal Karlstad.     This study examines how gender and the gender order used to be reproduced in “the kind of workhouses known as “arbetsstugor” in Swedish” in Karlstad and Borås 1899-1928. What ideologies and general notions of gender were expressed in their activities? I have made a comparative analysis of the workhouses in Karlstad and Borås using what is known as contextual contrasts. This method is used to test theories and hypotheses about what is locally unique or features that are shared between places. The hypothesis tested in the study is based on Hirdman's theory of gender contracts and “the law of separation” and it was formulated on the assumption that the traditionally more conservative Borås would also have a stricter policy on gender separation than the traditionally more liberal Karlstad.     This study examines how gender and the gender order used to be reproduced in “the kind of workhouses known as “arbetsstugor” in Swedish” in Karlstad and Borås 1899-1928. What ideologies and general notions of gender were expressed in their activities? I have made a comparative analysis of the workhouses in Karlstad and Borås using what is known as contextual contrasts. This method is used to test theories and hypotheses about what is locally unique or features that are shared between places. The hypothesis tested in the study is based on Hirdman's theory of gender contracts and “the law of separation” and it was formulated on the assumption that the traditionally more conservative Borås would also have a stricter policy on gender separation than the traditionally more liberal Karlstad.

Syfte: Sambandet mellan CSR och CFP har undersökts otaliga gånger utan att forskarna kommer överens om huruvida det finns ett samband eller inte. Därmed finns också olika åsikter om vilket motiv som driver företag att investera i CSR. Tidigare forskning har fokuserat på två huvudmotiv: vinstmaximerings- samt filantropiska motiv. Vi har kunnat utröna ett möjligt tredje motiv till CSR-investeringar, nämligen att företagets information om framtida CFP motiverar investeringar i CSR. Syftet med vår studie är därmed att undersöka om framtida förväntad CFP förklarar nuvarande CSR-investeringar i företag.   Metod: Vår studie utgår från en positivistisk forskningsfilosofi med hypotetisk-deduktiv ansats. Forskningsstrategin är kvantitativ med en longitudinell forskningsdesign. Data från 890 europeiska bolag har insamlats från Thomson Reuters Datastream för åren 2008-2016. Vidare har dessa data analyserats i statistikprogrammet SPSS.   Resultat & slutsats: Resultatet visar att framtida förväntad CFP förklarar företagets nuvarande CSR-investeringar. Detta genom att den information företaget innehar om sin framtida CFP påverkar dess engagemang i CSR-aktiviteter, vilket därmed utgör det huvudsakliga motivet till företagets CSR-investeringsbeslut. Resultatet visar också att företag inte investerar i CSR av filantropiska skäl, medan en undergrupp av företag väljer att investera i CSR med vinstmaximering som motiv.   Examensarbetets bidrag: Studien bidrar till motivforskningen om CSR-investeringsbeslut genom att bevis erhållits för att ett tredje motiv finns, som hittills är outforskat. Olika intressenter har nytta av kunskapen om detta motiv eftersom studien visar att CSR-investeringar leder till att information om företagets framtida information avslöjas.   Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Fortsatta studier inom ämnet skulle förslagsvis kunna rikta in sig på mindre företag eller enskilda länder, då denna studie fokuserat på stora europeiska bolag. För att få en mer detaljerad inblick i hur ett företag tänker kring CSR-investeringar föreslår vi en fallstudie inom ämnet, med kvalitativ inriktning. / Aim: The relationship between CSR and CFP has been investigated many times without any conclusion if there is any relationship or not. Because of the lack of conclusion there are different opinions about what motive companies have when they invest in CSR. The research that has been done in the field have focused on two motives: profit maximization- and the philanthropical motive. We have identified a possible third motive to CSR-investments, namely that company’s information about future CFP motivates current investments in CSR. The aim of our study is to investigate if future expected CFP explains current CSR-investments among companies.   Method: Our study is based on a positivistic research philosophy with a hypothesis-deductive approach. The study has a quantitative strategy with a longitudinal design. We have collected data from 890 European companies during the period of 2008-2016 from Thomson Reuters Datastream. We have analyzed the data in the statistical software SPSS.   Result & Conclusions: The result of the study indicates that the future CFP explains current CSR-investments. This happens because the company’s private information regarding future CFP influences the commitment to CSR-activities, which make the information-motive the main motive to CSR-investments. The result also shows that companies do not invest in CSR for philanthropic reasons, while a subgroup of companies chooses to invest in CSR with profit maximization as a motive.   Contribution of the thesis: The study provides a contribution to the research about how different motives drive companies’ decision-making process about CSR-investments through the third identified motive, which is an unexplored field. Different stakeholders can appreciate the knowledge of this motive because of the private information the companies reveal with the CSR-investments that they do.   Suggestions for future research: We have done our study on large public European companies. Future studies in the field should aim non-public companies or specific countries. We suggest a qualitative study to get a more detailed picture about how companies reveal private information in this field.

Datum: 2013-01-18 Nivå: Kandidatuppsats i företagsekonomi 15 HP Institution: Akademi för hållbar-, samhälls- och teknikutveckling, HST Författare: Niklas Jörgensen Julia Safarova Robin Saha Titel: Corporate Social Responsibility - En studie om hur Mälarenergi kan utveckla sitt sociala ansvarstagande Handledare: Birgitta Schwartz Nyckelord: CSR, Corporate Social Responsibility, Legitimitet, särkoppling, Carrolls CSR pyramid, CR innovation, CR filantropi, CR integration, kommunikation, intressenter Frågeställning: Hur kan Mälarenergi utveckla sitt CSR arbete? Syfte: Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats är att undersöka Mälarenergis arbete inom CSR, samt ta fram förslag på hur Mälarenergi kan utveckla sitt CSR-arbete utifrån deras nuvarande arbete. Metod: Uppsatsen är en kvalitativ studie som tillämpat forskningsansatsen abduktion för att studera Mälarenergis CSR arbete. Studien innehåller två personintervjuer med Miljöchefen på Mälarenergi, vilket är vår primärkälla. Slutsats: Företag bör följa samhällets normer om ett ökat CSR ansvar. Filantropiska insatser som går i linje med ett företags kärnverksamhet eller varumärke skapar trovärdighet. Ett företag som samhället är beroende av bör inte satsa på allt för riskfyllda innovationer. Företag bör satsa på både envägs- och flervägskommunikation av sitt ansvarstagande.

Filantropi inom företag har sedan länge varit ett fenomen utanför Sverige. Dock har filantropin brett ut sig inom Sverige de senaste åren och blir allt populärare av olika anledningar. Till exempel säger vissa företag att de känner en skyldighet att hjälpa de som har det sämre och de inom sin omgivning.Baserat på svar från intervjuer gjorda med sju olika respondenter från sju olika svenska företag, syftar denna uppsats till att svara på hur svenska företag arbetar med filantropi och vad som motiverar dem till att göra det.Resultatet tyder på att svenska företag arbetar med filantropi på ett centraliserat sätt och att informationen om arbetet kommuniceras mestadels internt, för att engagera och motivera personalstyrkan samt även för att ses som en attraktiv arbetsgivare. Filantropi kan även användas som en strategi för att stärka ett varumärke, samla politiska resurser och motverka negativ kritik. / Philanthropy within corporations has for a long time been a phenomenon outside of Sweden. However, philanthropy has spread throughout Sweden in recent years and is for various reasons becoming more popular. For example corporations say that they feel an obligation to help those who have it worse and also those in their environment.Based on answers gathered from interviews with seven different respondents from seven different Swedish corporations, this essay means to answer the question of how Swedish corporations work with philanthropy and what motivates them to do so.The result indicates that Swedish corporations work with philanthropy in a centralized manner and that information about this work is communicated mostly internally, to engage and motivate the staff but also to be seen as an attractive employer. Philanthropy can also be used as a strategy to strengthen a brand, gather political resources and combat negative criticism.This essay is written in Swedish.

This study examines Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) within the industry of sports and more precisely in regards to professional ice hockey players. The purpose of this study is to achieve a deeper understanding of how professional ice hockey players organize themselves through philanthropic CSR and why these engage in this CSR-work and in turn how it affects their brand. To attain this purpose the study need to answer the following three questions: how do ice hockey players organize themselves using philanthropic CSR, what motivates them to do philanthropic CSR-work and lastly how is their brand affected by doing philanthropic CSR.To achieve this deeper knowledge eleven interviews were carried out to collect the empirical data for the study. The interviews were conducted with a deductive viewpoint which gradually turned into a inductive one. With this in mind the study has been carried out with previous studies being taken in consideration and after the conclusion of the interviews into the position of the individual hockey players. After analysing the results a strong connection between the empirical data and the theoretical framework could be confirmed and it became clear that the players did not use CSR for their own gain or benefits. The motives behind the players engagement with CSR-activities could be connected to their unique prerequisites, but also through the encourage they received from their surroundings. The motivation for CSR seemed to come from the will to transcend into the life after sports. / Denna studie behandlar Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) inom idrottsbranschen, med inriktning mot professionella ishockeyspelare. Studiens syfte är att erhålla en förståelse för hur professionella ishockeyspelare organiserar sig av filantropiskt CSR, samt undersöka vad som motiverar dem till det filantropiska CSR-arbetet och hur detta i sin tur påverkar ishockeyspelarens varumärke. Följande frågeställningar ska besvaras för att uppnå syftet: hur organiserar sig ishockeyspelare genom filantropiskt CSR-arbete, vad motiverar dem till filantropiskt CSR-arbete samt hur deras varumärke påverkas av filantropiskt CSR-arbete? För att nå den djupa förståelsen har empirin samlats in genom elva semistrukturerade intervjuer. Studien har utgått från ett deduktivt synsätt men har gradvis övergått till ett induktivt synsätt. Således har studien utgått från tidigare kunskap för forskningsämnet men efter de utförda intervjuerna övergått till ishockeyspelarnas ställningstagande. Efter en analysering av studien kunde starka kopplingar mellan det empiriska materialet och den teoretiska referensramen konstateras. Efter arbetets gång blev det tydligt att ishockeyspelarna inte använder sig av CSR för sin egna skull eller för sin egna vinning. Motiven bakom ishockeyspelarnas engagemang för CSR kunde kopplas till deras unika förutsättningar, men även av uppmuntran av sin omgivning. Motivationen för CSR engagemang visade sig fortleva i livet efter idrotten.

This thesis examines the implementation of a philanthropically project called Norrbottens arbetsstugor which were launched during the famine of 1903. The project initially aimed to hinder starvation among children to poor families and was arranged in a similar way as boarding-out schools. Children to poor families were offered this temporary solution and during their stay they received board and lodging as well as schooling and work practice. However, the project continues until 1954 although the threat of famine is hindered fairly promptly which indicates that new policies were introduced. Therefore, the inquiry focuses on how actors on different levels in the implementation structure adapt and transform the philanthropically policy to suit their respective needs and goals. The study is divided into two phases, a so called initial phase and an expansion phase. The implementation is investigated via archive material from the philanthropically organisation itself, Stiftelsen Norrbottens Läns arbetsstugor, as well as from local governments (kommunala skolråd) and representatives of the Swedish government (folkskoleinspektörer). The study shows how policies of childcare becomes blurry or difficult to fulfil due to insufficient means, lack of control or because of absence of recognized tools to evaluate the activity. Commonly, implementation studies sought to show how well or misused the policy has been obeyed after its introduction. This study shows rather how a policy can work fruitfully even though, or thanks to, its intentions are reformulated by different actors. This of course, awakes questions of moral characters. The study also highlights the importance to investigate, in this case a philanthropically case, not only as such, but as a project that is ongoing on several levels. This gives us the opportunity to see what, for example, the conception of ‘good childcare’ means and how it is defined depending on the level studied. To put it short: when studied in different levels, we may unveil the different meanings of a concept. Keywords: Norrbotten, early 20th century, childcare, boarding-school, philanthropy, assimilation, implementation.

This thesis examines if private capital can progress social sustainability through financial instrumentsby unveiling how philanthropy can serve to mobilise private capital investments, alongside social impactbonds, using various finance framework approaches. Presently, the dialogues within sustainable financehave focused primarily on the environmental rather than the social aspects despite social sustainabilitybeing identified as a key component to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, an investigation onwhat can be done to mobilise more capital into social sustainability investments was performed. By conducting a literature pre-study and a survey, this study was able to identify that investors wouldlike for there to be a philanthropic mechanism in place within financial frameworks. However, they donot see themselves as playing a part in contributing philanthropically themselves, rather, it seems asthough investors would prefer for philanthropy to be a separate role. Despite this, when presented withframeworks according to their preferences, investors were hesitant to invest, indicating that it is thebarriers that investors face to make social sustainability investments that must be alleviated in order tomake a fair assessment of the potential for philanthropy alongside social impact bonds to mobilise moreprivate capital into social sustainability investments. / Denna avhandling undersöker ifall privat kapital kan främja social hållbarhet via finansiella instrument.Detta görs genom att utreda hur filantropi genom olika finansieringsramverk kan fungera som ettverktyg för att mobilisera privata kapitalinvesteringar tillsammans med resultatbaseradefinansieringsavtal. För närvarande har fokuset inom hållbar finans främst varit på de miljömässigasnarare än de sociala aspekterna. Detta trots att social hållbarhet har identifierats som ennyckelkomponent för att uppnå hållbar utveckling. Med detta som bakgrund, gjordes en undersökningav vad som kan göras för att frigöra mer kapital till investeringar i social hållbarhet. Genom en litteraturförstudie och enkätundersökning kunde denna avhandling identifiera följande:Investerare vill att det ska finnas en filantropisk mekanism i finansiella ramverk. Däremot serinvesterarna sig inte att de har en roll i att själva bidra filantropiskt, utan de föredrar att filantropi är enseparat roll. Trots detta var investerarna tveksamma till att investera när de presenterades med ramverkenligt deras preferenser, vilket tyder på att det finns andra hinder. Identifierade hinder är: Otydlighetergällande hållbarhetsaspekter i investeringarna, brist på investeringsmöjligheter och svårighetergällande mätning av social påverkan. Dessa hinder måste minskas för att kunna göra en rättvisbedömning av filantropins potential tillsammans med resultatbaserade finansieringsavtal för attmobilisera mer privat kapital till investeringar i social hållbarhet.