Background: There is a 3-fold risk of developing end stage kidney disease in Non-Hispanic African Americans compared to Non-Hispanic White Americans (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), one of the fundamental algorithms for coordinating treatment for kidney disease which factors in age, race, gender, and levels of creatinine, may pose an issue in this vulnerable population. Currently African Americans receive a correction factor between 1.21 and 1.16 to their eGFR to adjusting the value higher, potentially impacting appropriate kidney disease classification, and delaying beneficial interventions (National Kidney Foundation, 2020). Methods: A systematic literature search of four databases was completed. Eligibility criteria included 1) published in a peer reviewed journal, 2) English language, 3) the use of race correction in calculating eGFR, and 4) a quantitative study design. A total of 47 articles were screened with 17 selected for final review. The Johns-Hopkins Nursing Evidence - Based Practice evidence guide was then used to rate the strength and quality of the evidence. Results: Early evidence of the unreliability of race based eGFR equations emerged in 2008, and the body of evidence continues to grow. Recent studies have found eGFR calculated with no race corrections correlate best with directly measured iothalmate GFR in black patients (Zelnick et al., 2021), and that a potential 1,066,026 Black Americans may be reclassified to a more severe stage of CKD (Bragg-Gresham et al., 2021). Use of the race correction in GFR equations has been poorly supported in studies conducted in Africa and Brazil. For those with HIV, an accurate eGFR is doubly important yet all eGFR equations have marked variability. Some medical facilities have successfully updated to calculating eGFR without the racial coefficient (Shi et al., 2021). Conclusion: Nurses should be aware of the implications of using race correction in eGFR equations, educate their patients on its use, and advocate for those near threshold targets to ensure equitable and timely access to appropriate kidney disease interventions.

No description available.

The Baltic Sea is highly affected by eutrophication, but more knowledge is needed regarding how this influences many of the organisms that live there. One understudied species is the moss animal Einhornia crustulenta. In this study, steps are taken towards better understanding the ecology of E. crustulenta and how it might be influenced by eutrophication. This was done by two experiments. In the first experiment, it was tested whether E. crustulenta can feed on some phytoplankton species connected to eutrophication in the Baltic Sea (including e.g. the filamentous cyanobacteria Nodularia spumigena and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and the flagellate Prymnesium parvum). In the other experiment, it was tested whether the snail Theodoxus fluviatilis and the isopod Idothea baltica are potential predators on E. crustulenta in the Baltic Sea. The results show that E. crustulenta are able to feed on e.g. N. spumigena and P. parvum and thus might be benefitted by eutrophication. Furthermore, the results show that neither T. fluviatilis nor I. baltica seem to feed on E. crustulenta. The results from both studies imply that E. crustulenta might benefit from eutrophication in the Baltic Sea and expand without control from predators. Here, some steps have been taken towards better understanding the ecology of E. crustulenta, but further research is needed. Future studies could include more potential predators and also study earlier life stages of E. crustulenta.

Background: Higher protein diets, especially from animal sources, have seen a rise in popularity due to potential metabolic. This may have consequences for kidney function particularly in rising middle class populations who are allocating more income towards meat. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of higher versus lower protein intake on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in adult populations without renal impairment. Methods: Search strategies were developed and electronic databases searched: MEDLINE and EMBASE. Data were extracted up until June 3, 2015. The main outcome measure was GFR and a random effect model (Cochrane’s Review Manager Version 5.3) was used to pool mean differences in GFR values. Results: Database searches yielded 25 trials from 1914 articles that were eligible for analysis based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. 12 studies were randomized controlled trials and 11 studies were crossover trials. As a result of data presented, 2 crossover studies were treated as 4 trials to result in 25 total trials. A total of 810 subjects from 25 trials were included in this systematic review and meta-analyses. The age of participants was 24-62 years and their BMI was 21-36 kg/m2. Higher protein compared to lower protein-containing diets were associated with increased GFR values [mean difference (MD): 8.33 ml/min (95% CI 4.87 to 11.79), P < 0.00001] but this was less pronounced when assessing change from baseline GFR values [MD: 4.71 ml/min (95% CI 0.06 to 9.36), P = 0.05]. Moreover, significant heterogeneity was present and funnel plot asymmetry indicated potential publication bias in both meta-analyses. Conclusion: Higher protein diets were associated with increased GFR, however, these results were inconclusive due to significant heterogeneity and overestimation by random effect analyses. There is still no clear evidence that high protein diets negatively impact renal function in healthy populations. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / Globally, the leading causes of mortality in industrialized countries are cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Deaths from these chronic diseases now outpace deaths due to malnutrition. Being overweight and obese increases the risk of both morbidity and mortality from CVD, stroke, and T2D. Global rates of overweight and obesity have now reached ‘epidemic’ proportions and the World Health Organization has stated that, “… [a] global epidemic of overweight and obesity – ‘globesity’ – is taking over many parts of the world. If immediate action is not taken, millions will suffer from an array of serious health disorders.” Over the past 20-30 years, the popularity of higher protein energy restricted diets have grown due to the potential benefits regarding weight loss, appetite regulation, and maintenance of lean (muscle) mass. Additionally, the expansion of the global ‘middle-class’ has resulted in families allocating more income towards meat products as a primary protein source in their diet. A health concern is that higher protein intake may have an adverse effect on kidney function. In individuals with chronic kidney disease, higher protein diets have been shown to result in further renal impairment. However, the effects of increased protein intake in healthy populations are unclear. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare higher versus lower protein diets on kidney function in healthy populations based on the literature to date. This was accomplished by looking at changes in glomerular filtration rate (the rate at which kidneys filter blood), which is the ‘gold standard’ marker of kidney function.

En marge d'expériences actuelles visant à développer une méthodologie analytique sur la pharmacocinétique-pharmacodynamique de la N-acétyl-cystéine (NAC) en prévention de la néphropathie liée à l'exposition aux substances de contraste (NESC), une mesure de la clairance des substances de contraste a été mise au point comme marqueur de filtration glomérulaire (FG) étant donné que celles-ci sont totalement éliminées par FG. Ainsi, la mesure de la FG a été déterminée par la clairance de l'iohexol, substance de contraste utilisée en imagerie médicale. L'originalité de ce projet est triple: (1) mesurer la clairance de l'iohexol (Omnipaque) chez des patients recevant également de l'iodixanol (Visipaque), substance de contraste de plus en plus utilisée; (2) explorer la mesure de la clairance d'iodixanol et (3) utiliser la spectrométrie de masse couplée à la chromatographie liquide, qui depuis les dernières années s'est taillée une place de plus en plus importante, pour le dosage de l'iohexol et de l'iodixanol. Le projet actuel s'est déroulé chez 17 sujets avec divers niveaux de fonction rénale devant subir des examens d'imagerie avec des substances de contraste. Une dose-traceur d'iohexol (5 ml) a été co-administrée avec l'iodixanol (environ 95 ml). Des spécimens sanguins ont été obtenus 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 et 24 heures post-imagerie pour mesurer les clairances de l'iohexol et de l'iodixanol. Le comportement des autres marqueurs conventionnels de FG, soit le taux créatinine plasmatique et la clairance de la créatinine, ainsi que la clairance de la cystatine C et la clairance d'iodixanol ont été comparés à la clairance d'iohexol. Par conséquent, un protocole scientifique par HPLC-MSD Tof a été développé afin de séparer et de quantifier les molécules iohexol et iodixanol co-administrées dans le plasma des sujets. Les mesures des taux plasmatiques de ces deux molécules ont permis de déterminer par des calculs pharmacocinétiques que la clairance de l'iohexol discrimine bien la fonction rénale des sujets avec une fonction rénale normale de ceux avec une fonction rénale diminuée. De plus, il a été démontré qu'une seule mesure post-4 heures est suffisante pour diagnostiquer l'état de la fonction rénale d'un patient qui a subi une intervention demandant une exposition aux substances de contraste. Les corrélations entre la clairance de l'iohexol et d'autres marqueurs conventionnels de FG ainsi que celle de l'iodixanol ont illustré que la clairance de la créatinine calculée soit par l'équation MDRD (r = 0,714 et p = 0,001) ou par Cockcroft et Gault (r = 0,518 et p = 0,033) et la clairance de la cystatine C (r = 0,671 et p = 0,003) corrèlaient de manière significative avec l'étalon d'or, soit la clairance de l'iohexol. C'est pourquoi, il pourrait être possible de se fier à la mesure de la clairance de l'iohexol comme meilleur marqueur de FG afin de prévenir, de diagnostiquer et de traiter la NESC. De plus, des expériences scientifiques en recherche fondamentale pourront enfin être menées pour déterminer la relation pharmacodynamique- pharmacocinétique de la N-acétylcystéine dans la prévention de la NESC à l'aide de la mesure de la clairance de l'iohexol comme marqueur fiable de la FG. Enfin, les mécanismes d'action qui interviennent dans la NESC pourront être mieux évalués.

Introdução: Rosiglitazone (RGL) é um ligante dos receptores PPAR e vem sendo usada no tratamento do Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 e nas doenças inflamatórias. Mas, RGL pode reduzir a filtração glomerular (FG), a carga excretada de sódio na urina (UVNa) e aumentar a expressão da Na+,K+- ATPase na medula renal. Então, RGL pode causar edema e insuficiência cardíaca congestiva. Entretanto, não tem sido reportado se RGL pode induzir insuficiência renal aguda (IRA). Objetivo: Verificar se a redução da FG causada pelo tratamento com RGL predispõe à IRA em ratos. Avaliar em condições basais e de vasoconstrição renal e se há diferenças entre ratos normocolesterolêmicos (NC) e hipercolesterolêmicos (HC). Métodos: A FG foi medida pelo clearance de inulina no 8º dia em ratos (~200g) NC e HC tratados ou não com RGL (48 mg/kg/dieta) na situação basal e durante a infusão endovenosa de Ang II (40 ng/kg/min). Além disso, a atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase foi avaliada em homogenato renal em outra série de animais. Resultados: Na situação basal, NC e HC apresentaram FG semelhante e o tratamento com RGL reduziu a FG apenas em NC de 0,78±0,03 para 0,50±0,05* ml/min/100g, *p<0,001. Apesar da redução da FG, a UVNa em NC+RGL não se modificou. Durante a infusão de Ang II, a FG de NC, HC e HC+RGL reduziu-se para o mesmo patamar de NC+RGL e um significante aumento da UVNa foi observada apenas em NC+RGL (NC= 3,32±0,88; NC+RGL=5,86±1,04*; HC= 2,63±0,43 e HC+RGL= 2,23±0,39 uEq/min, *p<0,01). Além disso, RGL induziu aumento na atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase em HC+RGL e não modificou em NC+RGL. Os valores expressos em M Pi/mg proteína.h-1 foram de 45±7 em NC, 43±5 em NC+RGL, 48±7 em HC e 64±4* em HC+RGL, *p<0,05. Analisando todos os resultados em conjunto, a redução da FG associada com a alta natriurese e ausência da modulação da atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase em NC+RGL sugerem lesão renal neste grupo. Conclusão: Os mecanismos de ação da RGL diferem de acordo com a condição metabólica. Então, RGL deve ser prescrita com cautela na ausência de hipercolesterolemia e requer a monitoração da função renal principalmente nas situações de vasoconstrição / Introduction: Rosiglitazone (RGL) is a ligand for PPAR used to treat type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and inflammatory diseases. However, RGL can reduce the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urinary sodium excretion (UVNa) and increase the expression of Na+, K+-ATPase in renal medulla. Thus, RGL may induce edema and congestive heart failure. However, acute renal failure (ARF) provoked by RGL treatment has not been reported. Aim: To test whether reduced GFR by RGL may predispose to ARF at baseline and during a renal vasoconstriction state, and if the findings differ between normocholesterolemic (NC) and hypercholesterolemic (HC) rats. Methods: GFR was measured by inulin clearance on the 8th day in NC and HC rats (~200g) treated or not with RGL (48 mg/kg diet) at baseline and during intravenous infusion of Ang II (40 ng/kg/min). Furthermore, the Na+,K+- ATPase activity was determined in renal homogenates in other series of animals. Results: At baseline, NC and HC had similar GFR and the treatment with RGL reduced GFR only in NC from 0.78±0.03 to 0.50±0.05* ml/min/100g, *p<0.001. Although GFR was reduced, UVNa was unchanged in NC+RGL. During Ang II infusion, GFR was significantly reduced in NC, HC and HC+RGL and it remained at the same reduced level in NC+RGL. At this time, when GFR was reduced the same range in all groups, a significant increment in UVNa was only observed in NC+RGL (NC = 3.32±0.88; NC+RGL = 5.86±1.04*; HC = 2.63±0.43 and HC+RGL = 2.23±0.39 Eq/min, *p<0.01). Moreover, RGL induced an increase in the activity of Na+, K+-ATPase in HC+RGL, but it did not modify the activity of this enzyme in NC+RGL. The values expressed in M Pi/mg.protein.h-1 were 45±7 in NC, 43±5 in NC+RGL, 48±7 in HC and 64±4* in HC+RGL, *p<0.05. Taken together, reduction in GFR associated with high natriuresis and without changes in the Na+, K+-ATPase activity in renal medulla of NC+RGL may suggest renal injury in this group. Conclusion: RGL may act distinctly in normocholesterolemia and in hypercholesterolemia. Thus, RGL may be prescribed with caution in absence of hypercholesterolemia and requires monitoring of renal function specially if a renal vasoconstriction state is associated.

A doença renal crônica (DRC) é um problema de saúde pública mundial. Além de ser reconhecida como um ônus econômico significativo para a sociedade, está associada a altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade. Assim, para as políticas de saúde pública, é de suma importância a detecção precoce dos seus fatores de risco relacionados aos desfechos desfavoráveis. As doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) já são reconhecidas por sua influência no desfecho da doença renal, mas a relação da calcificação coronariana (CAC) e DRC na fase inicial ainda é controversa. Nosso objetivo é avaliar se há uma associação independente entre a função renal e a CAC em um estudo transversal de coorte brasileira. Métodos: Os participantes do estudo ELSA-Brasil (N=4189) que realizaram exame de CAC foram categorizados em três grupos de taxa de filtração glomerular estimada (TFGe): G1, no estágio 1 (40,2% de participação), G2, no estágio 2 (55,7%), e G3, do estágio 3 ao 5 (4,1%). Também foram classificados em três níveis, de acordo com a razão albumina/creatinina urinária (RAC): A1, com RAC < 30 mg/g (95,6% de participação), A2, com RAC 30-300 mg/g (4%), e A3, com RAC > 300 mg/g (0,4%). A análise da associação entre CAC e os dois marcadores da DRC (TFGe e RAC) foi realizada por meio do método de regressão logística. Resultados: A regressão logística univariada demonstrou que a redução da TFGe apresentou forte relação com a presença de CAC. O risco relativo de CAC em comparação ao G1 foi de 1,94 (IC 95%, 1,67-2,24) para G2 e de 4,51 (IC 95%, 3,29-6,19) para G3. Entretanto, após o ajuste de idade e de outros fatores de riscos cardiovasculares, essa correlação foi atenuada completamente. Em relação à RAC, o grupo RAC > 300 mg/g apresentou associação positiva e a chance de CAC aumentou para 320%, comparada aos indivíduos sem albuminúria. Conclusão: O presente estudo demonstrou que o risco de calcificação coronariana aumenta precocemente na fase inicial da DRC. As maiores chances de calcificação foram detectadas em participantes com albuminúria > 300 mg/g, independentemente dos fatores de riscos tradicionais e idade. O exame de albuminuria pode refletir presença de calcificação coronariana em indivíduos assintomáticos / Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem. As well as being recognized as posing a significant economic burden to society, it is also associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Thus, early detection of its risk factors associated with unfavorable outcomes is of paramount importance for public health policy. The influence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) on the outcome of renal disease has been recognized, but the relationship of coronary calcification (CAC) and CKD in the initial phase remains controversial. Our objective is to evaluate whether there is an independent association between renal function and coronary calcification in a cross-sectional Brazilian cohort. Methods: Participants in the ELSA-Brazil Study (N = 4189) who underwent CAC testing were categorized into three groups of estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR): G1, stage 1 (40.2% of participants), G2, stage 2 (55.7 %) and G3, stages 3 to 5 (4.1%). They were also classified into three levels according to the urinary albumin / creatinine ratio (ACR): A1 ACR < 30 mg/g (95.6% of participants), A2, ACR 30-300 mg/g (4%) and A3, ACR > 300 mg/g (0.4%). Analysis of the association between CAC and the two markers of CKD (GFR and ACR) was performed using the logistic regression method. Results: Univariate logistic regression showed that reduction of eGFR was strongly associated with the presence of CAC. The relative risk of CAC compared to G1 was 1.94 (95% CI, 1.67-2.24) for G2 and 4.51 (95% CI, 3.29-6.19) for G3. However, after adjusting for age and other cardiovascular risk factors, this association was completely attenuated. As for the ACR, the group with ACR > 300 mg/g showed a positive association and the chance of CAC increased to 320%, compared to those without albuminuria. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the risk of coronary calcification increases early in the initial phase of CKD. A higher chance of calcification was detected in participants with albuminuria > 300 mg/g, irrespective of traditional risk factors or age. Testing for albuminuria could reflect the presence of coronary calcification in asymptomatic individuals

INTRODUÇÃO: O exercício físico pode ser uma terapia coadjuvante para indivíduos com doença renal crônica (DRC), já que esta condição patológica tem sido associada a múltiplas comorbidades como hipertensão e diabetes mellitus. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos agudos do exercício sobre a função renal em pacientes com DRC em seus diferentes estágios. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos agudos do exercício aeróbico sobre a função renal em pacientes com DRC não dialíticos. MÉTODOS: Trinta e três indivíduos foram divididos em três grupos: i) pacientes nos estágios 1 e 2 (DRC1-2; n= 11); ii) estágios 3 e 4 (DRC3-4; n= 11); iii) indivíduos saudáveis (CON; n= 11). Todos os voluntários realizaram 30 minutos de exercício em esteira em intensidade correspondente ao limiar anaeróbio ventilatório (LAN) (%VO2pico= 60 ± 8). Amostras de sangue foram coletadas antes, imediatamente após o exercício, 30 e 60 minutos após o exercício, e amostras de urina foram coletadas antes, 30, 60 e 90 minutos após o exercício para mensuração da creatinina e albuminúria. A taxa de filtração glomerular foi avaliada a partir da depuração endógena de creatinina (TFGCr-Cl) e estimada a partir da equação CKD-EPI 2009 (eTFG). RESULTADOS: Imediatamente após o exercício, não foram observadas alterações significantes na TFGCr-Cl e eTFG em todos os grupos (p>0,05). Embora ambos os grupos de pacientes com DRC tenham apresentado aumento da albuminúria imediatamente após o exercício, estes aumentos não foram significantes (p> 0,05). Nenhuma alteração na albuminúria foi detectada no grupo controle durante todo o protocolo (p> 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sugerem que uma sessão de exercício com duração de 30 minutos em intensidade moderada não compromete a função renal de pacientes com DRC. Em suma, estes dados suportam a noção de que o treinamento físico pode ser uma ferramenta terapêutica segura no manejo da DRC / BACKGROUND: Physical exercise may be an adjunctive therapy for individuals with chronic kidney diseases (CKD) as this pathological condition has been associated with multiple comorbidities including hypertension and diabetes mellitus. However, little is known about the acute effects of exercise on renal function in patients with CKD at different stages. AIM To investigate the acute effects of aerobic exercise on renal function in patients at different stages of non-dialysis CKD. METHODS: Thirty-three subjects were divided into three groups as follows: i) patients in stages 1 and 2 (CKD1-2; n= 11); ii) stages 3 and 4 (CKD3-4; n= 11); iii) healthy individuals (CON; n= 11). Individuals performed 30 minutes of exercise on a treadmill in an intensity corresponding to the ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT) (%VO2peak= 60 ± 8). Blood samples were collected before, immediately after exercise, 30 and 60 minutes after exercise and urine samples were collected before, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after exercise for creatinine and albuminuria assessments. Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) was estimated using the creatinine clearance (GFRCr-Cl) and estimated using the CKD-EPI 2009 equation (eGFR). RESULTS: Immediately after exercise, GFRCr-Cl and eGFR did not change significantly in all groups (all p > 0.05). Although both groups of CKD patients have shown increased albuminuria immediately after exercise, differences were not significant (p > 0.05). No change in albuminuria was detected in the control group throughout the protocol (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that a 30-min moderate intensity aerobic exercise bout does not impair renal function in patients with CKD. Thus, these data support the notion that exercise training can be a safe therapeutic tool in the management of CKD

INTRODUÇÃO: A cistatina C sérica apresenta boa correlação com o ritmo de filtração glomerular (RFG) e não é influenciada pela função renal materna, podendo ser um bom marcador da função renal, especialmente na 1ª semana de vida. Porém, não há valores normais definidos para o período neonatal. OBJETIVO: Determinar a evolução dos níveis séricos da cistatina C (Cis) em recém-nascidos (RN) de termo saudáveis ao longo do 1º mês de vida. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo. Inclusão: idade gestacional (IG) entre 37 e 41 6/7 semanas; peso de nascimento adequado para a IG; Apgar 1º min > 7; mães sem insuficiência renal, hipertensão arterial ou uso de drogas que interferissem com a função renal do feto. Exclusão: má-formação major ou renal; ausência de diurese nas primeiras 12 horas de vida ou diurese no 2° ou 3° dia < 1mL/kg/h; perda de peso > 10% até o 3º dia; pressão arterial elevada; insuficiência cardíaca ou renal, fototerapia, infecção, alteração da função tireoidiana ou uso de drogas vasoativas ou diuréticos. Dosagens laboratoriais: Cis (mg/L) por imunonefelometria e creatinina sérica (Cr) (mg/dL) pelo método de Jaffé, da mãe e do RN, no cordão umbilical (d0) e com 3 (d3), 7 (d7) e 28 (d28) dias. O clearance de creatinina foi estimado pela fórmula de Schwartz (mL/min/1,73m2). Comparação de médias pelo teste ANOVA one way para medidas repetidas e teste de Tukey. Análise de correlação pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. Nível de significância=0,05. RESULTADOS: Preencheram os critérios de inclusão 35 RN e, destes, 14 foram excluídos. Foram analisados 21 RN. Mães: idade (média): 29,1 anos. Os RN apresentaram IG (mediana) de 39,4 sem e peso (média) de 3224 g; 57,1% eram do sexo masculino. A diurese (média) no 2° e no 3° dias foi 2,1 e 2,4 mL/kg/h, respectivamente, e a perda de peso máxima (média) foi 7,1% e ocorreu com 2 dias (mediana). Dos 21 RN, 17 (81%) receberam aleitamento materno exclusivo e 13 (61,9%) tiveram icterícia. Cis (média±dp): mãe: 1,00±0,20; RN: d0=1,70±0,26; d3=1,51±0,19; d7=1,54±0,15; d28=1,51±0,15. Cr (média±dp): mãe: 0,63±0,15; RN: d0=0,63±0,15; d3=0,48±0,16; d7=0,37±0,10; d28=0,26±0,05. Os valores de Cr não foram diferentes dos encontrados na literatura para RN de termo saudáveis. A Cr da mãe não foi diferente de d0, enquanto a Cis materna foi menor do que em d0 (p<0,001). A Cr no RN diminuiu com o tempo (d0xd3, p=0,007; d3xd7, p=0,002; d7xd28, p<0,001). A Cis diminuiu de d0 para d3 (p=0,004) e manteve-se estável após d3. A Cis e a Cr da mãe apresentaram correlação positiva. Houve correlação positiva entre Cis e Cr em d3 e d28. CONCLUSÕES: A Cis do RN, que ao nascimento foi maior do que a da mãe, reduziu-se até d3 e permaneceu estável até d28. A Cis e a Cr da mãe correlacionaram-se entre si. Em d3 e d28 houve correlação entre Cis e Cr do RN. / INTRODUCTION: Cystatin C (Cys) is a good marker of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and is not affected by maternal renal function. OBJECTIVE: To determine the levels of Cys in healthy term newborns (NB), along the 1st month of life. METHODS: Cohort study. Inclusion: term NB with appropriate weight; 1st min Apgar > 7; mother without renal failure or drugs that could affect fetal GFR. Exclusion: malformations; hypertension; no diuresis in the first 12 hours of life or oliguria in the first three days; excessive weight loss until the third day; heart or kidney failure; thyroid dysfunction; use of diuretics, vasoactive drugs or any drug that could affect renal function. Cys (mg/L) and creatinine (Cr) (mg/dL) were determined in the mother (Mo) and in the NB at birth (d0), 3rd (d3), 7th (d7) and 28th (d28) days. Creatinine clearance was estimated in the NB using the Schwartz formula. Statistics: one way ANOVA and Pearsons correlation tests. Significance level=0.05. RESULTS: Data from 21 NB were obtained. Mothers: age (mean): 29.1 years. NB: gestational age (median): 39.4 weeks; birth weight (mean): 3224 g; 57.1% were male. Diuresis (mean) in the 2nd and 3rd days of life: 2.1±0.6 and 2.4±0.7 mL/kg/h, respectively. Maximum weight loss (mean): 7.1%; it occurred in the 2nd day (median). 81% of the NB were breastfed and 61.9% had jaundice. Cys (mean±sd): Mo: 1.00±0.20; NB: d0=1.70±0.26; d3=1.51±0.19; d7=1.54±0.15; d28=1.51±0.15. Cr (mean±sd): Mo: 0.63±0.15; NB: d0=0.63±0.15; d3=0.48±0.16; d7=0.37±0.10; d28=0.26±0.05. These Cr values are similar to those found in the literature for healthy term NB. Mo Cr was not different from d0 Cr, while Mo Cys was lower than d0 Cys (p<0.001). NB Cr decreased (d0xd3, p=0.007; d3xd7, p=0.002; d7xd28, p<0.001) along the time, while Cys decreased from d0 to d3 (p=0.004). Correlations were obtained between Mo Cr and Mo Cys, as well as d3 Cr and d3 Cys, d28 Cr and d28 Cys. CONCLUSIONS: At birth, NB Cys values were higher than Mo Cys values. NB Cys decreased from d0 to d3 and remained stable from d3 to d28. Mo Cys correlated with Mo Cr and NB Cys correlated with NB Cr at d3 and d28.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-13T14:28:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Henrique David Lavander.pdf: 512699 bytes, checksum: 0cf7077c9553bc2674a27d16ccb517bc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-13T14:28:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Henrique David Lavander.pdf: 512699 bytes, checksum: 0cf7077c9553bc2674a27d16ccb517bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The Veneridae family it´s among the most commercially harvested shellfish by fisheries and aquaculture in the world, the sediment clam Anomalocardia brasiliana occurs throughout the Brazilian coast and has great importance for artisanal fisheries. In recent years sparked national interest by cultivation of mollusks. This study aimed at the first article the filtration and ingestion rate of A. brasiliana under different conditions of light, temperature and salinity on laboratory conditions in three separate experiments, analyzed by factorial analysis of variance, followed by Duncan test, with significance level of P <0.05. The best results for the filtration and ingestion rates were obtained in the absence of light at room temperature of 27ºC, and salinity of 30gL-1. The second article aimed to evaluate the reproduction of the species in laboratory comparing the induction method of temperature variation, addition of microalgae and gametes into the water with the method of natural spawning, without application of stimuli. The results showed that the gonads were well developed before and after the period of maturation, considered mature. Spawning occurred in both treatments, but no significant difference according to the t test with significant differences at p <0.05 were found. But the best results were obtained at natural spawning during the handling of the shellfish in the maturation step or after the experiments. In this method obtained over 900 thousand eggs. These results can help to improve conditions for breeding and obtaining larvae in laboratory, and thus reduce production costs and improve technology to species. / A família Veneridae está entre os moluscos bivalves mais explorados comercialmente pela pesca e aquicultura no mundo, o marisco de sedimento Anomalocardia brasiliana ocorre em toda costa brasileira e apresenta grande importância para pesca artesanal. Nos últimos anos despertou interesse na malacocultura nacional. O presente estudo analisou no seu primeiro artigo a taxa de filtração e ingestão da A. brasiliana frente a diferentes condições de luz, temperatura e salinidade em condições de laboratório em três experimentos distintos, submetidos a Análise de Variância Fatorial, seguido pelo Teste de Duncan, com nível de significância p<0,05. Os melhores resultados referentes às taxas de filtração e ingestão foram obtidos na ausência de luz, em temperatura ambiente de 27ºC, e salinidade de 30 g.L-1. O segundo artigo teve como objetivo avaliar a reprodução da espécie em laboratório comparando o método de indução por variação da temperatura, adição de microalgas e gametas na água por desova natural, sem aplicação de estímulos. Os resultados demonstraram que as gônadas apresentavam-se bem desenvolvidas antes e após o período de maturação, consideradas maduras. A desova ocorreu nos dois tratamentos, mas não houve diferença significativa de acordo com o Teste t com diferenças significativas quando p < 0,05. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos em desovas naturais, durante o manejo dos mariscos na etapa de maturação ou após os experimentos, neste método se obteve mais de 900 mil ovos. Esses resultados podem contibuir para melhorar as condições dos reprodutores e produção de larvas em laboratório, e com isso diminuir os custos de produção e melhorar a tecnologia para espécie.