Submitted by Cristiane Shirayama (cristiane.shirayama@fgv.br) on 2011-06-03T17:17:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 66080100264.pdf: 308949 bytes, checksum: 7a390b2d4b90a64b4e8396e2d219827f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel(gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2011-06-03T17:35:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 66080100264.pdf: 308949 bytes, checksum: 7a390b2d4b90a64b4e8396e2d219827f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel(gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2011-06-03T17:40:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 66080100264.pdf: 308949 bytes, checksum: 7a390b2d4b90a64b4e8396e2d219827f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-06-03T18:34:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 66080100264.pdf: 308949 bytes, checksum: 7a390b2d4b90a64b4e8396e2d219827f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-08 / Este trabalho analisa se o modelo de demanda corporativa por liquidez desenvolvido por Almeida, Campelo e Weisbach (2002) pode ser utilizado para identificar se empresas latino- americanas apresentam restrição financeira para obter financiamento. Para testarmos a hipótese de que as empresas restritas financeiramente detêm um nível de caixa mais elevado, e sua propensão marginal a poupar o excedente de caixa gerado também é superior às empresas irrestritas, procedeu-se uma análise de dados em painel, relativos a uma amostra que inclui empresas de capital aberto no Brasil e no México, de 2001 a 2009. As empresas restritas financeiramente, tanto do Brasil quanto do México, aumentam o nível do caixa em decorrência do tamanho de seus ativos, sendo um fator relevante para gestão do caixa na América Latina. As empresas Mexicanas irrestritas apresentam um nível de caixa superior às restritas, além de apresentar uma propensão marginal a poupar inferior às empresas irrestritas mexicanas, consistente com a expectativa inicial, de que o investment grade obtido logo no começo da amostra facilitou o acesso ao crédito para as empresas da amostra. / We examine the model of corporate demand for liquidity, developed by Almeida, Campelo and Weisbach (2002) can be used to identify whether Latin American companies have financial constraint to obtain financing. To test the hypothesis that financially constrained firms have a higher level of cash, and their marginal propensity to save the cash surplus generated is superior to unconstrained firms, we carried out an analysis of panel data relating to a sample, which includes publicly traded companies in Brazil and Mexico from 2001 to 2009. Financially constrained firms, both Brazil and Mexico, increase the level of cash due to the size of its assets, being a relevant factor for cash management in Latin America. Unconstrained Mexican companies have a higher level of cash than restricted firms have, and present a lower propensity to save cash than constrained Mexican firms, consistent with the initial expectation that the investment grade obtained at the beginning of the sample made easier access to credit for firms in the sample.

Submitted by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-02-15T13:30:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MACHADO_Kalleb_2016.pdf: 48624204 bytes, checksum: 4cae9fdde445ba126352b89311a44d25 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-02-15T13:30:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MACHADO_Kalleb_2016.pdf: 48624204 bytes, checksum: 4cae9fdde445ba126352b89311a44d25 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-02-15T13:30:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MACHADO_Kalleb_2016.pdf: 48624204 bytes, checksum: 4cae9fdde445ba126352b89311a44d25 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-15T13:31:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MACHADO_Kalleb_2016.pdf: 48624204 bytes, checksum: 4cae9fdde445ba126352b89311a44d25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Modigliani and Miller`s seminal article, published in 1958, gave great contribution to modern financial theory. The assumptions that guided this article stated that in a perfect capital market, the capital structure of the company did not interfere in its investment decision because the internal and external financing costs were perfect substitutes, as well as the fact that the company operates an investment opportunity if the rate of return on the investment is equal to or greater than the average cost of capital. Many authors, refuting the assumptions of Modigliani and Miller, and considering the existence of problems related to market imperfections and asymmetry information, now it has started to include variables in their models that capture these imperfections and demonstrated that some companies had restrictions on access to foreign credit market. Fazzari, Hubbard and Petersen (1988) are among the authors and have developed a model that aimed to demonstrate that the market imperfections could limit the gain of external funding for some companies. The results showed that there was investment sensitivity to cash flow, assuring the hypothesis of financial constraint in the companies analyzed. Due to this fact, the present research has as its goals to analyze the investment-cash flow sensitivities for Brazilian companies in the industries manufacture and extractive listed on the BM&FBOVESPA from 2004 and 2014 and the following two sub-periods of 2004 to 2008 and 2009 to 2014. To test the financial constraint hypothesis was used panel data, wherein data from the secondary system Economática were used. Thus, obtained results by the method of OLS, proved inconsistent, do not corroborate for all periods analyzed, the hypothesis defended by Fazzari, Hubbard and Petersen (1988) / O artigo seminal publicado por Modigliani e Miller em 1958 prestou grande colaboração à teoria financeira moderna. Os pressupostos que nortearam o artigo afirmavam que em um mercado perfeito de capitais, a estrutura de capital da empresa não interferia na sua decisão de investimento, pois os custos do financiamento interno e externos eram substitutos perfeitos, assim como o fato de que a empresa explora uma oportunidade de investimento se a taxa de retorno sobre o investimento realizado for igual ou maior do que o custo médio do capital. Muitos autores, refutando os pressupostos de Modigliani e Miller, e considerando a existência de problemas de assimetria de informação e imperfeições de mercado passaram a incluir variáveis em seus modelos que captassem essas imperfeições e demonstrassem que algumas empresas possuíam restrições no acesso ao mercado de crédito externo. Fazzari, Hubbard e Petersen (1988) estão entre esses autores e desenvolveram um modelo que tinha como objetivo demonstrar que as imperfeições de mercado podiam limitar a obtenção de financiamento externo para algumas empresas. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que existia sensibilidade do investimento em relação ao fluxo de caixa, afirmando a hipótese de existência de restrição financeira entre as empresas analisadas. A partir do exposto, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar a sensibilidade do investimento ao fluxo de caixa entre as empresas brasileiras dos setores industriais de transformação e extrativo listadas na BM&FBOVESPA, entre os anos de 2004 e 2014 e os subperíodos de 2004 a 2008 e 2009 a 2014. Para testar a hipótese de restrição financeira foi utilizado dados em painel, em que, foram utilizados dados secundários retirados do sistema Economática. Desta forma, os resultados encontrados, por meio do Método dos Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários, revelaram-se contrários ao esperado, não corroborando, para todos os períodos analisados, a hipótese defendida por Fazzari, Hubbard e Petersen (1988).

Submitted by Cristiane Shirayama (cristiane.shirayama@fgv.br) on 2011-06-03T16:31:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 66080100249.pdf: 1182255 bytes, checksum: b59b105479cee83b704a0f4cc998ba5f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão(vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2011-06-03T16:50:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 66080100249.pdf: 1182255 bytes, checksum: b59b105479cee83b704a0f4cc998ba5f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão(vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2011-06-03T17:01:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 66080100249.pdf: 1182255 bytes, checksum: b59b105479cee83b704a0f4cc998ba5f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-06-03T18:58:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 66080100249.pdf: 1182255 bytes, checksum: b59b105479cee83b704a0f4cc998ba5f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-14 / We listen to 56 financial and investor relations officers from companies listed on BM&F Bovespa about the intensiveness of financial constraints observed during the credit crisis of 2008/09, distinguishing among firms that stated to have suffered financial constraints during the crisis to those that declared themselves unconstrained. Evidence tells us that the group of restricted firms lowered prices and fired employees in a higher degree than the unrestricted group. Constrained companies also report a substantial rise in debt, while unconstrained companies are able to manage their sources of funding, in a quest to maintain reputation inside the market. About 65% of restricted firms recognize that financial constraints end up affecting their capacity to accept attractive projects, and 25% say they were forced to bypass/cancel appealing investments. We believe that, by comparing our direct measure with usually adopted proxies, this study contributes to the set of tools used to measure the impact of financial constraints over corporate decisions. / Por meio de um survey, ouvimos 56 gestores financeiros e de relações com investidores de empresas listadas na BM&F Bovespa sobre o grau das restrições financeiras observadas durante a crise de 2008/09, contrapondo diferenças entre firmas que declararam ter sofrido restrições àquelas que disseram não terem sido afetadas. Nossa evidência aponta que as restritas rebaixaram os preços praticados e demitiram colaboradores em dose maior do que as irrestritas. As restritas também acusaram salto pronunciado no endividamento, enquanto as irrestritas conservaram suas fontes de financiamento, buscando preservar reputação no mercado. Cerca de 65% das firmas restritas indicam que as restrições financeiras afetaram a capacidade de aceitar projetos atrativos, e 25% dessas firmas se viram forçadas a postergar/cancelar investimentos vantajosos. Comparando a medida direta de nosso survey frente a proxies usualmente adotadas, cremos que este trabalho agrega ao espectro de ferramentas empregadas para avaliar o impacto de restrições financeiras sobre as decisões corporativas.

既有文獻指出企業從事社會責任活動能帶來諸多經濟效益，然而企業也必須承擔相關的成本來進行社會責任活動。本研究探討公司在成本考量上，如何配置財務及非財務資源來進行企業社會責任活動。我們進一步討論當企業面對財務限制時，策略性的資源配置如何對企業社會責任之績效產生影響。本研究使用公司層面的企業社會績效和財報資料，資料期間為1991至2015年。藉由迴歸分析並且控制產業及修正群聚效果下，實證結果發現：研發活動對於企業社會責任績效有顯著正向的關聯，而公司的併購支出顯著地負向影響企業之正面及負面企業社會績效，資本支出則對負面企業社會責任績效有顯著的負向關係。就內部流動性資源運用的結果我們發現：現金對企業社會責任之績效表現並無顯著的關聯，此結果隱含公司在資金運用上傾向於配置少部份現金資源以資助企業社會責任活動；然而淨營運資金與企業社會績效呈現顯著負向關聯，意味著公司會使用淨營運資金來資助企業社會責任活動。最後透過對公司個體財務限制的衡量，實證結果顯示當公司面對財務寬鬆時，投入研發活動成本有助於加強研發成本與企業社會績效表現之正向關係，結果更意味著當公司面臨財務寬鬆時，較容易將社會績效納入考量。 / While the existing is fully aware of the diverse economic benefits that are brought about when firms engage in corporate social responsible (CSR), it also warns about the associated costs of all kinds. Using panel data obtained from MSCI ESG and Compustat for 4,160 U.S. public-listed firms from 1991 to 2015, we investigate what impacts the firms’ allocation of financial and non-financial resources would have on the implementation of their CSR, when knowing that CSR can be costly. Our main empirical findings are threefold. First, we find that firms’ R&D intensity is positively related to their corporate social performance (CSP). Capital expenditure is significantly negatively related to CSP concerns; and firms’ involvement in acquisitions is negatively related to both their CSP strengths and concerns. Second, firms’ implementation of CSR activities is found to be seldom cash-intensive, in fact, we document firms’ moderate usage of cash and short-term investments on the implementation of CSR relative to other investments activities. However, the noncash networking capital show significantly negative effects with CSP, revealing that firms use noncash networking capital to implement CSR activities. Third, the positive relationship between R&D intensity and CSP is further enhanced when firms are free without financial constraints, and we argue that firms take more concern on social issue/performance when facing financial slack.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-02-12T12:16:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 diogosennacanongia.pdf: 2323385 bytes, checksum: a99ec9ad446059cd7c7ca2917bcf56d5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-02-26T12:11:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 diogosennacanongia.pdf: 2323385 bytes, checksum: a99ec9ad446059cd7c7ca2917bcf56d5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T12:11:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 diogosennacanongia.pdf: 2323385 bytes, checksum: a99ec9ad446059cd7c7ca2917bcf56d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-26 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / A partir de Modigliani e Miller (1958) foi iniciada uma vasta discussão sobre a estrutura de capital das empresas. Entre as teorias que emergiram ao longo dos anos, destacase aquelas baseadas no equilíbrio (trade-off) entre benefícios e custos da dívida e a Pecking Order Theory, cuja criação é atribuída a Myers e Majluf (1984). Por outro lado, Almeida e Campelo (2010) apontam o fato de que as teorias até então abordadas negligenciavam o papel da restrição financeira na decisão dos gestores, afirmando que o comportamento das empresas financeiramente restritas poderia ser substancialmente distinto das demais. Shyam- Sunders e Myers (1999) mostram ainda que a maioria dos testes empíricos que confirmam, ora uma teoria, ora outra, carecem de poder estatístico, visto que uma teoria poderia mostrarse correta, ainda que as empresas se comportem de acordo com a teoria alternativa. Dessa forma, propõem um novo teste baseado em simulações para confrontá-las. A partir de uma base de dados com empresas brasileiras de capital aberto, entre 2000 e 2013, é proposto um teste amplo, que visa avaliar simultaneamente as principais proposições teóricas sobre trade-off. Num segundo momento, é proposto um novo teste para a Pecking Order Theory, que incorpora em sua forma funcional a questão da restrição financeira, levantada por Almeida e Campelo (2010). Posteriormente, objetiva-se confrontálas a luz do teste do poder estatístico proposto por Shyam-Sunders e Myers (1999). As teorias baseadas em trade-off apontam para a presença de custos de ajustamento, havendo ainda uma folga financeira de 7% para realocação de dívida em direção a um ponto ótimo, de acordo com suas características. A Pecking Order Theory com restrição financeira também é confirmada, de modo que as empresas que não sofrem restrição assumem dívida exatamente na proporção de seu déficit (incluído o investimento pretendido) enquanto nas demais empresas, sob restrição, o endividamento não se mostra correlacionado com o referido déficit. Por fim, entretanto, ambas as teorias falham para o teste do poder estatístico, mostrando-se “corretas” mesmo sob bases de dados simuladas pela teoria alternativa. Ademais, é proposto um teste para a determinação da estrutura da dívida per si, considerando a determinação simultânea entre o curto e o longo prazo, assim como a opção entre a dívida privada e a emissão pública de títulos. / Modigliani and Miller (1958) has initiated a wide discussion on the capital structure of companies. Among the theories that have emerged over the years, there are the theories base on equilibrium (trade-off) between debt costs and benefits. Also the Pecking Order Theory, which creation is attributed to Myers and Majluf (1984). According to Almeida and Campelo (2010) these theories have neglected the role of financial constraints on decision makers, concluding that the behavior of financially constrained firms could be substantially different from others. Yet, Shyam-Sunders and Myers (1999) demonstrate most empirical tests have, confirming this or that theory lack on statistic power, due to the fact that a theory coud be confirmed even if companies behave according to the alternative theory. The authors propose a new test, using simulations, to confront both theories. Using a data base of Brazilian publicly traded companies, between 2000 and 2013, an extensive test is proposed to simultaneously evaluate the main theoretical proposals about trade-off. Afterwards, a new test is proposed to the pecking order theory, with a formula that incorporates financial constraint, brought up by Almeida and Campelo (2010). Finally, both theories are confronted with the statistic power test proposed by Shyam-Sunders and Myers. Trade-off theories suggests adjustment costs and a financial slack of 7% for debt relocation towards optimal point, according to its characteristics. Pecking Order Theory with financial constraint is also confirmed and suggests that companies witch do not suffer from constraint undertake debt exactly in proportion of its deficit (including pretended investment) while in the other companies, under constraint, debt ratio is not correlated with deficit. Finnaly, both theories fail the statistic power test, because they are confirmed even when the database is simulated from the alternative theory. Moreover, another test is proposed, regarding the structure of de debt itself, considering the short term and long term debt are chosen simultaneously. Same logic applies for the simultaneous choice between private debt and issuing public debt.