The diploma thesis deals with the comparison of two forms of financing assets. The theoretical part is focused on general characteristics of credit, leasing, advantages, disadvantages, and presents a selected methods of comparison and financial analysis indicators. In the practical part is processed the financial analysis of the selected company before acquire of an asset. In the next part is processed a comparison of two alternatives of financing using selected methods and processing of financial analysis after asset acquisition. Finally, the work deals with evaluation and recommendations which alternative of financing is preferable.

This Master's thesis deals with choice of suitable possibility of financing the acquisition of fixed assets. The theoretical part includes characteristics of fixed assets, fundamental indicators of financial analysis and potential funding options. In the analytical part is evaluated the financial situation of company planning investment in a truck and its impact on the possibilities of financing, which are specified. In the suggestions part is suggested the suitable solution and its impacts on company are evaluated.

Syfte: Tidigare användes IAS 17 vid redovisning av leasingavtal där operationella leasingavtal uteslöts från balansräkningen. Detta bidrog till en felaktig bild av företagens finansiella ställning. Standarden IFRS 16 infördes då som inte längre behandlar avtalen olika. Tidigare studier behandlar endast fiktiva siffror vilket har gjort det svårt att se den verkliga påverkan. Syftet med studien är att beskriva hur införandet av IFRS 16 har påverkat företags nyckeltal för publika bolag samt hur effekten sett ut mellan branscherna.   Metod: Studien baseras på en positivistisk forskningsstrategi med en deduktiv ansats. Studien antar en kvantitativ strategi som baseras på sekundärdata från Thomson Reuters Eikon. Datamaterialet presenterar data från två år, 2018 respektive 2020, i 235 publika företag vilket resulterade i 2036 observationer. Insamlad data analyserades i ett statistikprogram, SPSS, och sammanställdes sedan i tabeller.  Resultat och slutsats: Studiens resultat påvisar bevis för ett samband mellan implementeringen av IFRS 16 och påverkan på nyckeltal, där vissa nyckeltal påverkades mer än andra. Resultatet för sambandet mellan nyckeltalen och branscherna påvisar att vissa branscher påverkas mer av införandet än andra. Studiens slutsats är därför att nyckeltalen påverkas i och med implementeringen men inte i den utsträckning som förväntades samt att branscherna påverkades olika av implementeringen.  Examensarbetets bidrag: Studien bidrar till reella siffror vilket inte tidigare varit möjligt. Den beskriver även vilka branscher som drabbats mer än andra samt hur den egentliga påverkan ser ut. Studien bidrar till sist till att se hur nyckeltal kan komma att påverkas av framtida redovisningsregleringar.  Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Förslag till vidare forskning på ämnet är att inkludera fler länder, branscher och andra nyckeltal för att få fler perspektiv på hur den reella påverkan ser ut. Ett ytterligare förslag hade varit att gå in djupare på de påverkade branscherna för att skapa en större förståelse för påverkan av implementeringen och hur denna påverkan ser ut för enskilda företag. / Aim: Previously, IAS 17 was used in accounting for leases where operating leases were excluded from the balance sheet. This contributed to an inaccurate picture of the financial position of enterprises. The IFRS 16 standard was introduced at the time, which no longer treated the contracts differently. Previous studies only process fictitious numbers which makes it difficult to see the real impact. The purpose of the study is to describe how the introduction of IFRS 16 has affected public companies´ financial ratios and if the transformation has influences industries differently.   Method: The study assumes positivistic research with a deductive approach. The study adopts a quantitative strategy based on secondary data from the database Thomson Reuters Eikon. The material presents data from two years, 2018 and 2020, in 235 listed companies in Sweden and Germany which resulted in 2036 observations. The collected data has been analysed in one statistical program, SPSS, and then compiled into tables.  Results and conclusions: The results of the study gives some evidence that the implementation of IFRS 16 has a connection with the influence on financial ratios, where some financial ratios had a more significant impact than others. The results for the relationship between the financial ratios and the industries show that some industries are more affected by the introduction than others. The study's conclusion is therefore that the ratios are affected by the implementation but not to the extent that was expected and that the industries were affected differently by the implementation.  Contribution of the thesis: The study contributes to real numbers, which has not previously been possible. It also describes which industries that have been affected more than others and what the actual impact looks like for companies in these industries. The study ultimately helps to see how financial ratios may be affected by future accounting regulations.  Suggestions for future research: One suggestion for future research is to include more countries, industries, and other financial ratios to get more perspectives on what the real impact looks like. A further suggestion would have been to go deeper into the affected industries to create a greater comprehension of the impact of the implementation and what the impact looks like for individual companies.

Background and problem: IAS 17, the name of the previous standard of leasing, allowed firms to showcase their leasing as either operational or financial. This allowance led to the financial reports of firms not presenting the leasing requirements and therefore showing misleading financial ratios. After a review performed by the IASB and FASB and the given conclusions, IFRS 16 was implemented in January 2019. This led to leasing contracts required to be presented in financial form, with the exception of leasing contracts with duration below 12 months and assets valued less than 5 000 United States Dollar. As of today, it is mandatory to report a leasing contract in the balance sheets, which facilitates economic comparisons and eliminates potential flaws when analysing financial situations of certain firms. IFRS 16 is expected to affect the financial ratios, cash flow analysis and income statement and balance sheet of companies that are included.    Purpose: The purpose of this study is to aid build an understanding of the impact on the financial ratios of firms operating on Nasdaq OMX Nordic after the implementation of IFRS 16. Additionally, this study aims to analyse if certain sectors are affected in different ways. Methodological approach: The methodological approach of this study is a quantitative method. To collect the data for this approach, interim reports for the first quarter of 2019 are used. In this study, the calculations of the financial rations have been done with the support of a census survey based on 103 publicly quoted companies within retailing and construction & service industries within Nordic. Lastly, the cross-over effects following the change to IFRS 16 within the financial ratios of these companies are constructed within the same industries.  Results: The introduction and implementation of IFRS 16 showed significant effects across all sectors. This is explained due to, the firms in the selected sectors of this study, mainly being financed through leasing. The results of this study show that effects of the implementation of IFRS 16 were most significant in the retailing industry, followed by the service industry. The construction industry was impacted the least by observing the financial ratios. / Bakgrund och problemdiskussion: I den tidigare standarden IAS 17 hade företagen möjligheten att redovisa sina leasingavtal som operationella- eller finansiella leasingavtal. Företagens möjlighet till att redovisa leasingavtalen som operationella ledde till att företagens finansiella rapporter inte synliggjorde leasingåtaganden. Efter en granskning utförd av IASB och FASB visade det sig att nyckeltalen gav en missvisande bild gällande företagens finansiella ställning vid tillämpning av operationell leasing. Till följd av detta implementerades IFRS 16 den 1 januari 2019, som förtydligar att samtliga leasingavtal skall redovisas som finansiella med undantag för leasingavtal med löptid under 12 månader och tillgångar av mindre värde än 5 000 amerikanska dollar. Företagen behöver numera redovisa sina leasingavtal i balansräkningen, vilket skapar ökad jämförbarhet och eliminerar tidigare brister vid bedömning av företagens finansiella ställning. IFRS 16 förväntas påverka företagens nyckeltal, kassaflödesanalys samt resultat- och balansräkning. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att bidra med en förståelse för hur IFRS 16 påverkat företagens nyckeltal på Nasdaq OMX Nordic. Studien ämnar även till att undersöka ifall branscherna påverkats olika. Metod: Studien har utgått från en kvantitativ forskningsmetod, där datainsamlingen baseras på delårsrapporter från 2019, kvartal 1. Beräkning av nyckeltal har genomförts utifrån en totalundersökning som avser en population på 103 nordiska börsnoterade företag inom detaljhandeln, tjänstesektorn och byggbranschen. Därefter undersöktes övergångseffekterna av IFRS 16 på nyckeltalen mellan detaljhandeln, tjänstesektorn och byggbranschen. Resultat: IFRS 16 har haft en betydande påverkan på nyckeltalen i samtliga branscher. Detta till följd av att företagen i studiens utvalda branscher främst finansieras genom leasing. Studiens resultat visade att koncernföretag inom detaljhandeln påverkats mest av IFRS 16. Därefter kommer tjänstesektorn och sedan byggbranschen med minst påverkan på nyckeltalen.

Leasing means that a company rents out an asset to another company and is increasingly used as a source of financing. The standard provider International Accounting Standards Board, together with the Financial Accounting Standards Board, published a new standard in 2016, IFRS 16 Leases, which replaced the previous standard IAS 17 Leases. The main change is to eliminate the difference between financial leases and operational leases by reporting the assets and liabilities in the balance sheet, with the exception of the agreements that run for one year and are of little value. The standard is expected to affect the companies balance sheet, income statement and cash flow analysis. The purpose of the study is to give an account on the current standard, to investigate the extent to which the financial reports of Swedish listed companies are affected and to examine how sectors at Nasdaq Stockholm are affected by the transition. The study is based on 2019 financial reports for the first quarter of the 11 Swedish GICS sectors listed on Nasdaq Stockholm to calculate the key financial ratios; EBIT, EBITDA, ROA and debt/equity ratio. The results of the survey showed that the sectors as a whole received a minimal change after the transition, however, some sectors were affected more than the general change. The key financial ratios EBIT, EBITDA and debt/equity ratio were positively impacted, while ROA was negatively affected by the transition. EBIT median increased by 1,21 percent, EBITDA increased in the median by 6,95 percent, debt/equity ratio increased in the median by 9,38 percent and ROA decreased by 1,74 percent in the median. The consumer discretionary sector was most affected, while the utilities sector was least affected by the transition to the new lease standard. / Leasing innebär att ett företag hyr ut en tillgång till ett annat företag och används alltmer som en finansieringskälla. Normgivaren International Accounting Standards Board har tillsammans med Financial Accounting Standards Board publicerat en ny standard år 2016, IFRS 16 Leasing, vilket ersatte den tidigare standarden IAS 17 Redovisning av leasingavtal. Den huvudsakliga förändringen är att eliminera skillnaden mellan finansiell leasing och operationell leasing genom att redovisa samtliga tillgångar och skulder i balansräkningen, med undantag för de avtal som löper under ett år och är av ringa värde. Standarden förväntas påverka företagens balansräkning, resultaträkning och kassaflödesanalys. Syftet med studien är att redogöra kring den nuvarande standarden, undersöka i vilken utsträckning finansiella rapporterna hos svenska börsnoterade företag påverkas samt undersöka hur sektorerna på Nasdaq Stockholm påverkas av övergången. Studien har utgått från 2019 års finansiella rapporter för första kvartalet hos de 11 svenska GICS sektorerna som är listade på Nasdaq Stockholm för att beräkna nyckeltalen; EBIT, EBITDA, ROA och skuldsättningsgrad. Resultatet av undersökningen visade att sektorerna i helhet fick en minimal förändring efter övergången, dock påverkades vissa sektorer mer än den generella förändringen. Nyckeltalen EBIT, EBITDA och skuldsättningsgrad påverkades positivt, medan ROA påverkades negativt av övergången. EBIT ökade i median med 1,21 procent, EBITDA ökade i median med 6,95 procent, skuldsättningsgrad ökade i median med 9,38 procent och ROA minskade med 1,74 procent i median. Sektorn sällanköpsvaror påverkades mest medan sektorn kraftförsörjning påverkades minst av övergången till den nya leasingstandarden.

There exist many ways how to finance fixed assets of a company. In my thesis, I deal with several types of funding fixed assets and compare them. In the introduction, I describe different types of funding, their advantages and disadvantages. One of the ways of funding is a lease, a loan or renting of fixed assets. The aim of my work was to select the best way of funding fixed assets for the selected company and study its tax consequences.

non / Statistics in the 2008 World Leasing Yearbook showed that China’s leasing volume was only US$5.35 billion for the year 2006, lagging far behind that of other high-GDP countries. However, leasing in China did experience extraordinary high growth rates over the past few years and seems to have ample room for growth in the future. As we know, each industry has its own set of critical success factors (CSFs) and a match between these factors and a firm’s strengths may ensure the firm’s successful performance. Thus, the main purpose of this paper is to explore CSFs for leasing in China and explain the major influences behind these factors. This research is analyzed based on the PEST analysis framework and Porter’s five forces model. The CSFs identified in this study can provide guidelines to develop leasing in China as well as for those planning to enter China’s leasing market. Based on the findings, the business environment for leasing in China, though better than it has ever been, still leaves much to be desired. For leasing to further develop, the following CSFs must be handled with care: Public awareness and understanding; An enabling legal framework; Credit risk management capabilities; Diversified funding sources; Qualified and well-trained staff; A vibrant second-hand equipment market, and Information technology infrastructure and know-how. The identified CSFs also lead to several strong policy recommendations. Among these are the following: Embarking on campaigns promoting leasing; Passing the Financial Leasing Law as soon as possible; Removing tax disincentives to leasing; Establishing a national credit information center; Providing funding support and credit guarantee schemes in favor of SME leasing; and Strengthening information technology infrastructure. Without improvement of these critical elements, the outlook for China’s leasing sector may not be so promising after all.

The aim of this thesis is to compare the benefits of the vehicle acquisition for businesses on a financial leasing or a loan. The theoretical part is in greater detail focused on the current state of the legislation on tax and non-tax obligations of businesses associated with the acquisition of a vehicle. The theoretical part also briefly describes two systems of EU countries which tax their cars based on the CO2 production. The practical part of this thesis is a model example which compares the economic advantages of a financial leasing and a loan. The results are also being compared with the current state of the Czech Republic market.

This diploma thesis is focused on the analysis of leasing liabilities under standard IAS 17 and the new standard IFRS 16 Leases at Atlas Copco Services, s. r. o. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part deals with the theoretical basis of both standards. In the second part we will find the practical application of the lease accounting in the monitored company under the new IFRS 16 and its comparison with IAS 17. The third part summarizes both standards and recommends the selection of one of the standards.

This dissertation deals with the funding possibilities of business plan of Sun Marketing, s.r.o. In terms of theoretic peaces of knowledge and of obtained information takes in proposal of optimal alternate of business plan financing.