A presente Dissertação apresenta algumas metodologias disponíveis para o dimensionamento do material de revestimento contra fogo de estruturas de aço em situação de incêndio. Incluem-se métodos analíticos simplificados conforme normas em vigor e resultados de análises experimentais obtidos por laboratórios internacionais e nacional. Detalha-se também a aplicação do programa de computador Super Temp Calc (STC), em análise térmica e dimensionamento de pilares, revestidos ou não por material de revestimento contra fogo, em contato com alvenarias. Comparações entre esses métodos e sugestões de emprego para a prática de projeto também são contemplados neste trabalho. / This present work shows some methodologies to determine the thickness of the fire protective material in steel structures in a fire situation. It shows analytical methods based on actual standards and results of experimental analysis by international and national laboratories. The application of the program Super Temp Calc (STC) is detailed, by thermal analysis and designs of columns, with fire protection or not, in contact with masonry. Comparisons between some methods and suggestions by use for design´s practical also are contemplated in this work.

Two major pillars of the state responsibility system are administrative losses compensation system and national compensation system. The ¡§Destruction Fire Operation¡¨ which causes innocent third person¡¦s property loss forms administrative losses compensation responsibility or national compensation responsibility promptly. The fire protection law in Taiwan has been revised and enlarged the 19th item 2 since August, 1995. From the view of protecting people¡¦s right, it is admirable to compensate people propriety loss caused by disaster. However the related compensation stipulate seems not enough. The essay based on legal principle state responsibility researches the national compensation responsibility of the ¡§Destruction Fire Operation¡¨. Meanwhile, we confirm it is true that the theory and practice are agreed with from two cases happened in Kaohsiung county. The essay researches the motive, the range and restriction, the structure and method. We have detail description on the meaning of the ¡§Destruction Fire Operation¡¨ compensation responsibility as well as extended compensation responsibility resulted from fire-fighting. We analyze and discuss the current legal provisions of ¡§Destruction Fire Operation¡¨, and practices of fire operation compensation and compensation cases.

The mechanical and material properties of structural steel at elevated temperatures play an important role in structural fire design. The South African 350W and S355 structural steels are common in building structures with S355 slowly replacing the older 350W. The cost and feasibility of full scale fire tests are some of the causes for the lack of experimental data on the behaviour of steel structures when exposed to fire. Therefore excessively conservative design codes based on isolated laboratory experiments are used in practice which leads to increased material costs. Another area of concern with respect to building safety is the reusability of structural steels post fire exposure, which is not effectively addressed within these codes. This study aims to establish greater insight into structural fire design and simulation on which further research can be built. Experimental programs on the temperature dependent behaviour of these steel members loaded axially are conducted and compared with theory and the Eurocode 3 standard [1]. The reusability of steel exposed to fire and after being cooled down is investigated and compared to the findings by Outinen [2]. Further testing on material to determine the relationship between remaining life and hardness degradation after cooling down was conducted. Experimental data from various external studies are used to develop novel computer models using the finite element analysis software, SimXpert [3]. These are verified against the original data and compared to existing design codes. A parametric approach is used with these models to demonstrate the advantages of computer simulations in structural fire design. Different cross sections and slenderness ratios are evaluated for their susceptibility to buckling at elevated temperatures. The results of this study show that as temperature and exposure time increase the integrity of steel members decrease. The current design codes accurately predict the behaviour of isolated specimens but lack data on real situations where the specimen is part of a complex structure. It was found that steel members can be reused if their exposure temperature does not exceed 700°C, after which their strength can reduce to 90%. This temperature dependant behaviour was successfully modelled using basic computer simulations and then demonstrated the ease in which they can be used in place of experimental regimes. The parametric advantages of these simulations were demonstrated by predicting the effects of slenderness ratios and geometry cross sections on the buckling behaviour. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.

Thesis (M.S.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Geosciences. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

According to statistics the number of fires is still very high and the main cause is the negligence of people and underestimating of its danger, so that is right to be concerned with this problems. The solution is to educate people since their early age, e.g. within their school attendance. I decided to choose the theme of my dissertation, which deals with education of students in the area of fire protection. Personally, I would like to find out how the students are trained and educated in this issue and how their knowledge is, that is the chosen aim of the thesis. The goal of this dissertation is to find out the methods of educating and the level of knowledge of the fire protection in elementary schools. To achieve the goal and to complete the research questions I conducted a survey and structured interviews (dialogue). The survey was orientated to students of ninth grade in randomly chosen schools and should check out their knowledge in the problems. The structured interviews were realized with school management and were meant to find out the way or methods of teaching in this issue. The results were put into graphs and charts. In the end the comparison of students´ knowledge was done on two randomly chosen schools, or between two regions of the South Bohemia. The comparison was done within statistical counting methods. After the final evaluation that is possible to say that the knowledge of students in the area of the fire protection is on relatively good level. On the other way around, the methods and extensiveness of education in this area, in view of the fact that importance of fire protection, is in my point of view not sufficient and should have given more attention. In the statistical research it was found out that there are not big differences between the knowledge of students in chosen schools, or regions.

A presente Dissertação apresenta algumas metodologias disponíveis para o dimensionamento do material de revestimento contra fogo de estruturas de aço em situação de incêndio. Incluem-se métodos analíticos simplificados conforme normas em vigor e resultados de análises experimentais obtidos por laboratórios internacionais e nacional. Detalha-se também a aplicação do programa de computador Super Temp Calc (STC), em análise térmica e dimensionamento de pilares, revestidos ou não por material de revestimento contra fogo, em contato com alvenarias. Comparações entre esses métodos e sugestões de emprego para a prática de projeto também são contemplados neste trabalho. / This present work shows some methodologies to determine the thickness of the fire protective material in steel structures in a fire situation. It shows analytical methods based on actual standards and results of experimental analysis by international and national laboratories. The application of the program Super Temp Calc (STC) is detailed, by thermal analysis and designs of columns, with fire protection or not, in contact with masonry. Comparisons between some methods and suggestions by use for design´s practical also are contemplated in this work.

in English This diploma thesis analyzes the legislation focused on the internal security of the state, especially it is focused on fire protection units and integrated rescue system. The aim of the diploma thesis was to open the problematic issues of the relevant legislation. The first part deals with the theoretical analysis of the relevant legislation and the second part contains research that is aimed at verifying the application of this legislation in practice. The first chapter deals with the factual definition of the components of the integrated rescue system, both the basic components and other components. It also discusses the basic coordination of the components of the integrated rescue system. The second chapter describes the factual definition of fire protection units in relation to other components of the integrated rescue system and then presents the various types of fire protection units. Individual types of fire protection units are defined in terms of their division, material definition, establishment, organizational structure and personnel substrate. The third chapter already deals with some narrowly defined aspects. The chapter describes the mutual cooperation and operation of fire protection units, including the introduction of the institute of the intervention commander, which...

Syftet med studien är att undersöka de risker som finns i samband med brand i däckhotell, samt utvärdera om samhällets krav på byggnadstekniskt brandskydd är tillräckligt för att hantera risknivån. Samhällets krav i studien är Boverkets byggregler BFS 2011:6 med ändring till och med BFS 2020:4 (BBR) och den kravställning som sker i enlighet med förenklad dimensionering. Kraven i BBR har kvantifierats för att möjliggöra en jämförelse mellan BBR och de verkliga förutsättningar som återfinns på däckhotell. Studien behandlar enbart tre av de fem punkter som BBR baseras på. Utveckling och spridning av brand och rök inom byggnadsverket ska begränsas, spridning av brand till närliggande byggnadsverk ska begränsas och hänsyn ska tas till räddningsmanskapets säkerhet vid brand. Det finns erfarenheter kring bränder i däcklager men ingen samlad bild av hur däckhotell bör hanteras i regelverken, eller om det är förenligt med byggreglernas intention och räddningstjänstens praktiska erfarenheter att utföra insats. Hur ska då brandskyddet utformas i däckhotell för att samhällets krav ska vara uppfyllt? I ett däcklager kan det handla om flera tusen däck som lagras samtidigt. Metodval för att besvara frågeställningarna var att utifrån verkliga däckhotell tillsammans med forskning och studier inom området, genomföra en rad olika analyser. Detta för att kunna besvara frågorna kvantitativt och/eller kvalitativt. Alla frågeställningar krävde dock flera antaganden för att vara möjliga att besvara. För att erhålla något att basera antagandena mot, genomfördes en fallstudie på verkliga däckhotell. Därefter skapades fem olika geometriska modeller baserade på de verkliga byggnaderna av volym, konstruktionsmaterial och ventilationsmöjligheter. Fallstudien visade även på stor variation på antalet däck som fanns placerade i däckhotell. Dock kan det konstateras att brandbelastningen i ett däckhotell överskrider 1600 MJ/m2 golvarea. Det konstruktionsmaterial byggnaden är uppförd med har stor inverkan på temperaturen i brandrummet. Däckhotell uppförda med en betongkonstruktion ger bättre förutsättningar för de brandavskiljande komponenterna att upprätthålla den brandbegränsande funktionen, detta i jämförelse med ett däckhotell uppfört av plåt med isoleringskärna. En brandcellsgräns som utsätts för den temperaturutveckling som sker i byggnad med väggar och tak av plåt-/isoleringskonstruktion, kommer eventuellt inte att begränsa brandspridningen under avsedd tid. De två skyddsbarriärerna som anges i BBR för att begränsa brandspridning mellan byggnader är skyddsavstånd eller att ytterväggen utformas som en brandcellsgräns, men där funktionen av en brandcellsgräns blir beroende av byggnadens konstruktionsmaterial. Fungerande skyddsavstånd är under förutsättning att öppningarna i fasad är begränsade och inte är större än en normal garageport. Syftet med att skydda närliggande byggnader uppfylls därmed inte. Skyddsavståndet bör vara i relation till arean på möjliga öppningar istället för ett fast värde. Ska skyddsavståndet vara fast bör det ske reglering av arean på möjliga öppningar och begränsa storleken eller kritisk strålningsnivå som får uppkomma på närliggande byggnad. Granskning av räddningsmanskapets säkerhet var en jämförelse mellan BBR och intervjuer på hur en räddningsinsats skulle kunna genomföras. Det som diskuterades var vilka risker branden och byggnaden utgör, samt hur dessa kan påverka genomförandet av insatsen. Brandtekniska åtgärder för att ta hänsyn till räddningsmanskapets säkerhet vid insats finns inte i erforderlig omfattning, vid brandteknisk projektering enligt förenklad dimensionering. Utan tidig detektion är risken överhängande att branden är för omfattande för att användning av invändiga brandposter för begränsning ska kunna vara möjlig. Dock är den enskilt viktigaste åtgärden för räddningsmanskapets säkerhet är att säkerställa tillgången till rätt mängd släckvatten vid byggnaden. Däckhotell placerade i containers är den enda byggnadsgeometri vilken kan projekteras enligt förenklad dimensionering. Den lagringsmetoden ger bäst möjlighet till en lyckad räddningsinsats och låg riskbild, och de är den enda modellen där brandcellsgränser helt klart skulle uppfylla sitt syfte både i klass EI 30 och EI 60. Containers har normalt inga fönster eller andra likvärdiga öppningar. / The aim of the thesis is mainly to investigate the risks that exist in case of fire in tire hotels and to evaluate whether society's requirements for fire protection in buildings are enough to manage this level of risk. Society's requirements in the study are Boverket's building regulations, BFS 2011:6 with amendments up to BFS 2020:4, (BBR) and the requirements that takes place in accordance with simplified design. The requirements in BBR have been quantified to enable a comparison between BBR and the actual conditions found in tire hotels. The study only treats three of the five items which BBR is based on. Development and spread of fire and smoke within the construction works is limited, spread of fire to adjacent construction works is limited and consideration has been taken to the rescue team's safety in case of fire. It exists some experience of fires in tire storage, but not a general picture of how a tire hotel should be design according to the building regulations, nor if it´s compatible with the building regulations' intention or the rescue team's practical experience of carrying out a rescue operation. The question is how the fire protection should be designed in tire hotels so that society's requirements can be fulfilled? When it can be thousands of tires which are stored at the same time in a tire hotel. The method to answer the questions was to carry out a few different analyses based on real tire hotels, together with research and studies in this area, so the questions could be answered quantitatively and/or qualitatively. However, all questions required some assumptions to be answered. To obtain something to base the assumptions against, a case study on real tire hotels was conducted. Five different geometric models were therefore created based on the buildings in terms of volume, construction materials and ventilation openings. The case study also showed a great variation in the number of tires that were stored in the hotels. Even with the variation, it can be stated that the fire load in a tire hotel exceeds 1600 MJ/m2 per floor area. The buildings construction material has a big impact on the fire temperature in the room. Tire hotels with a concrete construction provide better conditions for the fire-separation components to maintain the limiting function, in comparison with a construction of metal sheets with a core of insulation. A fire compartment boundary that is exposed to a temperature rise that occur in a metal structure, may not have the function over time it supposed to limit the spread of fire to other rooms during the intended time. BBR specifies two protective barriers to limit the spread of fire to adjacent construction, which are safety distances or that an exterior wall is designed as a fire compartment boundary. The function to limited fire spread by a fire compartment boundary is dependent on the building's construction material to fulfill its purpose. For a safety distance to work, the openings in the facade must be limited and not larger than a normal garage door. The purpose of protecting adjacent construction is therefore not fulfilled. The safety distance should be in relation to the area of ​​ openings instead of a fixed value. If the safety distance is a fixed value, the areas of openings should be regulated, if not, the size of the critical radiation that occur on an adjacent construction should be limited. Examination of the rescue team's safety was a comparison between BBR and interviews on how a rescue operation could be carried out. Under the interviews it was discussed what type of risks that are caused by the fire and the building, and how these risks can affect the implementation of the operation. The fire technical arrangements do not fulfill its purpose, to create the level of safety that are required for the rescue team when the fire technical design is according to a simplified design. Without early detection, the risk is imminent that the fire is too large for a person to use an indoor fire hydrant. The most important arrangements for the safety of the rescue team are however to ensure access to the right volume of water near the building. Tire hotels placed in containers are the only type of building which can be projected according to simplified design. This storage method provides the best opportunity for a successful rescue operation with a low risk.  Containers are also the only geometric model where fire compartment boundary would clearly fulfill its purpose, in both class EI 30 and EI 60. Containers have normally no windows or other equivalent openings.

This thesis examines the possibility of saving material by using analytical design of fire protection of glued laminated timber structures instead of the standard simplified design approach. The thesis is based on an existing store building (building class Br2 and occupancy class 2B) where Tyréns AB has determined a fire exposure specific for the store building, which is used to simulate 30 minutes of fire. The result from the simulation is then used in this thesis to evaluate the effects of said fire on a glued laminated timber structure. The analysis results in the assumption of a laterignition, since the temperature development varies from the standard fire curve used in thesimplified design approach. The thesis consists of several steps. First a glued laminated timber structure consisting of a column and beam system is designed for load bearing capacity in the ultimate and service limit state according to Eurocode. The structure is then verified for accidental actions with fire as the main action according to Eurocode using simplified design. Subsequently the same verification is carried out using the analytical design approach with the specific fire exposure. The columns are not verified since they are assumed to be exposed to direct flame impact and immediate ignition. The columns are also required to be covered with ignition retardant protection according to BBR. The result shows that no saving in material can be obtained for lower fire classes. The main reason for this is the fact that the structure design for load bearing capacity in the ultimate and service limit state is large enough to resist fire for up to 90 minutes without structural failure. For higher fire classes than R90, a potential saving in material can be achieved by using the analytical design approach. This is however deemed irrelevant, since fire classes above R30 are uncommon for these types of buildings. / I detta examensarbete undersöks möjligheten att minska materialåtgången för limträkonstruktioner genom att utföra en analytisk i stället för en förenklad brandteknisk dimensionering. Arbetet baseras på en existerande butikslokal (byggnadsklass Br2 och verksamhetsklass 2B) där Tyréns AB har tagit fram ett troligt brandförlopp i byggnaden som sedan simuleras i 30 minuter. Resultatet används i detta arbete för att utvärdera hur en limträstomme skulle påverkas vid brand i byggnaden. Analysen medför att en senare antändning för limträet kan antas, då temperaturutvecklingen ser annorlunda ut jämfört med standardbrandkurvan som används vid förenklad brandteknisk dimensionering. Arbetet består av flera steg. Först dimensioneras en limträstomme bestående av ett pelar-balksystem för butikslokalen för bärighet i brott- och bruksgränstillståndet enligt Eurokod. Sedan kontrolleras konstruktionen för ett brandlastfall med ett standardiserat brandförlopp, varpå samma kontroll utförs för balkarna enligt analytisk dimensionering med det specifika brandförloppet. Pelarna kontrolleras inte enligt det specifika brandförloppet eftersom dessa antas utsättas för direkt flampåverkan med momentan antändning. Dessutom innefattas de av ytskiktskrav enligt BBR, som kräver att de skyddas med tändskyddande beklädnad. Resultatet visar att materialåtgången inte kan minskas för lägre brandklasser. Detta beror på att dimensionerna som krävs i brott- och bruksgränstillståndet är tillräckligt stora för att konstruktionen ska klara över 90 minuters brandpåverkan utan brott. För högre brandklasser än R90 finns potential för minskning av materialåtgången genom analytisk dimensionering med ett specifikt brandförlopp. Detta anses dock inte relevant då högre brandklasser än R30 sällan förekommer i denna typ av byggnad.

Brandskyddsprojektering har länge släpat efter i den digitala världen, men allt fler konsulter, entreprenörer och fastighetsägare har börjat inse att även brandskyddsprojekteringen bör inkluderas i BIM-miljön. Syftet med denna studie är att utreda hur brandinformation presenteras på bästa sätt i projekteringsfasen, för att underlätta mottagandet av informationen och att upprätta riktlinjer för ett gemensamt arbetssätt som fungerar bra för alla discipliner i projektgruppen.   Intervjuer har genomförts med olika aktörer som arbetar med brandskyddsprojektering i byggbranschen. Brister med dagens sätt att hantera brandinformation har identifierats och en sammanställning av svaren från intervjufrågorna tillsammans med en BIM-strategs synpunkter på brandskyddsprojketeringen i BIM presenteras. Även en checklista för implementering av BIM i brandskyddsprojekteringen har tagits fram som kan underlätta implementeringsprocessen.   Det gemensamma arbetssättet enligt intervjustudien visar att branddisciplinen bör jobba som övriga discipliner i byggbranchen, alltså via ett molnbaserat arbetssätt. Detta kan ske via webbaserade BIMeye eller liknande databaser, där objekt gemensamt kan hanteras från olika BIM-modeller via alla discipliner i projektgruppen.