O trabalho apresenta a evolução da segurança contra incêndio no Brasil, decorrente fundamentalmente dos incêndios nos edifícios Andraus e Joelma, em São Paulo, no início dos anos 70, com especial atenção à evolução da regulamentação exarada pelo Poder Público e que impacta o ambiente construído dos edifícios. Utilizando dados primários, demonstra que o ensino de segurança contra incêndio nas Faculdades de Arquitetura e Urbanismo do Brasil não acompanhou essa evolução, produzindo efeitos negativos no exercício profissional. Analisa ainda a bibliografia pertinente ao tema -- principalmente em língua portuguesa --, que é entendida como insuficiente e não adaptada para o ensino aos alunos de arquitetura e urbanismo. Decorrente do apresentado -- e inspirado na metodologia de Paulo Freire e na sistematização do edifício de Ariosto Mila --, produziu-se um texto básico para orientar tal ensino, que em 2011 foi experimentado com os alunos da Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade de São Paulo. O texto foi ajustado mediante as críticas dos alunos, novamente experimentado e, após o reajuste, é apresentado a partir do Capítulo 7, onde se pretende unir a arquitetura à segurança contra incêndio a partir do programa de arquitetura, tratando da segurança contra incêndio nos seguintes sistemas de um edifício: implantação, entorno e fundações; cobertura; materiais de acabamento e revestimento; sistemas eletromecânico e hidrossanitário, e circulação. Também é feita uma análise sobre as causas maiores de incêndio -- sua relação com a arquitetura, os aspectos urbanísticos e a segurança contra incêndio --, e os sistemas de proteção contra incêndio que influenciam diretamente a arquitetura. Finalmente, o texto contempla uma proposta de organização e desenvolvimento de disciplina de segurança contra incêndio, objetivando suprir a deficiência de ensino apontada. / This study presents the evolution of the Fire Safety in Brazil, resulting specially of the fires in the buildings Andraus and Joelma, in São Paulo, in the early seventies, with special attention to the evolution of the State regulations, and its impact in buildings constructions. Using a primary data, it shows that the education about fire safety in the Brazilian\'s Faculties of Architecture and Urbanism did not follow that evolution, influencing negatively the professional practice. It also analyzes the bibliography concerning the subject, especially in Portuguese language, which is understood to be inadequate and insufficient to the architecture and urbanism students. Resulting from the presented, and inspired by the methodology of Paulo Freire and the systematic of Ariosto Mila, it was produced a basic text to orient such education, which, in 2011, was experienced with the students of the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of the University of São Paulo, adjusted by the criticisms of the students, once again experienced and one once again adjusted, resulting in a text, presented from the Chapter 7, which aims to unite the architecture to the fire safety, from the program of architecture, dealing with the following systems of a building: deployment, environment, and foundations; coverage; finish and coating materials; sanitary and eletromechanical systems, and circulation. It\'s also made an analysis of the major causes of fire and it\'s relation with architecture, the urbanism aspects and fire safety, and the fire safety systems that influence straightly the architecture. Also it is suggested the organization of a Discipline for supply the deficiency of the education aimed.

O trabalho apresenta a evolução da segurança contra incêndio no Brasil, decorrente fundamentalmente dos incêndios nos edifícios Andraus e Joelma, em São Paulo, no início dos anos 70, com especial atenção à evolução da regulamentação exarada pelo Poder Público e que impacta o ambiente construído dos edifícios. Utilizando dados primários, demonstra que o ensino de segurança contra incêndio nas Faculdades de Arquitetura e Urbanismo do Brasil não acompanhou essa evolução, produzindo efeitos negativos no exercício profissional. Analisa ainda a bibliografia pertinente ao tema -- principalmente em língua portuguesa --, que é entendida como insuficiente e não adaptada para o ensino aos alunos de arquitetura e urbanismo. Decorrente do apresentado -- e inspirado na metodologia de Paulo Freire e na sistematização do edifício de Ariosto Mila --, produziu-se um texto básico para orientar tal ensino, que em 2011 foi experimentado com os alunos da Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade de São Paulo. O texto foi ajustado mediante as críticas dos alunos, novamente experimentado e, após o reajuste, é apresentado a partir do Capítulo 7, onde se pretende unir a arquitetura à segurança contra incêndio a partir do programa de arquitetura, tratando da segurança contra incêndio nos seguintes sistemas de um edifício: implantação, entorno e fundações; cobertura; materiais de acabamento e revestimento; sistemas eletromecânico e hidrossanitário, e circulação. Também é feita uma análise sobre as causas maiores de incêndio -- sua relação com a arquitetura, os aspectos urbanísticos e a segurança contra incêndio --, e os sistemas de proteção contra incêndio que influenciam diretamente a arquitetura. Finalmente, o texto contempla uma proposta de organização e desenvolvimento de disciplina de segurança contra incêndio, objetivando suprir a deficiência de ensino apontada. / This study presents the evolution of the Fire Safety in Brazil, resulting specially of the fires in the buildings Andraus and Joelma, in São Paulo, in the early seventies, with special attention to the evolution of the State regulations, and its impact in buildings constructions. Using a primary data, it shows that the education about fire safety in the Brazilian\'s Faculties of Architecture and Urbanism did not follow that evolution, influencing negatively the professional practice. It also analyzes the bibliography concerning the subject, especially in Portuguese language, which is understood to be inadequate and insufficient to the architecture and urbanism students. Resulting from the presented, and inspired by the methodology of Paulo Freire and the systematic of Ariosto Mila, it was produced a basic text to orient such education, which, in 2011, was experienced with the students of the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of the University of São Paulo, adjusted by the criticisms of the students, once again experienced and one once again adjusted, resulting in a text, presented from the Chapter 7, which aims to unite the architecture to the fire safety, from the program of architecture, dealing with the following systems of a building: deployment, environment, and foundations; coverage; finish and coating materials; sanitary and eletromechanical systems, and circulation. It\'s also made an analysis of the major causes of fire and it\'s relation with architecture, the urbanism aspects and fire safety, and the fire safety systems that influence straightly the architecture. Also it is suggested the organization of a Discipline for supply the deficiency of the education aimed.

Despite the superior properties of Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) materials, the use of FRPs in buildings is limited. A key cause of concern for their use in buildings arises from their poor performance in fire occurrences. This thesis presents the results of fire performance of Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams and slabs strengthened with externally bonded FRP sheets. The performance and effectiveness of insulation materials and techniques are also investigated in this thesis. Two full-scale reinforced concrete T-beams and two intermediate-scale slabs were strengthened in flexure with carbon and glass fibre reinforced polymer sheets and insulated with a layer of spray-on material. The T-beams and slabs were then exposed to a standard fire. Fire test results show that fire endurances of more than 4 h can be achieved using an appropriate insulation system. Tests were performed in order to understand the behaviour of FRP concrete bond at high temperatures. An empirical model was then formulated to describe the bond strength deterioration due to temperature rise. Innovative measurement techniques were employed throughout the experiments to measure important observables like strain and temperature. Meanwhile, the effectiveness and practicality of techniques such as Fibre Optic Sensing (FOS) and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) for high temperature applications were investigated. A numerical finite-volume heat transfer model was developed to simulate the heat transfer phenomenon. The validity of the numerical model was verified by comparing the results with the results from the fire tests. By using this model, parametric analyses were performed to investigate the effect of different fire scenarios on the performance of the insulated beams. To simulate the structural performance of the T-beams a numerical model which was capable of predicting stresses and strains and deflections of a heated beam was developed. The model is capable of incorporating the effects of axial forces in the response of a restrained beam. This model was verified and used in combination with the thermal model to simulate the deflections of T-beams in fire. / Thesis (Ph.D, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2013-09-17 15:11:16.185

Este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um método de análise de risco qualitativo que propicie um nível de segurança contra incêndio adequado ao risco esperado em uma edificação hospitalar de grande porte, visto que o estrito atendimento às exigências de códigos e regulamentações prescritivas podem não garantir um adequado nível de segurança contra incêndio. O método baseou-se na metodologia de análise de risco qualitativa e em técnicas de gestão de risco corporativo. O trabalho resultou no Método de Avaliação de Risco Incêndio Hospitalar (MARIH). O MARIH foi idealizado com o intuito de demonstrar que, a partir da identificação e da análise dos principais riscos de incêndio em edifícios hospitalares, é possível tomar medidas adequadas para minimizar tais riscos, ainda na fase de projeto, e implementar medidas de controle (tratamento), tornando a edificação mais segura em relação à ocorrência de incêndios, sem necessariamente onerar sua construção. O método MARIH foi concebido para atuar como uma ferramenta para o desenvolvimento do projeto, com vistas a elevar o nível de segurança contra incêndio nas edificações hospitalares. Além disso, pretende-se, com o uso dessa ferramenta, demonstrar aos projetistas e empreendedores a importância da inserção adequada e da integração da segurança contra incêndio no processo de projeto de edificações de grande porte e complexas. / In view of the fact that requirements of prescriptive codes are not always enough to guarantee fire safety to hospital buildings, this study proposes and develops a qualitative method of risk analysis aiming to provide an adequate level of fire safety for such a type of building. The method named Fire Risk Assessment Method for Hospital Buildings (Método de Avaliação de Risco Incêndio Hospitalar - MARIH) is based on qualitative risk analysis methodology and on corporate risk management techniques. The method was developed in order to prove that, by the identification and the analysis of the main fire risks in hospitals, countermeasures may be taken to reduce such risks, still during the design process, without increasing construction costs. The MARIH method is proposed as a design tool so as to improve the fire safety level in hospital buildings, emphasizing how important fire safety is along the design process as well.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um método de análise de risco qualitativo que propicie um nível de segurança contra incêndio adequado ao risco esperado em uma edificação hospitalar de grande porte, visto que o estrito atendimento às exigências de códigos e regulamentações prescritivas podem não garantir um adequado nível de segurança contra incêndio. O método baseou-se na metodologia de análise de risco qualitativa e em técnicas de gestão de risco corporativo. O trabalho resultou no Método de Avaliação de Risco Incêndio Hospitalar (MARIH). O MARIH foi idealizado com o intuito de demonstrar que, a partir da identificação e da análise dos principais riscos de incêndio em edifícios hospitalares, é possível tomar medidas adequadas para minimizar tais riscos, ainda na fase de projeto, e implementar medidas de controle (tratamento), tornando a edificação mais segura em relação à ocorrência de incêndios, sem necessariamente onerar sua construção. O método MARIH foi concebido para atuar como uma ferramenta para o desenvolvimento do projeto, com vistas a elevar o nível de segurança contra incêndio nas edificações hospitalares. Além disso, pretende-se, com o uso dessa ferramenta, demonstrar aos projetistas e empreendedores a importância da inserção adequada e da integração da segurança contra incêndio no processo de projeto de edificações de grande porte e complexas. / In view of the fact that requirements of prescriptive codes are not always enough to guarantee fire safety to hospital buildings, this study proposes and develops a qualitative method of risk analysis aiming to provide an adequate level of fire safety for such a type of building. The method named Fire Risk Assessment Method for Hospital Buildings (Método de Avaliação de Risco Incêndio Hospitalar - MARIH) is based on qualitative risk analysis methodology and on corporate risk management techniques. The method was developed in order to prove that, by the identification and the analysis of the main fire risks in hospitals, countermeasures may be taken to reduce such risks, still during the design process, without increasing construction costs. The MARIH method is proposed as a design tool so as to improve the fire safety level in hospital buildings, emphasizing how important fire safety is along the design process as well.

民國81、82年二年內，台北市連續數場發生於公共場所造成死傷慘重的大火，不僅損失人命及財產，同時也燒出了長久以來潛存於建築物內公共安全不良的問題。對於公共安全的維護，台北市政府一直有多種查緝小組在執行任務當中，每次火災事故發生後，政府亦會相對加強建築物的安全查驗工作，然而不合格的比率一直高居不下，同時慘劇也不斷發生，顯示公共安全政策的執行並無法達到政策目標，因此本文即以政策執行的觀點，探究整個執行過程，以發現問題的癥結所在並提出建議。 　　本文的研究方法採文獻研究法、自然觀察法、及訪談法。文獻研究法主要係蒐集相關研究論文、專書、定期刊物、官方統計資料、法令、及報紙等方面文獻作分析；自然觀察法係實地觀察檢查之進行，觀察的檢查種類包括公共安全聯合檢查、建築物申請變更用途、使用執照、營利事業登記證、平時查察、優良商店評鑑；訪談法則訪談執行人員及相關業者。 　　在政策執行理論的發展上，一直有許多研究提出不同的變數探討其對政策執行的影響，根據此些研究可發現，政策、執行者、及接受者問的互動情形為政策執行力的所繫因素，因此本文以此三大面向建立探討政策執行力的架構，並以台北市供公眾使用建築物消防安全設備檢查為研究個案，藉以驗證本文的理論架構，同時並探究消防安全設備檢查執行的問題所在。根據本文的理論架構，影響政策執行力的因素為：（一）政策本身：(1)政策問題的特性；(2)政策內容；(3)政策環境；（二）執行主體：(1)組織目標；(2)執行人員的誘因；(3)執行機關的能力；（三）標的人口：(1)標的人口對政策的認知；(2)順服的成本與利益；(3)磋商議價的可能性。 　　本文的研究發現主要如下： 　　一、政策本身的影響： 　　　　1.問題的嚴重性及可預防性，和媒體持續的注意，對政策執行力有正面的影響。 　　　　2.由於相關法令無法配合，及設備標準的設計缺乏技術、成本方面的考量，降低政策執行力。 　　　　3.國內消防技術環境不善，社會大眾雖表支持但卻缺乏具體明顯的行動，對政策執行力有不良的影響。 　　二、執行主體的影響： 　　　　1.由於消防機關的組織目標與公共安全的政策目標相符，對政策執行力有正面影響。 　　　　2.雖然檢查人員對法令標準的認同不高，組織也並未提供有利的誘因，但在出事即嚴懲的情況下，仍有助於提高政策執行力。 　　　　3.執行機關人力、物力、及專業能力的不足，降低政策執行力。 　　三、標的人口的影響： 　　　　1.例行、確實的檢查使業者認知到政府執行的決心及消防安全設備的重要性，增加政策執行力。 　　　　2.順服的成本雖不高，但由於不順服的懲制力及不順服的利益皆不強，因此對政策執行力並未具正面效果。 　　　　3.由於磋商議價的存在，而同業團體問的約束力不強，降低政策執行力。 　　最後根據本文的研究發現，提出對消防安全設備檢查政策之研究建議。

Road and railways tunnels are constructed for decreasing the transportation time inside city or intercity. The fire safety systems are mounted for the safe use of tunnels. Therefore, it is important to accurately predict the fire-induced air velocity,temperature and smoke concentrations in tunnel fires in order to design efficient fire protection systems. To this end, scaled tunnel models are used and experiments are carried to understand the phenomena on these tunnel models. In addition, the studies for investigating the tunnel fire phenomena and their methods of modeling techniques for fire experiments are mentioned. In the literature, there is no sufficient information about vehicles&#039 / blockage effect on heat release rate and temperature distribution inside tunnel with different ventilation velocities. As a result, in order to research this subject, the scaled model tunnel is constructed in Fluid Mechanics Laboratory. Based on the Froude number scaling, wood sticks with different configuration inside the model tunnel are burned in a controlled environment. The heat release rate measurement, sampling of gases after combustion, mass loss rate of burning models and temperature distribution along the tunnels with different longitudinal ventilation velocities are measured to investigate the effect of different cross-sectional areas of the burning substances. Furthermore, the model vehicles having a square base area are built according to wood crib theory. The results are investigated with statistical techniques called &quot / Analysis of Variance&quot / and general results have been tried to be reached. It is determined that the variation of air velocity inside tunnel is not so effective, but model vehicle&#039 / s cross sectional area is directly proportional to heat release rate.

Fire is a complex phenomenon including many parameters. The nature of fire makes it a very dangerous and hazardous. For many reasons the number of tunnels are increasing on earth and fire safety is one of the major problem related to tunnels. This makes important to predict and understand the behavior of fire, i.e., heat release rate, smoke movement, ventilation effect etc. The literature includes many experimental and numerical analyses for different conditions for tunnel fires. This study investigates pool fire of three different fuel sources: ethanol, gasoline and their mixture for different ventilation conditions, different geometries and different amounts. Combustion gases and the burning rates of the fuel sources are measured and analyzed. The numerical simulation of the cases is done with Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), a CFD code developed by NIST.

Unbonded post-tensioned (UPT) flat plate concrete slabs have seen widespread use in multi-storey office and condominium buildings since the 1960s. The popularity of these systems can be attributed to various economic and structural benefits, including reductions in slab thickness, storey height, building mass, and excellent deflection control over large spans. The “inherent fire resistance” of these systems is often quoted as a key additional benefit as compared with competing structural systems. Such statements are apparently based largely on satisfactory results from large scale standard fire resistance tests performed on UPT slabs during the 1960s and on experience from real fires in UPT buildings. However, much remains unknown about the true structural behaviour of continuous multiple bay UPT slabs in real building fires. For instance, relatively little data exist on the effects of elevated temperature on cold drawn prestressing steel under realistic, sustained service stress levels. The primary objective of this thesis is to provide a greater understanding of the high-temperature performance (predominantly related to prestress relaxation) of prestressing steel used in UPT flat plate slabs. A computational model is developed, extending previous research by others, to predict transient high temperature stress relaxation (i.e., prestress loss) for a tendon in a typical UPT multiple span flat plate concrete slab under transient heating and cooling. The computational model is validated by comparison against a series of novel high temperature experiments on locally-heated, stressed, and restrained prestressing tendons with realistic as-built configurations. Reasonable agreement between measured and predicted prestress losses is observed, although some refinement of the model’s input parameters may be required. Test data also indicate that the most crucial fire scenario on a UPT concrete slab may be localized heating rather than a global, fully developed fire. The model is subsequently used to predict the capacity in flexure and punching shear of a UPT flat plate structure under various spatial and temporal heating regimes. The results highlight the need for particular care in the construction of UPT slabs to ensure adequate, robust concrete cover for structural fire safety. / Thesis (Master, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2009-09-24 18:27:25.559

Ce travail, mené conjointement entre CNPP et le Laboratoire d’Énergétique et de Mécanique Théorique et Appliquée, est consacré à la mise en place d’un modèle d’évacuation de personnes, dans l’optique d’une application en Ingénierie de Sécurité Incendie. Le modèle de cheminement de personnes développé dans ce manuscrit est un modèle physique reposant sur une équation de conservation de la densité de personnes. Il est basé sur des hypothèses simples et réalistes résultant de l’observation de mouvements de foule, et utilise une vision macroscopique des personnes caractérisées par une densité moyenne. Ce modèle est mis en œuvre sur des cas de vérification et de comparaison issus de la littérature. Des expériences d’évacuation sont réalisées à échelle réelle afin de récolter des données quantitatives sur le mouvement des personnes et de valider de façon pertinente le modèle de cheminement de personnes. En outre, une stratégie est proposée afin d’intégrer dans la modélisation les contraintes thermiques et optiques liées au feu ainsi que leur impact sur le processus d’évacuation. Enfin, des simulations d’évacuation intégrant les effets du feu sont effectuées sur une configuration à grande échelle / This work was conducted as a collaboration between CNPP and the laboratory LEMTA. It was devoted to the implementation of an emergency egress model offering prospects for use in Fire Safety Engineering. The pedestrian movement model described in this manuscript is a physical model relying on a people density balance equation. This model is based on three fundamental assumptions resulting from pedestrian phenomena commonly observed, especially in crowds. Its mathematical formulation assumes that people are regarded as a mean density in a macroscopic way. The pedestrian model was tested on verification and comparison cases extracted from literature. Evacuation drills were also performed at real scale without fire constraints to collect some quantitative data like egress times or flows, and to validate the people motion model. Furthermore, a mathematical strategy is propounded in order to integrate thermal and optical stresses into the evacuation model and to take into consideration their incidence on evacuation processes. Finally, egress simulations are achieved on a large-scale configuration considering different scenarios involving fires