The direct exposure to fire is not the most immediate threat to passengers&amp / #8217 / life in case of fire in an underground transportation system. Most of the casualties in fire are the results of smoke-inhalation. Numerical simulation of fire and smoke propagation provides a useful tool when assessing the consequence and deciding the best evacuation strategy in case of a train fire inside the underground transportation system. In a station fire the emergency ventilation system must be capable of removing the heat, smoke and toxic products of combustion from the evacuation routes to ensure safe egress from the underground transportation system station to a safe location. In recent years Computational Fluid Dynamics has been used as a tool to evaluate the performance of emergency ventilation systems. In this thesis, Computational Fluid Dynamics technique is used to simulate a fire incidence in underground transportation systems station. Several case studies are performed in two different stations in order to determine the safest evacuation scenario in CFDesign 7.0. CFD simulations utilize three dimensional models of the station in order to achieve a more realistic representation of the flow physics within the complex geometry. The steady state and transient analyses are performed within a simulation of a train fire in the subway station. A fire is represented as a source of smoke and energy. In transient analyses, a fast t2 growth curve is used for the heat release rate and smoke release rate. The results of the studies are given as contour plots of temperature, velocity and smoke concentration distributions. One of the case studies is compared with a code well known in the discipline, the Fire Dynamics Simulator, specifically developed for fire simulation. In selection of the preferred direction of evacuation, fundamental principles taken into consideration are stated.

Ce travail de thèse est consacré à l'étude de l'interaction entre une aspersion par brouillard d'eau et un feu. Il s'appuie sur une modélisation existante figurant dans le code à champs « Fire Dynamics Simulator ». L'approche consiste en premier lieu à appréhender, par le biais d'une synthèse bibliographique, les phénomènes physiques mis en jeu lors d'un feu en tunnel et lors d'une aspersion par brouillard d'eau. Ensuite, un travail d'évaluation est mené. L'évaluation se veut évolutive, en commençant par des cas simples à l'échelle du laboratoire afin de travailler le plus indépendamment possible sur certaines parties du modèle d'aspersion, pour ensuite s'intéresser à la configuration tunnel. Ce travail d'évaluation permet de mieux cerner les aptitudes du code à simuler les phénomènes physiques mis en jeu lors d'un feu en tunnel soumis ou non à une aspersion. Des comparaisons sont effectuées avec plusieurs essais réalisés entre 2005 et 2008 sur une maquette de tunnel à échelle 1/3. Une fois cette évaluation accomplie, l'outil est exploité pour améliorer notre compréhension des phénomènes d'interaction entre le brouillard d'eau, la ventilation du tunnel et le feu. En particulier, l'influence de l'aspersion sur l'écoulement longitudinal est analysée, le rôle énergétique du brouillard d'eau est mesuré et les modes de transfert de chaleur associés aux gouttes sont quantifiés. Cette exploitation permet également d'évaluer numériquement l'influence de quelques paramètres sur l'efficacité de l'aspersion telles que la vitesse de ventilation longitudinale, la puissance du feu et la taille des gouttes pulvérisées. En dernier lieu, le code champs est exploité dans le cadre d'une étude numérique exploratoire en vue d'une campagne d'essais en bâtiment pour appréhender l'interaction entre l'aspersion, la nappe de fumée et le désenfumage mécanique / This work deals with the study of the phenomena involved when a water mist is sprayed in a tunnel fire environment. It relies on an extensive use of numerical simulations using the CFD code "Fire Dynamics Simulator". The first chapter of this thesis provides an overview of the tunnel fire characteristics and the phenomena involved when the water mist is sprayed. A bibliographical review on the research on tunnel fires with or without any mitigation system is conducted, allowing to outline the reason and the context for this research. In the second and third chapters, the computational tool undergoes testing. It is verified and validated based on comparison with analytical solutions and experimental cases of increasing complexity: from the laboratory scale for assessing one particular part of the water spray model (chapter 2) up to the tunnel scale (chapter 3). For the last case, the code validation makes use of the results of a reduced scale (1/3rd) tunnel fire test campaign conducted between 2005 and 2008. Once the validation is achieved, the computational tool is used intensively in the third chapter in order to improve the understanding of the interaction phenomena between water mist, tunnel longitudinal ventilation and fire. In particular, the water mist influence on the tunnel air flow is studied, the water mist heat contribution is quantified and the heat transfered to the droplets is identified. Furthermore, the CFD code is used to assess the impact of the longitudinal air velocity, the heat release rate and the water droplet size on the water mist efficiency. The last chapter illustrates how a CFD code can be used on a given situation, here a compartment fire test campaign, in order to foresee the interaction between the water mist, the smoke layer and the smoke extraction.

Modern buildings increasingly include the usage of innovative materials aimed at improving sustainability and reducing the carbon footprint of the built environment. Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are one such group of novel materials which reduce building energy consumption. These materials are typically flammable and contained within wall linings yet there has been no detailed assessment of their fire performance. Current standard fire test methods provide means to compare similar materials but do not deliver knowledge on how they would behave in the event of a real fire. Thus, the aim of this thesis is to develop a novel testing framework to assess the behaviour of these materials in realistic fire scenarios. For PCMs, a flammability study is conducted in the bench-scale cone calorimeter to evaluate the fire risk associated with these materials. Then, micro-scale Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) is used to identify the fundamental chemical reactions to be able to confidently interpret the flammability results. Finally, intermediate-scale standard fire tests are conducted to evaluate the applicability of the bench-scale results to realistic fire scenarios. These take the form of modified Lateral Ignition and Flame spread Test (LIFT) and Single Burning Item (SBI) tests to understand flame spread and compartment fires respectively. Finally, a simplified method to combine this knowledge for use in building design is proposed. This method allows the balancing of potential energy benefits with quantified fire performance to achieve the specified goals of the designer. Hemp-lime insulation is a material which has also becoming increasingly popular in the drive towards sustainability. The porous nature of the material means that smouldering combustions are the dominant reaction mode but there is currently no standardised test method for this type of behaviour. Thus, hemp-lime materials also represent an unquantified risk. The work in this thesis defines a simple, accessible and economically viable bench-scale method for quantifying the fire risk associated with rigid porous materials. This is applicable for both downward opposed flow and upward forward flow smoulder propagation conditions. The behaviour is then interpreted using micro-scale thermogravimetric analysis to understand the underlying pyrolysis and oxidation reactions. Designers can utilise this framework to quantify the smouldering risk associated with hemp-lime materials to enable their usage in the built environment. The holistic fire risk assessment performed in this thesis has quantified the behaviour of PCMs and hemp-lime insulation applicable to realistic fire scenarios. The simplified design method empowers designers to be able to realise innovative buildings through fundamental understanding of the fire behaviour of these materials. The outcomes of this thesis allow designers to mitigate the fire risk associated with these materials and achieve optimised engineering solutions. Furthermore, the novel fire testing frameworks provide the economically viable means to assess the fire performance of future PCMs and hemp-lime products which ensures lasting relevance of this research in the future.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2018-08-10T13:00:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marco Aurelio Araujo dos Santos.pdf: 17624457 bytes, checksum: a39f334c6d3e733c0e16c8355eb7e4a3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T13:00:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marco Aurelio Araujo dos Santos.pdf: 17624457 bytes, checksum: a39f334c6d3e733c0e16c8355eb7e4a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / Every year, fires in public educational institutions and other public properties cause a substantial number of civilian deaths and injuries and significant property damage in the Brazil. This research is about Education and Fire Safety Management, linking it to the culture and occupational health and safety in an educational institution. This is a case study research in Fire Safety Awareness of audiovisual installations at federal educational institution. Fire Safety Management failures in public schools or colleges & universities to focus on prevention and control methods of fire suppression interfere with the efficient fire suppression, for educational institutions where there might be limited resources or high risk in case of fire to extinguish or prevent the spread of fire. The aim of this research is to promote the Fire Safety Awareness, Safety Culture, to identify future safety failures leads to improved planning, and raising environmental awareness and providing information through education to employees and students. The following culture types were then analyzed: school culture, organizational culture and safety culture. Implications of these three theoretical perspectives for the ways sociologists think about the theoretical contributions of Critical Theory in the research was Adorno and Horkheimer’s concepts of culture and awareness, discussing the barriers to awareness and education. Finally, the research propose recommendations to improve the Fire Safety Management at federal educational institution. / Todos los años se registran diversos casos de incendios en edificios públicos en Brasil, muchas de estas ocurrencias se registran en las instituciones educativas públicas, causando diversos accidentes, muertes y daños materiales. Esta investigación tuvo como tema la educación y la gestión de la seguridad en caso de incendio, fue realizada en una institución federal educativa y presenta como problema la cuestión de la concientización de la comunidad de la institución para la implantación de una cultura de seguridad, partiendo de la hipótesis de que es posible un plan de gestión que considere un Programa de Prevención de Riesgos Ambientales e incentive la concientización de la comunidade de la seguridad en caso de incendio, a través de medidas educativas y culturales, buscando la prevención con base en las informaciones presentadas en la legislación vigente. El objetivo general de esta investigación es desarrollar el proceso de concientización y de implementación de un sistema de seguridad em caso de incendio en la institución, basado en la implantación de la cultura de la seguridad y en la legislación vigente, los objetivos específicos son: identificar y describir las principales fallas del sistema de la seguridad contra incendios en la institución de esta investigación, analizar cómo tales fallas interfieren en la gestión del sistema contra incendios de la institución y señalar interferencias necesarias de la administración sobre la concientización y la gestión del sistema de seguridad em caso de incêndio de la institución. En la investigación fueron evaluados, como muestreo, los ambientes audiovisuales y sus accesos, los sujetos de la investigación fueron servidores de la institución y alumnos. La metodología adoptada en este trabajo fue una investigación de naturaleza cualitativa, utilizando el método de un estudio de caso, realizado en la institución, por medio de recolección de datos, combinando el uso de técnicas de observación participante y entrevistas personales, en las cuales los instrumentos de observación recolección fueron los guiones de entrevistas y el grupo focal, que sirvieron al análisis de los resultados. El referencial teórico crítico fue la Teoría Crítica, por medio de los autores Horkheimer y Adorno para el fundamento teórico de los conceptos de cultura y concientización. Finalizando, la investigación trató de una recomendación de propuesta de intervención de la Gestión de la seguridad en caso de incendio. / Todos os anos são registrados diversos casos de incêndios em edificações públicas no Brasil, muitas destas ocorrências são registradas em instituições de ensino públicas, causando diversos acidentes, mortes e danos materiais. Este trabalho tem como tema a Educação e a Gestão da Segurança Contra Incêndio, foi realizado em uma instituição federal de ensino e apresenta como problema a questão da conscientização da comunidade do campus para a implantação de uma cultura de segurança, que possa gerir de forma eficiente a segurança contra incêndio, partindo da hipótese de que é possível um plano de gestão que considere um Programa de Prevenção de Riscos Ambientais e incentive a conscientização da comunidade, por meio de medidas educativas e culturais, visando a prevenção com base nas informações apresentadas na legislação vigente. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é desenvolver o processo de conscientização e de implementação de um sistema de segurança contra incêndios no campus, baseado na implantação da cultura de segurança e na legislação vigente, os objetivos específicos são: identificar e descrever as principais falhas do sistema de segurança contra incêndio na instituição desta pesquisa, analisar como tais falhas interferem na gestão do sistema contra incêndios do campus e apontar interferências necessárias da administração sobre a conscientização e a gestão do sistema de segurança contra incêndio. Na pesquisa foram avaliados, como amostragem, os ambientes audiovisuais e seus acessos, os sujeitos da pesquisa foram servidores da instituição e alunos. A metodologia adotada neste trabalho foi uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, utilizando o método de um estudo de caso, realizado na instituição, por meio de coleta de dados, combinando o uso de técnicas de observação participante e entrevistas pessoais, nas quais os instrumentos de coleta foram os roteiros de entrevistas e o grupo focal, que serviram à análise dos resultados. O referencial teórico crítico é a Teoria Crítica, por meio dos autores Horkheimer e Adorno para o embasamento teórico dos conceitos de cultura e conscientização. Finalizando, a investigação recomendou uma proposta de intervenção na Segurança Contra Incêndio do campus.

Dans le but de faciliter la tâche d'évaluation du niveau de sécurité incendie aux ingénieurs et permettre aux spécialistes impliqués dans le domaine d'utiliser leurs langages et outils préférés, nous proposons de créer un langage dédié au domaine de la sécurité incendie générant automatiquement une simulation en prenant en considération les langages métiers utilisés par les spécialistes intervenants dans le domaine. Ce DSL nécessite la définition, la formalisation, la composition et l'intégration de plusieurs modèles, par rapport aux langages spécifiques utilisés par les spécialistes impliqués dans le domaine. Le langage spécifique dédié au domaine de la sécurité incendie est conçu par composition et intégration de plusieurs autres DSLs décrits par des langages techniques et naturels (ainsi que des langages naturels faisant référence à des langages techniques). Ces derniers sont modélisés de manière à ce que leurs composants soient précis et fondés sur des bases mathématiques permettant de vérifier la cohérence du système (personnes et matériaux sont en sécurité) avant sa mise en œuvre. Dans ce contexte, nous proposons d'adopter une approche formelle, basée sur des spécifications algébriques, pour formaliser les langages utilisés par les spécialistes impliqués dans le système de génération, en se concentrant à la fois sur les syntaxes et les sémantiques des langages dédiés. Dans l'approche algébrique, les concepts du domaine sont abstraits par des types de données et les relations entre eux. La sémantique des langages spécifiques est décrite par les relations, le mapping (correspondances) entre les types de données définis et leurs propriétés. Le langage de simulation est basé sur un langage conçu par la composition de plusieurs DSL spécifiques précédemment décrits et formalisés. Les différents DSLs sont implémentés en se basant sur les concepts de la programmation fonctionnelle et le langage fonctionnel Haskell bien adapté à cette approche. Le résultat de ce travail est un outil informatique dédié à la génération automatique de simulation, dans le but de faciliter la tâche d'évaluation du niveau de sécurité incendie aux ingénieurs. Cet outil est la propriété du Centre Scientifique et Technique du bâtiment (CSTB), une organisation dont la mission est de garantir la qualité et la sécurité des bâtiments, en réunissant des compétences multidisciplinaires pour développer et partager des connaissances scientifiques et techniques, afin de fournir aux différents acteurs les réponses attendues dans leur pratique professionnelle. / In order to facilitate the engineers task of evaluating the fire safety level, and to allow the specialists involved in the field to use their preferred languages and tools, we propose to create a language dedicated to the field of fire safety, which automatically generates a simulation, taking into account the specific languages used by the specialists involved in the field. This DSL requires the definition, the formalization, the composition and the integration of several models, regardig to the specific languages used by the specialists involved in the field. The specific language dedicated to the field of fire safety is designed by composing and integrating several other DSLs described by technical and natural languages (as well as natural languages referring to technical ones). These latter are modeled in a way that their components must be precise and based on mathematical foundations, in order to verify the consistency of the system (people and materials are safe) before it implementation. In this context, we propose to adopt a formal approach, based on algebraic specifications, to formalize the languages used by the specialists involved in the generation system, focusing on both syntaxes and semantics of the dedicated languages. In the algebraic approach, the concepts of the domain are abstracted by data types and the relationships between them. The semantics of specific languages is described by the relationships, the mappings between the defined data types and their properties. The simulation language is based on a composition of several specific DSLs previously described and formalized. The DSLs are implemented based on the concepts of functional programming and the Haskell functional language, well adapted to this approach. The result of this work is a software dedicated to the automatic generation of a simulation, in order to facilitate the evaluation of the fire safety level to the engineers. This tool is the property of the Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), an organization whose mission is to guarantee the quality and safety of buildings by combining multidisciplinary skills to develop and share scientific and technical knowledge, in order to provide to the different actors the expected answers in their professional practice.

The focus of the diploma thesis is a new building of preschool in Velké Němčice. The structure is comprised of three classrooms, each for twenty children. The education of the children is secured by six teachers and a head teacher. There are three employees who attend to the food preparation and the maintenance and upkeeping. The meals are secured by a catering company. The structure is designed as double-storeyed without the cellars. The floor plan is in the shape of the reverse letter L. There is a flat one-deck roof. The building was designed as a brick panel structure with the external thermal insulation composite system. It is betted into a flat terrain.

The thesis is a project to newbuild a city community centre (house) with 2 above ground and one underground floor. The project is being processed in a stage for construction, with a focus on building and architectural design. Part of the thesis is building-physical and fire-fighting solutions.

This work deals with preparation of PMMA based gel polymer electrolytes with high fire safety and high ionic conductivity. In the theoretical part of the work GPEs for Li – ion accumulators, fire safety tests, fire retardants are mentioned. Preparation of GPEs, electrical and other properties are described in the experimental part. Furthermore, new possible methods of gel preparation are discussed.

Project documentation of residential building construction solves brickfull apartment building with four floors and one underground floor with technical storey with garage for 12 cars. There are 11 housing units for housing. In this project the emphasis is layed on the layout space arrangement in a compliance with consideration and assessment of stability of load bering structure, fire safety of the building, noise protection and energy saving demands. The construction will be implement on a plot č.649/20 registered in cadastral in Zdar nad Sazavou.

The Diploma Thesis deals with project documentation of a newly built health centre with regard to the requirements of thermal technology, fire safety and acoustics. It is a brick, detached, flat roof and three storey building. The construction is built on the foundation stripes. A seminar work is a part of the thesis. It includes all requirements that have to be complied during designing the health center. Next parts of the project focus on different specialisations processed at Institute of Concrete and Masonry Structures and at Institute of Building Services.