Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-12-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:25:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 franca_gs_dr_ift.pdf: 535273 bytes, checksum: edf04248b447d90dd177d59543bbdce5 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Nesta tese abordamos dois problemas. O primeiro trata-se do problema de condição de contorno para hierarquias integráveis. Através do método de dressing, que foi utilizado com êxito para construir soluções do tipo sóliton com condição de contorno nula, propomos uma abordagem geral para resolver o problema com condição de contorno não nula, onde o vácuo possui uma configuração de campos não trivial. Aplicamos então este método, para as hierarquias mKdV e AKNS com condição de contorno constante. Introduzimos operadores de vértice que incorporam a condição de contorno do problema, generalizando os operadores de vértice utilizados anteriormente. Quando o vácuo tende a zero, recuperamos os resultados conhecidos com condição de contorno nula. Soluções interessantes como dark sólitons, table-top sólitons, kinks, breathers e wobbles são obtidas para todas as equações da hierarquia mKdV. Introduzimos também, uma deformação integrável da hierarquia mKdV que contém a equaçãoo de Gardner. Soluções com condição de contorno nula desta hierarquia estão relacionadas com soluções de vácuo não trivial da hierarquia mKdV. O segundo problema consiste numa generalização da construção Lie algébrica da equação curvatura nula. A construção usual foi motivada pela estrutura dos modelos de Toda afim e é capaz de gerar as hierarquias mKdV/sinh-Gordon e AKNS/Lund-Regge. Propomos uma generalização que contém, além destas, outras hierarquias integráveis como as hierarquias de Wadati-Konno-Ichikawa (WKI) e Kaup-Newell (KN). Estas hierarquias contém modelos interessantes e alguns deles não foram suficientemente estudados, especialmente os de fluxo negativo. Mostramos que equações... / In this thesis we approach two distinct problems. The first one deals with boundary value problems for integrable hierarchies. Through the dressing method, which was successfully employed in the construction of vanishing boundary soliton solutions, we propose an algebraic approach to solve the nonvanishing boundary value problem where the vacuum has a nontrivial field configuration. We apply the proposed method to the mKdV and AKNS hierarchies with a constant boundary value. We introduce vertex operators that takes into account the boundary condition, generalizing previous known vertex operators. When the vacuum tends to zero, we recover previous known results with vanishing boundary condition. Interesting solutions arises like dark solitons, table-top solitons, kinks, breathers and wobbles for the whole mKdV hierarchy. We also introduce an integrable deformation of the mKdV hierarchy containing the Gardner equation. Solutions of this deformed hierarchy are related with nontrivial vacuum solutions of the mKdV hierarchy. The second problem consists in a generalization of the Lie algebraic structure of the zero curvature equation. The usual construction was motivated by affine Toda field theories and can generate the mKdV/sinh-Gordon and AKNS/Lund-Regge hierarchies. We propose a new construction that contains, besides them, other integrable hierarchies like the Wadati-Konno-Ichikawa (WKI) and Kaup-Newell (KN). We show that interesting models like the short-pulse equation recently proposed by Schafer-Wayne and the bosonic Thirring model, arise naturally from this construction. Moreover, this construction embraces a larger class of models into a systematic algebraic... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:15:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3511.pdf: 19319243 bytes, checksum: e177f4d29b58e26b9530851f33a85734 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-14 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / In classical Physics, the motion of an electrically charged particle is affected only by the presence of a magnetic field if the particle enters a region of space in which the field is present. Meanwhile, in quantum Physics, a charged carrier can be affected by the electromagnetic vector potential ~A, even in regions where the magnetic field ~B is not present. This surprising contrast between classical and quantum Physics has been experimentally proven in several beautiful experiments in semiconducting, metallic and superconducting material systems, and has been called Aharonov-Bohm effect. More recently, however, several theoretical works have discussed the plausible existence of this effect even for neutral particles! In this PhD Thesis project it is shown the first clear experimental observation of the Aharonov-Bohm effect in neutral excitons in InAs quantum rings. Signatures of this effect appear as oscillations in the intensity of the photoluminescence emission bands with increasing magnetic fields and also depending on the dimensions of the quantum rings. These oscillations are affected by the uniaxial strain field due to the piezoelectricity of the asymmetric InAs rings, as revealed by the atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy images and X-Ray Diffraction measurements using synchrotron light. A theoretical model that describes the behavior of the excitonic interference pattern and its modulation with temperature and uniaxial electric fields has been used for the interpretation of the experimental data. The detection of AB oscillations mediated by electron-hole pair correlation is a fundamental quantum mechanical effect that will trigger further studies in this area of fundamental physics as well as technological applications. / Em Física clássica, o movimento de uma partícula carregada só é afetado pela presença de um campo magnético se a partícula entrar em uma região do espaço na qual o campo está presente. Ao mesmo tempo, em Física quântica, a partícula contendo carga elétrica pode ser afetada por um potencial eletromagnético ~ A, mesmo em regiões onde o campo magnético ~B é zero. Esse contraste surpreendente entre Física clássica e Física quântica tem sido provado em interessantes experimentos em materiais semicondutores, metais e supercondutores, e tendo sido denominado efeito Aharonov-Bohm. Mais recentemente, entretanto, muitos trabalhos teóricos têm discutido a plausibilidade da existência desse efeito mesmo para partículas neutras! Nessa tese de Doutorado será demonstrado pela primeira vez a observação experimental do efeito Aharonov-Bohm em éxcitons neutros contidos em anéis quânticos de InAs. Assinaturas desse efeito aparecem como oscilações na intensidade integrada das bandas de emissão em experimentos de fotoluminescência com o aumento do campo magnético e dependem também das dimensões dos anéis. Essas oscilações são afetadas pelos campos de compressão/expansão uniaxial devido a piezoeletricidade provinda da assimetria dos anéis, como revelado pelas imagens de microscopia de força atômica, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e difração de raios-X utilizando luz síncrotron. Um modelo teórico que descreve o comportamento no padrão de interferência excitônico e sua modulação com a temperatura e campos elétricos uniaxiais foi usado para a interpretação dos resultados experimentais. A detecção das oscilações Aharonov-Bohm mediada pela correlação do par elétron-buraco é um efeito fundamental de mecânica quântica e os estudos mostrados aqui poderão não só instigar outras investigações em Física fundamental assim como em aplicações tecnológicas.

Immunotherapy, by enhancing the endogenous anti-tumor immune responses, is showing promising results for the treatment of numerous cancers refractory to conventional therapies. However, its effectiveness for advanced castration-resistant prostate cancer remains unsatisfactory and new therapeutic strategies need to be developed. To this end, mathematical modeling provides a quantitative framework for testing in silico the efficacy of new treatments and combination therapies, as well as understanding unknown biological mechanisms. In this dissertation we present two mathematical models of prostate cancer immunotherapy defined as systems of ordinary differential equations. The first work, introduced in Chapter 2, provides a mathematical model of prostate cancer immunotherapy which has been calibrated using data from pre-clinical experiments in mice. This model describes the evolution of prostate cancer, key components of the immune system, and seven treatments. Numerous combination therapies were evaluated considering both the degree of tumor inhibition and the predicted synergistic effects, integrated into a decision tree. Our simulations predicted cancer vaccine combined with immune checkpoint blockade as the most effective dual-drug combination immunotherapy for subjects treated with androgen-deprivation therapy that developed resistance. Overall, this model serves as a computational framework to support drug development, by generating hypotheses that can be tested experimentally in pre-clinical models. The Chapter 3 is devoted to the description of a human prostate cancer mathematical model. The potential effect of immunotherapies on castration-resistant form has been analyzed. In particular, the model includes the dendritic vaccine sipuleucel-T, the only currently available immunotherapy option for advanced prostate cancer, and the ipilimumab, a drug targeting the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 , exposed on the CTLs membrane, currently under Phase II clinical trial. From a mathematical analysis of a simplified model, it seems likely that, under continuous administration of ipilimumab, the system lies in a bistable situation where both the no-tumor equilibrium and the high-tumor equilibrium are attractive. The schedule of periodic treatments could then determine the outcome, and mathematical models could help in deciding an optimal schedule.

The present work analyzes and describes a method for the direct numerical solution of the Maxwell's equations of classical electromagnetism. This is the FDTD (Finite-Difference Time-Domain) method, along with its implementation in an "in-house" computing code for large parallelized simulations. Both are then applied to the modelization of photonic and plasmonic structures interacting with light. These systems are often too complex, either geometrically and materially, in order to be mathematically tractable and an exact analytic solution in closed form, or as a series expansion, cannot be obtained. The only way to gain insight on their physical behavior is thus to try to get a numerical approximated, although convergent, solution. This is a current trend in modern physics because, apart from perturbative methods and asymptotic analysis, which represent, where applicable, the typical instruments to deal with complex physico-mathematical problems, the only general way to approach such problems is based on the direct approximated numerical solution of the governing equations. Today this last choice is made possible through the enormous and widespread computational capabilities offered by modern computers, in particular High Performance Computing (HPC) done using parallel machines with a large number of CPUs working concurrently. Computer simulations are now a sort of virtual laboratories, which can be rapidly and costless setup to investigate various physical phenomena. Thus computational physics has become a sort of third way between the experimental and theoretical branches. The plasmonics application of the present work concerns the scattering and absorption analysis from single and arrayed metal nanoparticles, when surface plasmons are excited by an impinging beam of light, to study the radiation distribution inside a silicon substrate behind them. This has potential applications in improving the eciency of photovoltaic cells. The photonics application of the present work concerns the analysis of the optical reflectance and transmittance properties of an opal crystal. This is a regular and ordered lattice of macroscopic particles which can stops light propagation in certain wavelenght bands, and whose study has potential applications in the realization of low threshold laser, optical waveguides and sensors. For these latters, in fact, the crystal response is tuned to its structure parameters and symmetry and varies by varying them. The present work about the FDTD method represents an enhacement of a previous one made for my MSc Degree Thesis in Physics, which has also now geared toward the visible and neighboring parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. It is organized in the following fashion. Part I provides an exposition of the basic concepts of electromagnetism which constitute the minimum, although partial, theoretical background useful to formulate the physics of the systems here analyzed or to be analyzed in possible further developments of the work. It summarizes Maxwell's equations in matter and the time domain description of temporally dispersive media. It addresses also the plane wave representation of an electromagnetic field distribution, mainly the far field one. The Kirchhoff formula is described and deduced, to calculate the angular radiation distribution around a scatterer. Gaussian beams in the paraxial approximation are also slightly treated, along with their focalization by means of an approximated diraction formula useful for their numericall FDTD representation. Finally, a thorough description of planarly multilayered media is included, which can play an important ancillary role in the homogenization procedure of a photonic crystal, as described in Part III, but also in other optical analyses. Part II properly concerns the FDTD numerical method description and implementation. Various aspects of the method are treated which globally contribute to a working and robust overall algorithm. Particular emphasis is given to those arguments representing an enhancement of previous work.These are: the analysis from existing literature of a new class of absorbing boundary conditions, the so called Convolutional-Perfectly Matched Layer, and their implementation; the analysis from existing literature and implementation of the Auxiliary Differential Equation Method for the inclusion of frequency dependent electric permittivity media, according to various and general polarization models; the description and implementation of a "plane wave injector" for representing impinging beam of lights propagating in an arbitrary direction, and which can be used to represent, by superposition, focalized beams; the parallelization of the FDTD numerical method by means of the Message Passing Interface (MPI) which, by using the here proposed, suitable, user dened MPI data structures, results in a robust and scalable code, running on massively parallel High Performance Computing Machines like the IBM/BlueGeneQ with a core number of order 2X10^5. Finally, Part III gives the details of the specific plasmonics and photonics applications made with the "in-house" developed FDTD algorithm, to demonstrate its effectiveness. After Chapter 10, devoted to the validation of the FDTD code implementation against a known solution, Chapter 11 is about plasmonics, with the analytical and numerical study of single and arrayed metal nanoparticles of different shapes and sizes, when surface plasmon are excited on them by a light beam. The presence of a passivating embedding silica layer and a silicon substrate are also included. The next Chapter 12 is about the FDTD modelization of a face-cubic centered (FCC) opal photonic crystal sample, with a comparison between the numerical and experimental transmittance/reflectance behavior. An homogenization procedure is suggested of the lattice discontinuous crystal structure, by means of an averaging procedure and a planarly multilayered media analysis, through which better understand the reflecting characteristic of the crystal sample. Finally, a procedure for the numerical reconstruction of the crystal dispersion banded omega-k curve inside the first Brillouin zone is proposed. Three Appendices providing details about specific arguments dealt with during the exposition conclude the work.

Specific non-relativistic quantum mechanical one-dimensional systems, interacting via point interactions, are discussed within the resolvent algebra setting.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:47:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 zanelato_ai_me_sjrp.pdf: 747520 bytes, checksum: a785dd86fb658ccc77c82fbc94c29dbd (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo abordar aspectos fundamentais da teoria de imersão proposta por John Nash em 1954, na qual foi mostrado que uma variedade continua com derivada continuação nua C1, pode ser imersa em espaços euclidianos de 2n dimensões. Faz-se importante citar que ao longo do trabalho serão destacados aspectos inovadores do Teorema de Nash, tais como a não necessidade da hipótese de analitici-dade conforme havia sido usada anteriormente por Janet-Cartan, além do aspecto da perturbação que permite construir qualquer outra variedade imersa por uma sequência de deformações infinitesimais. São discutidos também extensões do Teorema de Nash, sobretudo os trabalhos de Greene e de Gunther, e aplicações do método perturbativo de Nash nas Teorias unificadoras da física. / The present work has for objective to approach basic aspects of the immersion theory proposal for John Nash in 1954, in which it was shown that a continuous variety with continuous derivative C1, can be immersed in Euclidean spaces of 2n dimensions. One becomes important to cite that throughout the work innovative aspects of the The- orem of Nash will be detached, such as the necessity of the hypothesis of in agreement analiticidade had not been used previously for Janet-Cartan, beyond the aspect of the disturbance that allows to construct any another immersed variety for a sequência of infinitesimal deformations. Extensions of the Theorem of Nash are also argued, over all the works of Greene and Gunther, and applications of the perturbativo method of Nash in the unifying Theories of the physics.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:30:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 barreiro_rc_me_sjrp.pdf: 585027 bytes, checksum: 039155145a6c7b9e6e1fc03a02180b55 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo deste trabalho ée estabelecer similaridades entre a análise complexa e os quatérnios. Nele é feito um estudo da regularidade de funções quaterniônicas e são estabelecidas as funções exponencial e logarítmica para os quatérnios sendo feito um estudo da hiperpe- riodicidade dessas funções. Outro resultado apresentado é a generalização quaterniônica da fórmula integral de Cauchy um dos principais teoremas da análise complexa. / The objective of this work is to establish similarities between the complex analysis and the quaternions. In it is made a study of the regularity of quaternionic functions and are established the exponential and logarithmic functions for the quaternions being made a study of the hiperperiodicity of these functions. Another presented result is the quater- nionic generalization of the Cauchy's integral formula one of the main theorems of the complex analysis.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:53:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 abud_cv_me_rcla.pdf: 2091525 bytes, checksum: f8a3b24150a2a718ad53ff294a3c6844 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Procuramos nesta dissertação, entender e desenvolver estudos relacionados com o movimento de trajetórias caóticas num sistema dinâmico não linear. Esses estudos, envolvem uma abordagem sobre a quantificação de recorrências de trajetórias a uma região e sobre o transporte no espaço de fases. Nós escolhemos como modelo o bilhar anular em duas configurações: primeiramente com as fronteiras estáticas e posteriormente, uma dependência temporal (pulsante) e introduzida. Inicialmente reproduzimos os resultados sobre aprisionamentos para caso do bilhar estático, existentes na literatura, a fim de ganharmos experiência para estudar o sistema pulsante. Nesse caso, a topologia dos dois planos de fases possíveis constituídos de variáveis canônicas, apesar de bastante complexas, apresentaram resultados interessantes. Os principais resultados obtidos foram: a observação de regiões de aprisionamentos nos dois planos de fases conectadas entre si; a aceleração de Fermi caracterizada por vários regimes anômalos; ( uma explicação para a diferença desses regimes e dada por aprisionamentos no plano do bilhar) e a evolução do espaço de fases, dito geométrico, que tende a se recuperar conforme a velocidade relativa partícula-fronteira aumenta. Estudamos ainda os efeitos de dissipação no sistema pulsante através de colisões inelásticas. Os resultados indicam que qualquer dissipação desse tipo, independente da magnitude, é suficiente para saturar o crescimento de energia. Porém, em situações especiais essa mesma dissipação pode ser usada para que na média o sistema ganhe energia. / We reach in this dissertation, understand and develop studies related to the motion of the chaotic trajectories in a non-linear dynamical system. These studies require an approach on the quanti cation of the recurrences of trajectories to a region and on the transport in the phase space. We choose as a model the annular billiard with two con gurations: rstly with the static boundaries and next, a time-dependent (pulsating)is introduced. Initially we reproduced some results about stickiness in the static case in order to gain experience to study the pulsating system. In such case the topology of the two possible phase space of canonical variables, showed interesting results. The main results were: the observation of sticky regions in both connected phase spaces; the Fermi acceleration characterized by di erent anomalous regimes ( an explanation to this diferent regimes is given by the stickiness on the billiard plane) and the evolution of the phase space, called geometric, which tends to be recovered as the relative velocity particle-boundary increases. We also studied the e ects of dissipation in the pulsating system through inelastic collisions. The results show that this kind of dissipation, regardless of its magnitude, is enough to saturate the energy growth. However, in special situations the mean average of the system can increase with the introduction of inelastic collisions.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-03-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:12:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 marao_japf_me_sjrp.pdf: 616791 bytes, checksum: 148e19ea873e8523461cc526ba0b26a5 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico do Maranhão (FAPEMA) / Com o intuido de bem fundamentar bases teóricas para futuras aplicações dos octônios à Mecânica Quântica, Computação Quântica e Criptografia, um dos objetivos maiores deste trabalho é o de determinar e estudar a analiticidade e hiperperiodicidade de funções octoniônicas, de acordo com o Teorema (3.1), enunciado e demonstrado apropriadamente no texto. Além disso, determina-se para as Funções Trigonométricas Octoniônicas a sua periodicidade, enunciada e demonstrada nos Teoremas (3.2) e (3.3). Outro aspecto relevante abordado diz respeito a uma extensão octoniônica da Função Logarítmica, que pode ser importante para aplicações à Física Teórica de Várias dimensões. / With the main purpose of setting up a sound theoretical basis in order to apply octonionic algebra to both Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Computation and Criptography, I have studied and determined the regularity of the exponential octonionic function, through the Theorem (3.1). Moreover the determination of the Trigonometrical Octonionic Function is also made and it is obtained its regularity, stated in Theorem (3.2) and (3.3). An octonionic extension of the Logaritimic Function is also well explored, which opens the possibility of a large number of applications in Theoretical Physics of higher dimensions.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:16:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3474.pdf: 452458 bytes, checksum: 7857dc28822e6d45234586ddd2b5e98e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-02 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / In this work we study the solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation associated to nineteen vertex models invariant by the parity-time symmetry from the perspective of algebraic geometry. We determine the form of the algebraic curves constraining the respective Boltzmann weights and found that they possess a universal structure. This allows us to classify the integrable manifolds in four different families reproducing three known models besides uncovering a novel nineteen vertex model in a unified way. The introduction of the spectral parameter on the weights is made via the parameterization of the fundamental algebraic curve which is a conic. The diagonalization of the transfer matrix of the new vertex model and its thermodynamic limit properties are discussed. We point out a connection between the form of the main curve and the nature of the excitations of the corresponding spin-1 chains. / Nesta dissertação estudamos as possíveis soluções da equação de Yang-Baxter para modelos de dezenove vértices invariantes por simetria de paridade e reversão temporal do ponto de vista da geometria algébrica. Determinamos a forma das curvas algébricas que vinculam os respectivos pesos de Boltzmann e descobrimos que suas estruturas são universais. Com tal observação foi possível classificar, de uma maneira unificada, as variedades algébricas integráveis em quatro diferentes famílias, três delas já conhecidas e uma delas correspondendo a um novo modelo de dezenove vértices. A introdução de um parâmetro espectral nos pesos de Boltzmann é feita através da parametrização da curva algébrica fundamental, que é uma crônica. A diagonalização da matriz de transferência do novo modelo de vértices bem como suas propriedades no limite termodinâmico são discutidas. Mencionamos ainda uma curiosa conexão entre a forma da curva principal e a natureza das excitações das Hamiltonianas de spin-1 associadas aos modelos de vértices.