In August of 2022, the Pearl River in Mississippi flooded and caused damage to the water treatment plant that serves Jackson, Mississippi. Jackson residents are familiar with water insecurity as there has been an ongoing water crisis for decades. The temporary closure of the O.B. Curtis Water Treatment Plant brought national attention and with it, an influx of funding and donations. This article uses the City of Jackson as a case study to learn from community-based organizations (CBO) representatives to understand different types of preparedness and response actions by using Organizational Learning as the primary motivating theory. This project uses 16 semi-structured qualitative interviews conducted between September 2023 and February 2024. All participants held a department director or CEO position within a CBO, and data was analyzed to document their responses and how they reacted in the wake of sudden-onset and chronic hazards and disasters. Numerous representatives shared their organization’s experiences responding to events spanning as far back as Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and as recently as the winter freeze of January 2024. The positions that many Jackson CBOs and their representatives occupy undoubtedly make them excellent contributors to learn from and better understand community-based disaster preparedness and response. / Master of Science / In August of 2022, the Pearl River in Mississippi flooded and caused damage to the water treatment plant that serves Jackson, Mississippi. Jackson residents are familiar with water insecurity as there has been an ongoing water crisis for decades. The temporary closure of the O.B. Curtis Water Treatment Plant brought national attention and with it, an influx of funding and donations. This article uses the City of Jackson as a case study to learn from community-based organizations (CBO) representatives to understand different types of preparedness and response actions by using Organizational Learning as the primary motivating theory. CBO is defined as an organization that has a physical building within Hinds County, is not a government organization, and can include faith-based and nonprofit organizations that offer free or low-cost services to Jackson residents or other CBOs. This could include churches, food pantries, and organizations that offer financial assistance to other organizations or residents. Organizational Learning is a theory that outlines how an individual notices a success or failure in the organizations ability to provide services during a disaster, communicates that with the team, the team decides whether or not to make changes to routines or to the organizations’ future goals. This project uses 16 semi-structured qualitative interviews conducted between September 2023 and February 2024. All participants held a department director or CEO position within a CBO, and data was analyzed to document their responses and how they reacted in the wake of sudden-onset and chronic hazards and disasters. Numerous representatives shared their organization’s experiences responding to events spanning as far back as Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and as recently as the winter freeze of January 2024. The positions that many Jackson CBOs and their representatives occupy undoubtedly make them excellent contributors to learn from and better understand community-based disaster preparedness and response.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第24887号 / 工博第5167号 / 新制||工||1987(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 角 哲也, 教授 堀 智晴, 教授 山上 路生 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

An investigation was made of the flash flood of July 9, 1943, on the Blacksburg watershed with a view toward an approximation of the actual amount of water passing as run-off during the storm, as well as the peak rate of flow. All the available data have been reviewed with the above purpose in mind. The unit graph method has been applied to this investigation as the most logical method of solution. With the data already available plus that gathered by the writer, the unit graph method was readily applied. In this connection, the writer has kept continuous rainfall records at the Mineral Industries Building and continuous water level records at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute dam. After arriving at a solution as to the actual run-off conditions at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute dam following the above storm, further investigation was made of that point of the drainage area above the Blacksburg depot of the Norfolk and Western Railroad. The capacities of both the culvert on Eakia Street and the channel above Eakia Street were determined by calculations, and an opinion based on the review of observed data was offered as to why the culvert did not properly take care of the run-off from the drainage area above it. Using the calculated maximum rate of run-off, a cross section of Strouble’s Creek at the site of the proposed Virginia Polytechnic Institute sewage disposal plant has been analyzed. A solution has been offered as to low high the maximum flood crest of Strouble’s Creek at that point will reach. This information is necessary because the sewage plant must be build above the flood waters. / M.S.

The problem of correlating unit hydrograph features to topographic and man-made basin characteristics received attention in this report. The unit graph features considered herein were the peak discharge and the time lag of basin response. In order to facilitate the desired regression analysis, the two-parameter gamma model proposed by Edson was utilized in the investigation. The parameters of the model were obtained by the simultaneous solution of the equations for unit graph peak and lag using observed unit hydrographs for 16 basins in the Piedmont region of North Carolina and 14 basins located in Northern Virginia. In the opinion of many, these parameters are a better measure of the complex relationship which exists between the runoff from a basin and the topographic features of that basin than are the values of the unit graph peak and lag time themselves. The basin characteristics utilized in the investigation were: basin area, length of the longest streamcourse in the basin, average stream slope between points 10 percent and 85 percent downstream of the headwaters, and the percent of the impervious area contained in the basin. This last factor served as a measure of the amount of urban development present in the watershed. The investigation was hampered by a regrettable lack of sufficient data to derive regression equations of good reliability. This fact was due to the reduction of the data into groups by narrow geographical ranges. Thus, the number of stations available for analysis in anyone group was insufficient for purposes of a reliable regression analysis. From the investigation, it appears that the most significant basin characteristics affecting runoff are length, slope, and urban development. The strongest regression equations were derived using those three characteristics. It appears that the length and slope factors give better results when combined in the form (L/√S). / Master of Science

During the 20th century, the construction of dams and large reservoirs was a common approach by water managers to control hydrological variability and alleviate the effects of hydrological extremes (i.e. floods and droughts). However, the complex human-water relationships arising in response to reservoir construction can lead to unexpected (and often undesired) outcomes, which diverge from the original intentions. Sociohydrological models explicitly account for feedbacks between society, the environment, and water resources. As such, they provide opportunities to: i) uncover the dynamics of hydrological risks generated by the interplay of human and water systems, and ii) explore trade-offs in the management of water resources, thereby informing the decision-making process. This study develops a sociohydrological model for two diverse case studies in Australia, to explore the human-water interplays emerging from the occurrence of drought and flood events in an urban and rural context. The model is used to explore alternate water management scenarios with respect to trade-offs between: i) the environment vs. irrigation (Case Study 1); and ii) urban water supply vs. flood mitigation (Case Study 2). The model outcomes are compared to observed hydrological conditions, socioeconomic characteristics, and water management decisions. The findings show consistency between observations and simulations, and align with analysis from other studies, validating the model. Model results indicate the emergence of several sociohydrological phenomena in each case study. The comparison of the case study results shows: i) differences in the way rural and urban consumers respond to drought; and ii) that the role of reservoir operators is more significant in the urban setting. This study finds that the model can be a useful tool for water managers increase catchment understand, to explore the potential outcomes of alternative water management decisions, and to identify preferred trajectories across multiple hydrological and socioeconomic criteria. Keywords: sociohydrology, system dynamics

Currently, water demands are in continuous growth, which increases the pressure, in quantity and quality, on the available water resources globally. At the same time, the expected reduction of the natural water contributions, due to global change, depicts a new level of uncertainty. In this context, hydrological models are important tools for planning and managing water resources. Its correct application is essential in areas with high levels of water scarcity (arid and semi-arid regions). The southeast of Spain, the field work of this doctoral thesis, presents one of the highest rates of water scarcity and intensive exploitation of water resources in the European and global context. In addition, the frequency and severity of extreme events (floods) in this study region has increased during last decades as a direct consequence of the global change (climate change and land use changes). This doctoral thesis aims to analyse the intrinsic and complete problem of water resources in arid and semi-arid regions, that is, as a need (in case of scarcity and global change) and as a threat (in case of occurrence of extreme events or floods and global change) while studying certain management and adaptation strategies (technologies of wastewater reuse and water desalination) in view of the dual nature of water resources in arid and semi-arid climate areas, in this case in the southeast of Spain. Based on the above mentioned objective, five manuscripts have been performed and published as scientific articles in journals with high impact factor. These papers analyse certain paradigmatic study areas (hydrological basins, aquifers and municipalities) that belong to the southeast of Spain. Main results obtained in the mentioned scientific works can help local authorities responsible for the management and planning of water resources in this region. / Subprograma de Formación de Profesorado Universitario (FPU15/00636). Convocatoria 2015 del Programa Estatal de Promoción del Talento y su Empleabilidad del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte.

Engineers engaged in watersupply or power projects are often faced with the problem of dealing the adequency of the supply, as well as that of the extremes of flow on which the safety of hydraulic structures depends. / Master of Science

Benefits from a flood control project that accrue to a landowner are defined as the amount the landowner is willing to pay for the reduction in flood risk. The primary method utilized by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to estimate a residential landowner's benefits is the property damages avoided method. Only under a set of restrictive assumptions will this method accurately estimate landowner willingness to pay. Therefore, several alternative techniques, such as the hedonic price method, are approved for use by the Corps but it is not known how they compare. The purpose of this study is to examine the benefit measures from the property damages avoided and hedonic price methods and two new measures, restricted willingness to pay (RWTP) and restricted willingness to accept (RWTA). The measures RWTP and RWTA are biased estimates of willingness to pay (WTP) and willingness to accept (WTA) where the direction of the bias is known. In addition, the methods that calculate these measures, the RWTP and RWTA methods, do not require data on income or an aggregator for the prices of all goods not in the analysis. Benefit estimates from the hedonic price and RWTP methods provide upper and lower bounds on WTP for non-marginal reductions in flood risk and converge for marginal reductions. / Master of Science

Yes / Urban flooding is a combined product of the climate and watershed geomorphology. River system is one of the vital components of watershed geomorphology. The geomorphic characteristics of rivers have important effect on the formation of flooding. However, there have been few attempts so far to investigate the relationship between flooding frequency, the probability of flooding, and the geomorphological complexity of river system. Such relationship is essential in order to predict likely responses of flooding frequency to the large-scale changes in the complexity of the river networks induced by accelerating urbanization around river. In this study we investigate the correlation between geomorphological characteristics of river system and the probability of flooding. Hangzhou city in China, which has suffered severe flooding, is chosen as a case study to evaluate this correlation and to investigate the impact of changes of drainage networks morphology on the local flooding. The fractal dimension, which is used to quantitatively assess geomorphological complexity of river network, is calculated by using box-counting method based on fractal geometry for eight sub river networks in Hangzhou. A model based on the correlation of flooding frequency and fractal dimension is established. The model is applied to investigate the effect of the rapid urbanization induced changes of river geomorphology on the local flood frequency in two typical regions in Hangzhou. The results show that the flood frequency/events increases with the decrease of fractal dimension of the river network, indicating that the geomorphologic complexity of river network has an important effect on flooding. This research has great referential value for future flood quantitative investigation and provides new method for urban flood control and river system protection. / Key Scientific and Technical Project of Water Conservancy of Zhejiang Province (Grant No: RB1401)

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