Les récepteurs nucléaires sont membres d'une famille de protéines activées par des ligands et qui régulent la transcription de nombreux gènes. Le récepteur nucléaire RevErbα est constitutivement inhibiteur de la transcription de gènes cibles via le recrutement du complexe corépresseur NCor-HDAC3 (Nuclear CoRepressor et Histone DeAcetylase 3). Ce complexe joue un rôle important dans le contrôle de l'horloge circadienne et de la glucogenèse via la régulation de la transcription des gènes codant pour les enzymes G6Pase (Glucose-6-Phosphatase) et PEPCK (PhosphoEnol Pyruvate Carboxy Kinase). Ces deux enzymes sont impliquées dans la glucogénèse qui est dérégulée en cas de diabète de type 2. Ce travail est basé sur l'investigation de l'interaction du récepteur nucléaire RevErbα avec deux corépresseurs: son partenaire établit NCor et SMRT (Silencing Mediator for Retinoid and Thyroid Receptors). Malgré ce qui est rapporté dans la littérature, c'est à dire que SMRT et RevErbα n'interagissent pas fonctionnellement in vivo, nous avons choisis d'étudier cette interaction à cause de la similarité de séquence entre les deux corépresseurs, mais également parce que les peptides des deux corépresseurs ont été rapportés comme interagissant avec d'autre récepteurs nucléaire. Afin d'étudier ces interactions, nous avons utilisé deux techniques complémentaires basées sur l'émission de fluorescence: Une technique in vitro qui est l'anisotropie de fluorescence et une technique de microscopie de fluorescence in cellulo appelée Number & Brightness. En plus de cette étude de l'interaction entre le récepteur nucléaire et les corépresseurs, nous nous sommes intéressé à déterminer l'effet de plusieurs ligands sur cette interaction. Trois ligands ont été testés: l'hème qui est rapporté comme étant le ligand naturel de RevErbα et deux ligands synthétiques et non naturels de RevErbα (SGN et SD7). Grâce à l'anisotropie de fluorescence (in vitro), nous avons confirmé et quantifié l'interaction entre le domaine de liaison au ligand (LBD) de RevErbα et un peptide NCor contenant le domaine d'interaction majeur (ID1 pour RevErbα et nous avons déterminé l'effet des trois ligands sur cette interaction. Nous avons également quantifié l'interaction entre RevErbα et d'autres peptides provenant de NCor et correspondant aux autres domaines d'interaction (ID2 et ID3) pour sa liaison à RevErbα. Nous avons déterminé que l'hème et le SD7 ont un effet déstabilisateur de la liaison de RevErbα à NCor in vitro, alors que le ligand SGN améliore la stabilité de complexe. Nous avons également confirmé une interaction entre RevErbα et un peptide corépresseur issu de SMRT. Afin d'étudier l'interactions des protéines pleine taille dans un contexte plus fonctionnel, nous avons utilisé le 2 photons-2 couleurs Number & Brightness. C'est une technique de microscopie à fluorescence basée sur la fluctuation de l'intensité de fluorescence pour étudier les interactions spécifiques de RevErbα avec NCor et SMRT pleine taille in cellulo ainsi que l'effet des ligands, précédemment mentionné, sur ces interactions. Dans les conditions choisies pour notre étude, nous avons déterminé que RevErbα interagit fortement avec NCor in cellulo et que cette interaction est améliorée par le ligand SGN. En revanche, l'hème et le SD7 n'ont pas d'effet observable sur ce complexe. Nous avons également montré pour la première fois que RevErbα forme des complexes avec le corépresseur SMRT pleine taille in cellulo. La continuité de ce travail pourrait être ciblée sur l'identification de ligands qui augmenterait le recrutement du complexe corépresseur NCor-HDAC3 sur RevErbα, menant ainsi à la diminution de l'expression des gènes cibles. En définitive, un ligand tel que celui-ci pourrait être d'un grand intérêt dans la recherche de la diminution de glucose dans le sang dans les cas de diabètes de type 2. / Nuclear receptors are members of ligand-inducible factors that regulate the transcription of many genes. Nuclear receptor RevErbα constitutively inhibits the transcription of target genes via the recruitment of the corepressor complex NCor-HDAC3 (Nuclear CoRepressor and Histone DeAcetylase 3). This complex plays an important role in controlling the circadian clock and glucogenesis via regulation of the transcription of the G6Pase (Glucose-6-Phosphatase) and PEPCK (PhosphoEnol Pyruvate Carboxy Kinase) genes, both coding for proteins involved in glucogenesis, which is central to type 2 diabetes. Here we have investigated the interaction of the nuclear receptor RevErbα with two corepressors: its establish partner, NCor and SMRT (Silencing Mediator for Retinoid and Thyroid Receptors). Despite literature reports that SMRT and RevErbα do not interact functionally in vivo, we choose to study this interaction because of sequence similarity between the two corepressors, because peptides of both corepressors were reported to interact with other nuclear receptors. To investigate these interactions, we used two complementary fluorescence techniques: In vitro assays based on fluorescence anisotropy and an in cellulo fluorescence microscopy technique called Number & Brightness. In addition to the interactions between the CoRs and the RN, we were interested in determining the effects of several ligands on these interaction. Three ligands were tested: heme, which is reported to be the natural ligand of RevErbα and two synthetic and non-naturals ligands of RevErbα (SGN and SD7). By fluorescence anisotropy (in vitro) we confirmed and quantitated the interaction between purified RevErbα Ligand Binding Domain (LBD) and an NCoR peptide containing the major interaction domains (ID1) for RevErbα and revealed the effect of the three ligands on this interaction. We quantitated as well, the interaction between RevErbα and other peptides from NCor corresponding to the other interaction domains (ID2 and ID3) for it binding to RevErbα. We found a destabilizing effect of heme and SD7 binding to RevErbα on it interaction with NCor in vitro, whereas the ligand SGN enhanced the complex stability. We also confirmed an interaction between RevErbα and a SMRT peptide corepressor in vitro. In order to examine these interactions in a more functionally relevant context using full length proteins, we used 2 photon 2 colors Cross Number and Brightness (N&B), an fluorescence microscopy technique based on fluorescence intensity fluctuations to study specific interactions of full length RevErbα with NCor and SMRT in cellulo as well as the effect of several ligands above mentioned. Under the conditions of our studies, we find that RevErbα and NCor interact strongly in cellulo, and we observed a slight enhancement of this interaction by the SGN ligand. No effect of heme or SD7 was observed on the complex. We show as well for the first time that RevErbα forms complexes with the full length SMRT corepressor in cellulo. Future extensions of these studies could be aimed at identifying ligands that enhance the recruitment of the corepressor complex NCor/HDAC3 by RevErbα, thus leading to a decrease expression of the target genes. Ultimately such a ligand could be of interest in the quest to decrease blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes.

In this master ‘s thesis, catanionic vesicles formed by the pseudo-double-chain complex CTA – DS were investigated from the point of view of microviscosity. Samplesand of cationic vesicles contained 23, 43 and 53 mol. % of cholesterol and the double-chain surfactant DODAC. Cationic vesicles were prepared for visual observation, their stability was determined by DLS and the prepared system was further investigated. Microviscosity was determined from fluorescence anisotropy. To study the outer part of the membrane, laurdan fluorescent probes were used whereas diphenylhexatriene was used for the inner part of the membrane. This method has been proven to be suitable because it reflects the conditions of the membrane. Moreover, a 1,3-bispyrenylpropane probe forming intramolecular excimers was used to study the microviscosity in the vesicle bilayer. The dicyanovinyljulolidine (DCVJ) probe was applied in the case of the molecular rotor technique. It has been shown that in the case of the DCVJ probe, the molecular rotor technique is practically unusable, due to the fact that the probe has a low quantum yield at low temperatures. Also, the excimer formation of P3P probes does not lead to the expected results. The cationic vesicles do not seem to support this formation, as they are too closely related. This type of probe can be used for the selected system with some restrictions.

No description available.

<p>We have studied fundamental aspects of time-resolved two-photon excited fluorescence depolarisation. The thesis presents experimental as well as theoretical progress. We show that a multi-photon induced instrumental response function obtained from a suspension of gold nanoparticles is appropriate for the analysis of two-photon excited fluorescence decays obtained using time-correlated single photon counting detection. Theoretical expressions have been derived for the fluorescence anisotropy decay obtained upon two-photon excitation of various molecular systems in liquid solutions: a) an anisotropic rigid rotor that undergoes rotational diffusion in the presence of ultrafast unresolved restricted reorientations, e.g. librations. b) a molecular group covalently attached to a stationary macromolecule, and undergoing local reorientation in a uniaxial ordering potential. A new approach to the analysis of two-photon excited fluorescence depolarisation experiments was developed, which combines data obtained by using linearly and circularly polarised excitation light, in a global manner. In the analysis, knowledge about unresolved reorientations was obtained from one-photon excitation studies of the corresponding systems. By means of this procedure it has been possible to obtain quantitative information about the molecular two-photon absorption tensor for perylene and two of its derivatives. Thereby the symmetry of the final excited and intermediate vibronic states could be assigned. The analysis reveals that the two-photon transition studied with the 800 nm laser exhibits mixed character. An important finding from the experiments was that the two-photon absorption tensor appears to be solvent dependent. Furthermore, the thesis presents the first theoretical treatment of two-photon excited donor-donor energy migration in the presence of molecular reorientation and which applies the extended Förster theory. Explicit expressions for molecules that belong to the point groups D_2h, D₂ and C_2v are given. Preliminary experiments are finally also reported on a two-photon excited donor-donor energy migration system consisting of a bisanthryl-bisteroid. </p>

This diploma thesis is oriented to analysis of physiological effect of synthetic estrogen ethinylestradiol (EE), which represents the main component of steroid-based substance used in hormonal contraception. From wide range of physiologically important protein molecules, which might be effected by this steroid, thesis focuses to the study of the sodium plus potassium activated, magnesium dependent adenosinetriphosphatase (Na+, K+ - ATPase), which is selectively inhibited by cardiac glycosides such as ouabain (g strophantine). Na+, K+ - ATPase represents an important plasma membrane bound enzyme, which catalyzes the active transport of sodium and potassium across plasma membrane. In the first part of this work, Na+, K+ - ATPase was determined by binding of radioactively labeled selective inhibitor of this enzyme [3H]ouabain, used for this purpose. In the second part of this work, plasma membrane fluidity was analyzed by steady-state fluorescence anisotropy of DPH. The effect of EE on [3H]ouabain binding was studied first under in vitro conditions by using human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) which were cultivated for 24 hours in the presence of EE in tissue culture medium. Second, the effect of EE was also studied under in vivo conditions, by subcutaneous application of EE to the female rats of Wistar...

Le site d’action des bactériocines de la sous-classe IIa est la membrane cytoplasmique des bactéries à Gram positif. Le mécanisme d’action se décompose en trois étapes : (i) adsorption de la bactériocine sur la membrane ; (ii) structuration du peptide et insertion dans la bicouche lipidique ; (iii) formation de pores. La présence de pores provoque des fuites de composés vitaux aboutissant soit à un arrêt de la croissance soit à la mort de la bactérie. Le degré de pénétration de la mésentérocine 52A dans la membrane a été mesuré grâce à l’anisotropie de fluorescence de deux sondes, le TMA-DPH et le DPH, respectivement localisées à la surface et en profondeur de la bicouche lipidique. Des résultats différents ont été obtenus avec deux espèces bactériennes appartenant au genre Listeria. Dans un cas, le peptide s’insère partiellement dans la membrane et dans l’autre en profondeur. Ces résultats suggèrent que la mésentérocine 52A peut suivre deux mécanismes distincts aboutissant à une bactériostase. Pour mieux comprendre les interactions entre la bactériocine et la cellule cible, le degré de pénétration de la mésentérocine 52A dans la membrane de trois souches de Leuconostoc, la première sensible, la seconde naturellement insensible et la dernière rendue résistante, a été caractérisé. Il semblerait que le phénotype de résistance soit corrélé avec les propriétés physico-chimiques de l’enveloppe cellulaire. Afin de pouvoir généraliser les résultats observés avec la mésentérocine 52A, d’autres bactériocines de la sous-classe IIa, les carnobactériocines Cbn BM1 et Cbn B2, produites par la souche Carnobacterium maltaromaticum CP5, ont été étudiées. Dans un premier temps, ces bactériocines ont été produites et purifiées à partir d’une souche d’Escherichia coli recombinante. L’étape de production en fermenteur a été optimisée, des quantités de l’ordre de 300 mg de peptides ont été produites. Le mode d’action des carnobactériocines, seules ou en combinaison, a été déterminé vis-à-vis de cellules procaryotes ou eucaryotes. Les carnobactériocines Cbn BM1 et Cbn B2 ont un mode d’action synergique contre les bactéries sensibles et ne présentent pas de cytotoxicité vis-à-vis des cellules de la lignée Caco-2 / The action site of sub-class IIa bacteriocins is the cytoplasmic membrane of Gram-positive bacteria. The current view of the mechanism of action is divided into three steps: (i) adsorption of bacteriocins on the membrane; (ii) apparition of the structures of peptide and integration into the lipid double layer (iii) formation of pores. The presence of pores leads to efflux of vital cell compounds. They cause growth stop or bacterial death. The degree of penetration of mesenterocin 52A into the membrane was measured by fluorescence anisotropy of two probes, TMA-DPH and the DPH, which target the surface or the depth of the membrane, respectively. Different results were obtained with two bacterial species of the genus Listeria. In the first hand, the peptide is partially inserted into the membrane and in the second hand in depth. These results suggest that mesenterocin 52A can exhibit two different mechanisms leading to the same antibacterial effect. To better understand the interactions between bacteriocins and the target cell, the degree of penetration of mesenterocin 52A into the membrane of three Leuconostoc strains, the first sensitive, the second naturally resistant and last induced resistant, was characterized. It seems that the resistance phenotype is correlated with physical and chemical properties of the cell envelope. To generalize the results observed with mesenterocin 52A, other bacteriocins of sub-class IIa, the carnobacteriocins Cbn BM1 and Cbn B2, produced by Carnobacterium maltaromaticum CP5 strain, were studied. These bacteriocins were produced in E. coli and subsequently purified. The optimization of the production process in a reactor led to purify up to 300 mg of peptides for 1.5 liter of culture. The mode of action of carnobacteriocins, alone or in combination, was determined with prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells as targets. The carnobacteriocins Cbn BM1 and Cbn B2 have a synergistic mode of action against sensitive bacteria and are not cytotoxic against Caco-2 cell line

Movimentos coletivos prestam um papel fundamental na dinâmica e energética de biomoléculas em solução. Estes movimentos permitem o acoplamento de regiões significativamente distantes, apresentando considerável influência, por exemplo, no alosterismo para a formação de complexos macromoleculares e no funcionamento integrado de proteínas multidomínios como \"máquinas moleculares\". Neste trabalho de doutoramento, serão apresentados os resultados referentes à aplicação conjunta de técnicas experimentais biofísicas, de modelagem estrutural e de dinâmica molecular no estudo de dois sistemas para os quais estes movimentos coletivos demonstram considerável importância funcional. Para a interação do receptor nuclear do ácido 9-cis-retinóico com seu elemento responsivo específico no DNA (HRE), a comparação de estudos de dinâmica molecular com ensaios de afinidade por anisotropia de fluorescência sugere que a resistência inicial para a associação do monômero, seguida da acentuada colaboratividade na associação do dímero é regida por um impedimento da associação do domínio de ligação ao DNA (DBD) para o primeiro à sequência responsiva devido, em última análise, a uma não complementaridade dos modos coletivos mútuos. Este impedimento para a associação monomérica inicial é mais acentuado para o monômero 5\' (para o qual a menor especificidade de ligação à seqüência específica já é bem documentada), devido aos efeitos conjuntos de um \"defeito\" natural no empacotamento de bases da seqüência responsiva, que se manifesta mais significativamente na interface entre o meio-sítio 5\' e a seqüência espaçadora, e dos modos vibracionais entre os dois sítios decorrentes de seu faseamento relativo na topologia do DNA na seqüência responsiva, caracterizando um mecanismo \"chave e fechadura\" para a interação obrigatoriamente simultânea dos dois monômeros ao DNA. No segundo caso, um estudo integrado utilizando a técnica experimental de espalhamento de raios X a baixos ângulos e uma abordagem de modelagem estrutural baseada em dinâmica molecular foi realizado para a celobiohidrolase I de Trichoderma harziannum. Este estudo permitiu tanto a elaboração de um modelo estrutural de maior resolução para esta enzima de alto potencial biotecnológico como a constatação dos possíveis mecanismos moleculares a partir dos quais as glicosilações no peptídeo conector impõem restrições à orientação e modos vibracionais entre seus dois domínios de forma condizente com sua ação concertada na interação e no deslize da enzima sobre a superfície celulósica, ambos de fundamental importância para a processividade da enzima na hidrólise do substrato microcristalino. / Collective motions play a fundamental role in solution biomolecule dynamics and energetics. These movements can couple very distant regions in the protein structures affection, for instance, allosteric mechanisms, the establishment of macromolecular complexes, and on the integrated function of multidomain proteins as molecullar machines. In this thesis, we present results concerning to the joint use of experimental biophysical techniques, structural modeling and molecular dynamics simulations on the study of two systems for which these collective motions have substantial importance. First, we study the interaction of the nuclear retinoid X receptor with its specific DNA hormone response element (HRE) using a combination of molecular dynamics simulations and affinity assays performed by using fluorescence anisotropy. We find out that collective motions mediate the low binding affinity of monomers and the high cooperative binding of HRE dimers. The lower binding affinity of the monomer is more prominent for 5´ monomers. This occur due to an natural ineffective stacking of the last base pair step at the 5´-half-site and to the phasing of the two binding half-sites in the DNA topology, that impose a collective motions that tends to occlude the 5´ binding site. This behavior, in turn, is concurrent with the well known 3´ polarity and the decreased binding specificity to the 5´ half site for the hRXR&alpha; monomer. This same pattern impose a lock-and-key mechanisms dependent on the binding of the full dimer. Second, an integrated Small angle X ray scattering and molecular dynamics based structural modeling was used to comprehend the interdomain motions of cellobiohydrolase I of Trichoderma harziannum. We manage to build a refined model for this enzime, with important biotechnological potential. We also provide insights into molecular mechanisms of linker and glycosylation imposed restraints on the orientation and vibrational modes of the full-length enzyme, supporting a mechanism of sliding of on the cellulose surface. This mechanism is fundamental for the high processivity on the hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose.

Ionic Liquids (ILs) has been attracting attention, both from academia and industry, given the numerous applications of these systems. ILs are salts, usually composed by an organic ion, and a counterion which could be organic or inorganic, and, interestingly they are found at liquid state at room temperature. Our interest in studying ILs comes from its low toxicity. Some recent studies have shown that the toxicity of the ILs ishigher than believed, in particular for biologically relevant systems. The main goal of this research is to study the influence of the ionic liquid 1-tetradecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C14MIM][Cl]) with membrane systems. To do so, we made use of different lipids: POPC, Sphingomyelin, Cholesterol, POPG, DPPC, DPPG and DMPC. For each of these systems, the influence of ILs concentration were elucidated by means of a systematic study through different experimental techniques: Small Angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), fluorescence anisotropy, optical microscopy and z-potential. Since [C14MIM][Cl] has a positive charge on the imidazolium group, the superficial charge of all vesicles increased. For zwitterionic vesicles no significant change in size and melting temperature were noticed. The imidazolium-based ionic liquid diminished the gel-fluid transition temperature for negatively charged lipids. For DPPC:DPPG (1:1), for instance, the transition temperature decreased from 42.50±0.13oC to 25.27±0.33oC and for DPPG from 46.12±0.22 oC to 36.6±0.38 oC. For DPPG, the vesicle hydrodynamic diameter increased from 84±0.1nm to 176±0.1nm, whereas for DPPC:DPPG it increased from 95±0.1nm to 196±0.1nm. The electronic density profile, obtained by SAXS, supported the penetration of the [C14MIM][Cl] into the negative bilayer structure. 15 mol% of [C14MIM][Cl] increased the polar head thickness of DPPC vesicles from 11.1±0.6 Å to 18.0±0.7 Å, without alter significantly the inner region of the membrane.Qualitative results obtained with optical microscopy showed that the IL incorporation destabilize the membrane asymmetry (between the leaflets) leading to the formation of pores (evidenced by optical contrast lost) and the presence of buds. We believe that this work could improve the understanding of the effects of ILs in the presence of biological relevant systems / Os líquidos iônicos (LI) tem atraído grande atenção, tanto da academia quanto da indústria, devido às suas numerosas aplicações. LI são sais, normalmente compostos por um íon orgânico, e um contra-íon que pode ser orgânico ou inorgânico, mas que tem como característica ser encontrado no estado líquido à temperaturas próximas a ambiente. Nosso interesse em estudar LIs vem de sua baixa toxicidade, atribuída a sua baixa volatilidade. Entretanto, alguns estudos recentes mostraram que a toxicidade dos LI é maior do que se acreditava, em particular com sistemas de relevância biológica.O objetivo principal desta dissertação é estudar a influência do líquido iônico 1-tetradecil-3-metilimidazólio cloreto ([C14MIM][Cl]) com sistemas de membrana. Para isso, utilizamos diferentes lipídios, como o POPC, esfingomielina, colesterol, POPG, DPPC,DPPG e o DMPC. Para cada um destes sistemas, a influência da concentração de LI foi elucidada por meio de um estudo sistemático através de diferentes técnicas experimentais, tais como: espalhamento de raio-X a baixos ângulos (SAXS), espalhamento dinâmico de luz (DLS), anisotropia de fluorescência, microscopia óptica e potencial-z. Uma vez que o componente iônico de [C14MIM][Cl] tem uma carga positiva no grupo imidazólio, a carga superficial de todas as vesículas estudadas aqui aumentou. Entretanto, para asvesículas compostas pelos lipídeos zwitteriónicos, não tenha sido observada qualquer alteração significativa no tamanho e na temperatura de transição de fase gel-fluido. O [C14MIM][Cl] altera a organização interna entre as moléculas de lipídio com carga negativa. Consequentemente, à medida que a quantidade de LI aumenta, a temperatura de transição de fase diminui e o tamanho médio das vesículas aumenta. Para o sistema DPPC:DPPG (1:1) a temperatura de transição de fase caiu de 42.50 ± 0.13 oC para 25.27 ± 0.33 oC e para as vesículas de DPPG de 46.12±0.22 oC para 36.6±0.38 oC. Quanto ao diâmetro hidrodinâmico médio, no caso do DPPG este valor aumentou de 84±0.1 nm para 176±0.1 nm, enquanto que para a mistura DPPC:DPPG (1:1) ele passou de 95±0.1nm para 196±0.1nm. Indicando assim que o LI incorpora na bicamada lipídica negativamente carregada. O perfil de densidade eletrônica, obtido por SAXS, confirma a penetração do [C14MIM][Cl] na bicamada lipídica. Diferentemente, para a membrana lipídica zwitteriónica o LI tende a se situar perto da região da cabeça polar sem afetar significativamente a região do interior da bicamada lipídica. Por outro lado, a presença de15 mol% de [C14MIM][Cl] aumenta a espessura da região polar das bicamadas das vesículas de DPPC de ~ 11.1±0.6 Å para ~ 18.0±0.7 Å. Os resultados qualitativos da microscopia óptica mostraram que a incorporação da LI desestabiliza a assimetria da membrana entre as camadas interna e externa, além de sugerir o aparecimento de poros (evidenciado pela perda do contraste ótico das vesículas) e estruturas chamadas de buds. Esperamos que este trabalho melhore a compreensão dos efeitos do LI na presença de organismos biológicos.

We have studied fundamental aspects of time-resolved two-photon excited fluorescence depolarisation. The thesis presents experimental as well as theoretical progress. We show that a multi-photon induced instrumental response function obtained from a suspension of gold nanoparticles is appropriate for the analysis of two-photon excited fluorescence decays obtained using time-correlated single photon counting detection. Theoretical expressions have been derived for the fluorescence anisotropy decay obtained upon two-photon excitation of various molecular systems in liquid solutions: a) an anisotropic rigid rotor that undergoes rotational diffusion in the presence of ultrafast unresolved restricted reorientations, e.g. librations. b) a molecular group covalently attached to a stationary macromolecule, and undergoing local reorientation in a uniaxial ordering potential. A new approach to the analysis of two-photon excited fluorescence depolarisation experiments was developed, which combines data obtained by using linearly and circularly polarised excitation light, in a global manner. In the analysis, knowledge about unresolved reorientations was obtained from one-photon excitation studies of the corresponding systems. By means of this procedure it has been possible to obtain quantitative information about the molecular two-photon absorption tensor for perylene and two of its derivatives. Thereby the symmetry of the final excited and intermediate vibronic states could be assigned. The analysis reveals that the two-photon transition studied with the 800 nm laser exhibits mixed character. An important finding from the experiments was that the two-photon absorption tensor appears to be solvent dependent. Furthermore, the thesis presents the first theoretical treatment of two-photon excited donor-donor energy migration in the presence of molecular reorientation and which applies the extended Förster theory. Explicit expressions for molecules that belong to the point groups D2h, D2 and C2v are given. Preliminary experiments are finally also reported on a two-photon excited donor-donor energy migration system consisting of a bisanthryl-bisteroid.

A kinetic model of electronic energy migration within pairs of photophysically non-identical fluorophores has been developed. The model applies to fluorescent groups that exhibit different photophysical and spectral properties when attached to different positions in a macromolecule. The energy migration within such asymmetric pairs is partially reversible, which leads to the case of partial donor-donor energy migration (PDDEM). The model of PDDEM is an extension of the recently developed donor-donor energy migration model (DDEM, F. Bergström et al, PNAS 96 (1999) 12477), and applies to quantitative measurements of energy migration rates and distances within macromolecules. One important distinction from the DDEM model is that the distances can be obtained from fluorescence lifetime measurements. A model of fluorescence depolarisation in the presence of PDDEM is also presented. To experimentally test the PDDEM approach, different model systems were studied. The model was applied to measure distances between rhodamine and fluorescein groups within on-purpose synthesised molecules that were solubilised in lipid bilayers. Moreover, distances were measured between BODIPY groups in mutant forms of the plasminogen activator inhibitor of type 2 (PAI-2). Measurements of both the fluorescence intensity decays and the time-resolved depolarisation were performed. The obtained distances were in good agreement with independent determinations. Finally, the PDDEM within pairs of donors is considered, for which both donors exhibit a nonexponential fluorescence decay. In this case it turns out that the fluorescence relaxation of a coupled system contains distance information even if the photophysics of the donors is identical. It is also demonstrated that the choice of relaxation model has a negligible effect on the obtained distances. The latter conclusion holds also for the case of donor-acceptor energy transfer.