Introdução: As transformações socioeconômicas e culturais proporcionadas pela globalização geram modificações nos modos de comer. Objetivo: analisar as características do consumo de eventos alimentares entre a população brasileira, considerando as características sociodemográficas. Casuísticas e métodos: foi realizado levantamento empírico dos alimentos, técnicas culinárias e consumo de eventos alimentares da população brasileira desde o período colonial até o início do século XXI, seguida da análise probabilística do consumo de eventos alimentares da população por meio dos microdados do módulo de consumo alimentar individual da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares de 2008-2009. Para a análise probabilística, os eventos alimentares foram categorizados em refeições globais, subdivididas em tradicionais ou mistas e petiscos, de acordo com propósito e grau de processamento dos alimentos. \"Refeições globais\" foram categorizadas por meio da inclusão de preparações culinárias e/ou alimentos processados, com a presença opcional de alimentos do grupo de alimentos ultraprocessados; essas foram subdivididas em \"refeições tradicionais\", que continham somente preparações culinárias e/ou alimentos processados e \"refeições mistas\" com a presença de preparações culinárias e/ou alimentos processados e a presença obrigatória de produtos ultraprocessados; \"petiscos\" incluíram eventos alimentares com presença exclusiva de alimentos ultraprocessados. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas por meio do software STATA. Regressão linear univariada e de lógite foram utilizadas para testar a relação entre a ocorrência de eventos alimentares e as características sociodemográficas. Considerou-se o nível de significância de 5% e intervalos de confiança de 95%. Resultados: no período colonial, o processo de formação da culinária brasileira esteve relacionado a monotonia alimentar. A chegada da corte portuguesa ao país e o processo de urbanização impulsionou novos padrões de consumo alimentar. A partir da intensificação do processo de globalização na década de 1960, houve aumento do consumo de alimentos industrializados em todos os estratos de renda. A padronização do consumo alimentar se relaciona a alto grau de tecnologia, desestruturação das refeições, déficit de regulação e prazer. A análise probabilista sobre o consumo de eventos alimentares contou com uma amostra de 34.003 pessoas (idade &#8805; 10 anos). O número médio de eventos alimentares diários foi de 4,52 (IC: 4,48-4,55), sendo 3,93 (IC: 3,90-3,96) refeições globais, 2,63 (IC: 2,59-2,67) refeições tradicionais, 1,32 (IC: 1,30-1,35) refeições mistas e 0,56 (IC:0,54-0,58) petiscos. A probabilidade de realização de refeições tradicionais nas situações de domicílio urbanas apresentou efeito negativo (p < 0,05), ao passo que o consumo de refeições mistas e petiscos mostrou tendência positiva (p < 0,05). A análise da probabilidade da combinação de 4 ou mais refeições tradicionais apresentou tendência similar. A probabilidade de realização de pelo menos um petisco ao dia foi significativo para mulheres, pessoas residentes no sudeste e sul do país, a aumento da renda e para consumo fora do lar (p < 0,05). As combinações mais frequentes de ocasiões de consumo alimentar contemplaram 3 ou 4 refeições globais sem a presença de petiscos (40,95%); 3 ou 4 refeições e um petisco (15,45%) ao dia e 5 refeições globais diárias (12,28%). Os horários considerados típicos para realização de café da manhã, almoço e jantar apresentaram maior frequência de refeições globais e maior conteúdo energético. Conclusões: o levantamento empírico dos hábitos alimentares permitiu embasar a análise das características dos eventos alimentares entre a população e a importância desses para a identificação de práticas alimentares, visto as inúmeras possibilidades de relacionamentos capazes de identificar regras e regularidades que possam contribuir para a qualificação do planejamento e intervenções para a garantia de uma alimentação saudável e adequada. / Introduction: Globalization promoves socioeconomic and cultural transformations that\'s generate changes in the modes of eating. Objective: to analyze characteristics of food events consumption among the Brazilian population, considering the sociodemographic characteristics. Casuistic and methods: an empirical survey of food, cooking techniques and food events consumption of the Brazilian population from the colonial period to the beginning of the 21st century was carried out, followed by a probabilistic analysis of the consumption of food events in the population through the microdata of the module consumption of the Family Budget Survey 2008-2009. For the probabilistic analysis, the food events were categorized in global meals, subdivided in traditional or mixed and snacks, with purpose and degree of food processing. \"Global meals\" were categorized through the inclusion of culinary preparations and / or processed foods, with the optional presence of foods from the ultraprocessed food group; these were subdivided into \"traditional meals\", which contained only culinary preparations and / or processed foods and \"mixed meals\" with the presence of culinary preparations and / or processed foods and the mandatory presence of ultraprocessed products; \"Snacks\" included food events with the exclusive presence of ultraprocessed foods. Statistical analyzes were performed using the STATA software. Univariate linear regression and logit regression were used to test the relationship between the occurrence of food events and sociodemographic characteristics. The significance level of 5% and 95% confidence intervals were considered. Results: in the colonial period, the process of Brazilian culinary formation was related to food monotony. The arrival of the Portuguese court in the country and the process of urbanization stimulated new standards of food consumption. From the intensification of the globalization process in the 1960s, there was an increase in the consumption of processed foods in all income strata. The standardization of food consumption is related to a high degree of technology, disruption of meals, lack of regulation and pleasure. The probabilistic analysis on the consumption of food events counted on a sample of 34,003 people (age > 10 years). The mean number of daily food events was 4.52 (CI: 4.48-4.55), 3.93 (CI: 3.90-3.96) overall meals, 2.63 (CI: 2,59-2,67) traditional meals, 1.32 (IC: 1.30-1.35) mixed meals and 0.56 (IC: 0.54-0.58) snacks. The probability of performing traditional meals in urban domicile situations presented a negative effect (p < 0.05), whereas the consumption of mixed meals and snacks showed a positive trend (p < 0.05). The analysis of the probability of the combination of 4 or more traditional meals presented a similar trend. The probability of at least one snack per day was significant for women, people living in the Southeast and South of the country, income increase and consumption outside the home (p < 0.05). The most frequent combinations of food consumption occasions included 3 or 4 global meals without the presence of snacks (40.95%); 3 or 4 meals and a snack (15.45%) per day and 5 global meals per day (12.28%). Typical breakfast, lunch and dinner times were more frequent with global meals and higher energy content. Conclusions: the empirical survey of dietary habits allowed us to base the analysis of the characteristics of food events among the population and their importance for the identification of eating practices, given the innumerable possibilities of relationships capable of identifying rules and regularities that may contribute to the qualification of planning and interventions to ensure a healthy and adequate diet.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19045号 / 農博第2123号 / 新制||農||1032 / 31996 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 縄田 栄治, 教授 舟川 晋也, 准教授 赤松 美紀 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19045号 / 農博第2123号 / 新制||農||1032(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H27||N4927(農学部図書室) / 31996 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 縄田 栄治, 教授 舟川 晋也, 准教授 赤松 美紀 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Thesis (MNutr (Human Nutrition))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / A diet high in fat results in dietary-related diseases, which have reached epidemic proportions in South Africa. Nutritional labelling has the potential to alter consumers’ knowledge of attitude and behaviour towards their fat intake. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of nutritional labelling on the population’s fat-intake through a systematic literature review. Electronic databases, reference lists of relevant studies and the Internet were searched, to identify studies that could help to answer the problem statement. Relevant citations were independently identified by two investigators based on the established inclusion-criteria. After this the full text of the selected citations were obtained and filtered independently by each investigator based on the inclusion- and exclusion criteria. The characteristics of each study was recorded in specially developed data extraction forms by the investigator herself and was checked by a second investigator. The primary objective of the study was to investigate nutritional labelling on food packaging. Two other forms of labelling were included to gain a more concise perception of consumers’ knowledge and practices regarding information on fat. These other forms were point-of-sale labelling (in supermarkets, in restaurants, by vending machines) and experimental labelling (labels spesifically designed to indicate the fat-content of a food item). A total of 59 relevant studies were included based on the inclusion-criteria. Although only a few studies assessed the effect of labelling on diet, there was evidence that the use of labels resulted in lower fat intake. Women older than 35 years with higher education levels, who used nutritional supplements, and who were in the maintenance stage of change to a lower fat diet, and who believed in the importance of nutrition, were between 50% to 80% higher users of information about fat than their counterparts. Fat is the food component which was most looked at on the food label (50% to 80%). Small changes in fat intake occured due to point-of-sale labelling, but labelling programmes which combined labelling with additional information on fat (e.g. pamphlets), increased visibility and nutrition education programmes, were more successful. People generally perceived products lower in fat as less pleasant, but sensory judgement of the products labelled with a low fat content were related to a person’s beliefs and concerns towards fat. Nutritional labelling can be an effective measure, which can be used to reduce the population’s fat intake; however, more research is needed to assess the effect of labelling on fat content of their diet. Regulations and education is needed to enhance the consumer’s trust in and capability in the use of labelling to make better food choices and to alter their diet. The success of labelling is dependant on a well-educated and motivated population, as well as the necessary information in a format which is understandable to the consumer.

No description available.

L’objectif de la thèse est de comprendre dans quelle mesure le conflit entre l’Amérique du Nord et l’Europe sur l’utilisation d’hormones de croissance en élevage a participé à l’histoire institutionnelle de la régulation du commerce mondial de denrées alimentaires. Entre 1980 et la période contemporaine (2016), plusieurs épisodes critiques ont mis en évidence la perspective atypique de l’Union européenne à l’égard de l’emploi de ces médicaments vétérinaires ainsi que la contestation suscitée par cette réglementation spécifique dans le cadre de la mondialisation commerciale. Ce conflit se joue sur plusieurs scènes : au sein de la Communauté européenne qui, pendant la décennie 1980, peine à trouver un accord interinstitutionnel quant à une législation commune sur les hormones de croissance ; dans le cadre du General agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT) puis del’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) ; et enfin au sein du Codex Alimentarius, l’organisation internationale chargée d’élaborer des normes alimentaires. Dans chacune de ces instances, la gestion du conflit coïncide avec une phase importante du point de vue institutionnel : création d’organes spécifiques, nouveaux principes et procédures de travail. Dès lors, notre travail visait à détailler l’impact éventuel du conflit sur les hormones de croissance sur chacune de ces institutions ainsi quesur la façon dont, globalement, elles participent à la régulation du commerce international dans le domaine agroalimentaire.Notre travail s’est appuyé sur une enquête socio-historique utilisant un matériau riche et varié permettant de couvrir l’ensemble des institutions identifiées sur la période 1980-2016 : un corpus documentaire a été constitué grâce aux archives des différentes institutions, une trentaine d’entretiens semi-directifs ont été menés. Enfin, plusieurs centaines d’heures d’observationethnographique ont pu être réalisées, la plupart grâce à notre statut de fonctionnaire française du ministère de l’agriculture. Il met en évidence l’évolutivité des fonctions remplies par le conflit sur les hormones de croissance : celui-ci a en premier lieu permis de fédérer l’ensemble des acteurs concernés de la nécessité de renforcer les institutions supranationales, que ce soit à l’échelon européen ou international. Il a ensuite participé à l’élaboration concrète des institutions en permettant d’en tester les instruments au fur et à mesure de leur création, et ainsi, de permettre de réaliser les ajustements jugés nécessaires. De ce point de vue, la gestion du conflit sur les hormones révèle la perception des relations internationales des différents acteurs et sa variabilité temporelle. Enfin, constituant un paramètre pérenne que les acteurs intègrent à leur stratégie de négociationinternationale, le conflit sur les hormones est devenu un point d’ancrage autour duquel s’est structurée une communauté. Il doit ainsi être considéré pour son potentiel socialisateur.Notre enquête apporte également des informations concernant les attentes d’un certain nombre d’acteurs privés en termes de régulation internationale. Le cas des hormones mobilise l’attention des grandes firmes pharmaceutiques qui poussent à l’établissement de normes internationales contraignantes pour le commerce de produits agricoles et concentrent plus particulièrement leur action sur les instances productrices de normes (comme le Codex Alimentarius). Ce comportement semble indiquer que ces acteurs utilisent les instruments de régulation mondiale pour la diffusion de principes d’action publique. / The goal of this work is to understand how deep the commercial war between North America and Europe regarding the use of growth hormones in food-producing animals impacted institutional history of global food trade regulation. Between 1980 and the contemporary period (2016), several crises revealed the atypical nature of the European Union ban. As a result, the European Union views legitimacy was contested in the globalization context. The conflict takes places in several arenas. First of all, it constitutes an issue for Europe, which strived to find an interinstitutional agreement on how to legislate on growth hormones at the European level during the 80ies. Then, it has been one of the most talked about disagreements of the General agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT) and the World trade organization (WTO) negotiations from 1987 onwards. Finally, it involves the CodexAlimentarius Commission, the international organization in charge of setting food standards. In each of these institutions, the beef-hormones conflict management goes with important institutional changes: new specific units, working principles and procedures were created. Thus, my work aimed to precisely describe what consequences the beef-hormones conflict might have had on any of these institutions. As a result, I show how this specific case contributed to the instauration of internationalfood trade regulation.My work relies on a socio-historical inquiry based on diverse and rich empirical data, in order to cover the three aforesaid institutions between 1980 and 2016. I constituted a documentary corpus from institutional archives, and I performed about thirty sociological interviews. I spent several hundreds of hours realizing ethnographing observation, most of which being facilitated by my belonging to the ministry of agriculture’s services. Analysis of this data emphasizes the transforming role of the beef-hormones conflict at an international scale. The conflict first convinced all the stakeholders that it was crucial to strengthen supranational institutions (be it at the European or at the global level). It also allowed to test newly created instruments in their practical functioning. From this prospective, the beef-hormones conflict management reveals the different actors’ internationalrelations perceptions and their evolution during the studied period. Finally, as the beef-hormones conflict has constituted a pattern to the establishment of negotiation strategies, it became a cultural reference structuring an international community. It is therefore a socializing factor.My inquiry also enables a better understanding of private actors’ expectations about international regulation. Veterinary drug industries are actively involved in the institutional discussions surrounding the beef-hormones case, requesting for binding international food trade standards. They are more particularly interested in the activity of standard-setting bodies like Codex. This attitude indicates that those actors use global regulation instruments to advocate for their preferred collective action principles

This thesis explores if and how an alternative certification system for agricultural products, the Participatory Guarantee System (PGS), could support small-scale farmers to preserve and promote biocultural and food heritage, linked to the landscape they inhabit, their identity as farmers and traditional knowledge. The PGS has been identified by Slow Food as an efficient low-cost and local 'bottom-up' quality assurance system, in order to develop their Presidia project and to re-embed agricultural productions within their traditional socio-ecological contexts. Small-holder farmers all over the world encounter problems in accessing conventional certification systems because of their complexity and strict quality compliance standards, which tend to marginalize this category of producers. I have critically analyzed the extent to which actors and stakeholders agree with the PGS core principles and if, and how, a well-formulated PGS certification can be regarded as a democratic process which fulfils its broader goals. In order to re-structure society from an agri-food perspective, towards a more democratic governance, the core problem lays in how standards and certifications are formed, assessed and applied. The crux of this study is to examine the degree to which a different type of governance, such as the PGS, can induce democratic and participatory methods of food certification. I have conducted semi-structured interviews with various local actors who belong to the social field of alternative food productions underneath the umbrella of Slow Food. Here I investigate the social dimension, the debate and comprehension of the PGS, and the concept of Governmentality by Foucault, as applied to Presidia. In the thesis I show that the PGS provide social benefits to local communities that undergo this certification process. The PGS is able to contribute to the creation of solidarity among actors within the food system, designing a transparent certification system against the logic of commodification.

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Government and Public Administration