Food banks are potent symbols of the prevalence of poverty and food insecurity in affluent countries, yet they have received very little academic attention in New Zealand. Previous food bank research in this country has mainly been instigated by the voluntary welfare sector and has focused on client characteristics and patterns of use. This study expands on these concepts in the local context from a socio-spatial perspective, and examines food banks from both a service provision and service user perspective. This study aims to: document the growth of the food bank industry and determine its role within the broader voluntary welfare sector; determine patterns and trends in usage; examine client characteristics, neighbourhoods and reasons for use; and discuss the implications of food bank use and how dependency on food banks may be reduced. This study examines non-identifiable socio-demographic and address data obtained for food bank clients (n=1695) from a large Christchurch social service agency for 2005. Data from a second large Christchurch social service agency is used to illustrate certain spatial and temporal trends. Additional interviews and questionnaires are conducted with staff and volunteers in the local food bank industry, and with the clients themselves. Results show that food bank use appears not to have decreased in recent years. Maori, sole parents/sole caregivers and beneficiaries are over-represented amongst food bank clients, while there is an apparent under-use of the food bank by other key groups. Poverty and food insecurity appears to be dispersed in Christchurch and is not confined to the most deprived neighbourhoods. A range of factors contributes to food insecurity and food bank use, with the main reasons relating to lack of income, household bills and unaffordable housing. Changes in macro social and economic policy, rather than increased client education, will contribute to a decrease in the need for food banks.

Food banks are potent symbols of the prevalence of poverty and food insecurity in affluent countries, yet they have received very little academic attention in New Zealand. Previous food bank research in this country has mainly been instigated by the voluntary welfare sector and has focused on client characteristics and patterns of use. This study expands on these concepts in the local context from a socio-spatial perspective, and examines food banks from both a service provision and service user perspective. This study aims to: document the growth of the food bank industry and determine its role within the broader voluntary welfare sector; determine patterns and trends in usage; examine client characteristics, neighbourhoods and reasons for use; and discuss the implications of food bank use and how dependency on food banks may be reduced. This study examines non-identifiable socio-demographic and address data obtained for food bank clients (n=1695) from a large Christchurch social service agency for 2005. Data from a second large Christchurch social service agency is used to illustrate certain spatial and temporal trends. Additional interviews and questionnaires are conducted with staff and volunteers in the local food bank industry, and with the clients themselves. Results show that food bank use appears not to have decreased in recent years. Maori, sole parents/sole caregivers and beneficiaries are over-represented amongst food bank clients, while there is an apparent under-use of the food bank by other key groups. Poverty and food insecurity appears to be dispersed in Christchurch and is not confined to the most deprived neighbourhoods. A range of factors contributes to food insecurity and food bank use, with the main reasons relating to lack of income, household bills and unaffordable housing. Changes in macro social and economic policy, rather than increased client education, will contribute to a decrease in the need for food banks.

As a marker of current austerity policies, the growth of the emergency food aid landscape has become recognisable through the ‘food bank’. These places of charitable food-redistribution have seen their presence increase within an evolving social policy context. Understanding food bank use as two modes of ‘experience’, this thesis has mapped both the quantitative geographical ‘experience’ of the food bank, alongside the qualitative ‘experience’ gained from understanding why people have turned to them for help. Attending to the quantitative rise of the food bank as a means of support, this thesis has recognised that there has been substantial changes within the recent socio-political landscape of the UK that have stimulated food bank growth as an inadequate response to rising levels of poverty. In approaching the knowledge construction of the geospatial distribution of food banks across Wales, this thesis provides clarity to the organisational structures of both; the Trussell Trust Foodbank Network, and independent food banks. As a social policy, the Welfare Reform Act (2012) has been concluded within this thesis as holding the bonds of responsibility for driving the quantitative rise in food bank numbers across Wales. Recognition of increased ‘need’ triggered the opening of food banks as a way of providing emergency relief where social security failed. This thesis has mapped the growth of food banks in Wales and has recognised further growth as being attended to the rise in neoliberal policies of recent governments (1998-2015). Employing several data collection methods, the qualitative experience of food poverty has been illuminated through semi-structured thematic interviews and focus group interviews conducted with service providers detailing how the changing landscape of social security, and the ways in which the rise in attitudes of individualism have changed the acceptability of social security. Analysed within a Constructivist Grounded Theory approach, the key conceptual themes within this thesis centre upon the rise of a deserving and undeserving attitude within poverty, and how this resides within a neoliberal attitude of structure and agency driven poverty. Service provider interviews have been augmented by biographical focused semistructured interviews with service users, detailing their experience of having to resort to food bank use as their only means of sustenance. Here service users identified with a deserving and undeserving narrative, identifying with the structural and agency driven poverty as a cause of food bank use. Applying this approach, service users placed a hierarchical attitude to food bank use and furthered this distinction between the deserving and the undeserving user.

<div>Food Banks play an important role in assuaging hunger and improving food security in many nations worldwide. These organizations provide food and services to people in need. Food banks rely on food and cash donations that occur infrequently, to meet their objectives. In a highly uncertain environment such as this, balancing the supply and demand of food is challenging considering the limited availability of resources and the complex system. This research addresses these challenges and presents and analyses several statistical and mathematical models to facilitate the distribution of food to the food insecure in a sustainable and effective manner. The objective of this research is to develop data-driven models and analytical techniques and developing decision support frameworks to assist the food bank administrators in understanding the dynamics of supply and demand of food donations and improve the prediction accuracies of the food supply and demand behavior at various levels of planning to ensure equitable and efficient distribution of food to the food insecure. </div><div> </div><div>First, a systematic review was conducted to research the evolving literature in the field of food bank logistics. Perusal of the literature shows that research in the field of food bank logistics is in evolving phase and issues pertaining to fairness, sustainability, cost reduction, food quality and nutrition, data uncertainty, and food waste study have not been reviewed extensively. Second, for understanding the food supply behavior, a novel hybrid model combining ARIMA and neural network autoregressive (NNAR) model was proposed for univariate analysis and the work was extended to conduct a multi-variate numerical analysis implementing machine learning algorithms with Random Forests (RF) best capturing the complex structure of the data. Thirdly, to understand the dynamics of the food demand behavior, a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) clustering method is implemented to identify the possible causes of food insecurity in a given region by means of understanding the characteristics and structure of the food assistance network in a particular region, and the clustering result is further utilized to explore the patterns of uncertain food demand behavior and its significant importance in inventory management and redistribution of surplus food thereby developing a two-stage hybrid food demand estimation model with the proposed method significantly improving the prediction accuracies. </div><div> </div><div>Finally, the results of the analytical methods implemented and developed to study the supply and demand of the food donations is extracted and used to develop a conceptual framework for designing a decision support system to apply visual analytics to a food bank’s decision-making process. </div>

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Esta dissertaÃÃo trata-se de um estudo de caso realizado em um Banco de Alimentos localizado em Fortaleza, o Mesa Brasil SESC. O objetivo geral da pesquisa à propor melhorias logÃsticas ao Banco de Alimentos de modo a aumentar o nÃvel de serviÃos do atendimento Ãs associaÃÃes cadastradas. A logÃstica do Mesa Brasil se caracteriza pela redistribuiÃÃo para as associaÃÃes beneficentes dos alimentos doados por empresas parceiras. Esses alimentos estÃo fora dos padrÃes de comercializaÃÃo, mas ainda prÃprios para o consumo humano. Foram utilizadas na pesquisa cinco fontes de evidÃncias: documentos, registros em arquivos, entrevistas semiestruturadas, aplicaÃÃo de questionÃrios, observaÃÃo direta e participante. Foram propostas as seguintes aÃÃes de melhorias para os problemas diagnosticados no Banco de Alimentos: novo sistema de rotas onde o Mesa Brasil se responsabilizaria tambÃm pelo transporte das doaÃÃes atà as associaÃÃes; aquisiÃÃo de compartimento de separaÃÃo mÃvel dentro dos caminhÃes para o transporte de cargas incompatÃveis, instrumentos de monitoramento da temperatura na armazenagem de alimentos; prÃtica do FIFO ou PEPS (primeiro que entra, primeiro que sai); aquisiÃÃo de prateleiras para organizar as doaÃÃes de acordo com nÃvel de perecibilidade e tipo de alimento; desenvolvimento de uma estratÃgia para captar doadores; realizaÃÃo das visitas de monitoramento nas associaÃÃes a fim de verificar a manipulaÃÃo e a utilizaÃÃo dos alimentos doados; realizaÃÃo de reuniÃes de integraÃÃo com os funcionÃrios; treinamentos dos funcionÃrios antes de iniciarem suas atividades; visitas aos fornecedores; redefinir as janelas de tempo para cada doador; novo layout proposto para o Banco de Alimentos. / This dissertation is based on a case study conducted in a food bank located in Fortaleza/Brazil, named Mesa Brasil SESC. The objective of the research is to propose improvements to the logistics of the food bank in order to increase the level of service to registered associations. The logistics of Mesa Brasil is characterized by redistribution to the charities of food donated by partner companies. These foods are outside the standards of marketing, but still good enough for human consumption. The main sources of evidence used in the research were documents, files, semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, direct and participative observation. The following improvements were proposed for the problems identified in the Food Bank: a new route system was developed, allowing Mesa Brazil for the transportation of donations to the charitable associations; equipment acquisition of mobile compartments for the trucks of Mesa Brasil to separate incompatible cargoes during transportation; instruments for temperature monitoring in food storage; practice FIFO (first one in, first out); acquisition of shelves to organize donations according to perishability level and type of food; developing a strategy to capture donors; realization of monitoring visits associations in order to check the handling and use of donated food; integration meetings with employees; training of employees before beginning their activities; visits to suppliers ; reset the time windows for each donor; new layout proposed for the food bank.

There were an estimated 11.1% of households experiencing food insecurity in the U.S. in 2018, meaning that they did not have the adequate resources to access safe, nutritious food at some point in the year. In order to support people experiencing food insecurity and related-hunger, national organizations, regional food banks, and local programs operate to recover, organize, and distribute the food available to them. Food recovery work falls into a regulatory grey-area. Should anyone consuming donated food become ill, the food handlers would not be criminally or civilly liable if they distributed it in good faith. There are no federal regulations covering food handling in food recovery, though some states do have such regulations. As a result, safe food handling guidance, education, and training is offered through organized networks and Cooperative Extension. Participating in educational programs increases safe food handling knowledge, however volunteers and employees in food recovery organizations have also been observed to unsafely handle food. Additionally, these resources can be limited in their scope and some are only accessible through membership in pre-existing networks such as Feeding America. The purpose of this work is to further document how food is handled in food recovery and compliment that by collecting the experiences and perceptions of these food handlers as well as Cooperative Extension educators who support them. This work utilized a mixed-methods approach to quantify behaviors and experiences, which compliments qualitatively collected contextual information. Food handlers serving with a university-based student food recovery program, which works to distribute unserved and unsold food from on-campus dining centers, were observed improperly washing their hands, inconsistently keeping records, and using unclean or otherwise contaminated equipment. These behaviors could be addressed through rolespecific education representing their unique operations. Virginia Cooperative Extension (VCE) educators were used as a case study to measure their experiences when supporting food recovery, with 41% of respondents having previously supporting an organization or program. Topics covered ranged from safe food handling, network leadership, financial planning, and farming/gardening. VCE educators expressed a sense of altruism when supporting food recovery organizations, but also experienced challenges such as not having enough time to fully engage or the organization not having adequate equipment to enact their support. VCE educators who had not previously supported these organizations expressed wanting to learn more about food recovery work and how VCE can support them. Employees of food banks believe current food safety education could be improved by offering role-specific information in customizable formats so the food handlers can translate their knowledge into action. Future education should also focus on problemsolving, so food handlers feel empowered to react to expected challenges. Lastly, to account for challenges experienced while conducting this research, future projects within the context of food recovery should consider the limited time available of potential participants, offer compensation for their participation, and maximize pre-existing networks when connecting with them. / Doctor of Philosophy / There were an estimated 11.1% of households experiencing food insecurity in the U.S. in 2018, meaning that they did not have the adequate resources to access safe, nutritious food at some point in the past year. In order to support people experiencing food insecurity and related-hunger, national organizations, regional food banks, and local programs operate to recover, organize, and distribute the food available to them. Food recovery work falls into a regulatory grey-area. Food handlers are not criminally or civilly liable should anyone become ill as a result of consuming food when it is donated in good faith, and guidance in the form of food handling regulations for food recovery varies from state-to-state and is not addressed federally. As a result, safe food handling education and training is offered through organized networks and Cooperative Extension. Participating in educational programs increases safe food handling knowledge, however volunteers and employees in food recovery organizations have also been observed to unsafely handle food. Additionally, these resources can be limited in their scope with some only accessible through membership in pre-existing networks. The purpose of this work is to further document how food is handled in food recovery, which will complement the collection of experiences and perceptions of food handlers and Virginia Cooperative Extension (VCE) educators who support them. Volunteers serving with a university-based student food recovery program, which works to distribute unserved and unsold food from their on-campus dining centers, exhibited a combination of safe and unsafe food handling behaviors which could be addressed through role-specific education representing their unique operations. VCE educators expressed a sense of altruism when supporting food recovery organizations across a range of topics, however they also expressed wanting to know more about their operations and how VCE can support them. Employees of food banks believe current food safety education could be improved by offering role-specific information in a variety of formats paired so the food handlers can translate their knowledge into action. Lastly, to account for challenges experienced while conducting this research, future projects within the context of food recovery should consider limited time potential participants have to serve as well as maximize preexisting networks when recruiting them.

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Branding through children is a marketing tactic that many organizations and businesses utilize today; but what marketing strategy best carries out a message to the children and their guardians themselves? This thesis examines the different strategies used by for-profit and not-for-profit companies in order to better understand branding through children. It dives into an experiment testing the effectiveness of various marketing approaches and their success of gaining further children at events. The strategies are then dissected into which worked best in order to answer the question, “What branding strategies are most effective for non-profits which focus on children?”

El objetivo general de la investigación corresponde al desarrollo de un proyecto de diseño interior donde se plasme ambientes con distribución adecuada y comodidad en el restaurante benéfico del banco de alimentos en el distrito de San Isidro, así mismo brindar espacios que cuenten con un agradable diseño, en donde se sienta confort. Por otro lado, los objetivos específicos son los siguientes: Diseñar y mobiliario en base a materiales ecológicos para los diferentes ambientes. Investigación profunda del concepto para lograr un buen desarrollo en el diseño interior de los ambientes del restaurante benéfico y proponer muebles innovadores, aplicando los principios básicos del diseño interior. Adicional, proponer espacios de áreas verdes que estén en relación con el diseño. / The purpose of this investigation is the development of an interior design project where there are spaces with adequate distribution and comfort in The charity restaurant of the food bank in the district of San Isidro, also provide spaces that have a nice design, where to feel comfort. On the other hand, the specific objectives are the following: Design and furniture based on ecological materials for different spaces. The investigation was carried out on the concept to atheeve a good development in the interior design of The charity's restaurant spaces and to propose innovative furniture, applying the basic principles of interior design. Additionally, propose spaces for green areas that are related to the design. / Tesis

Apesar da pobreza no mundo, parte de toda a comida produzida mundialmente é desperdiçada. O contraste da alta produção de alimentos no mundo com a fome, insegurança alimentar e desperdício de alimentos aponta para a necessidade de ações combinadas como o uso de tecnologias como solução para combater e erradicar a fome e o desperdício de alimentos em benefício de uma vida digna e sustentável . Os bancos de alimentos surgiram em todo o mundo para receber o excedente de alimentos e repassá-los aos indivíduos em situações de ações urgentes devido ao estado de necessidade. A criação de bancos e o emprego de novas tecnologias foram encorajados pela ONU - Organização das Nações Unidas para combater a fome, a inseguranca alimentar e o desperdicio de alimemtos. Entretanto, a falta de garantia de qualidade desses alimentos já no banco de alimentos restringem a doação integral desejada. Nesse sentido, a radiação ionizante com resultados comprovados e reconhecidos há mais de 50 anos, aplicada nos alimentos do banco trouxe resultados positivos nas amostras tratadas na cadeia logística do Banco Ceagesp de Alimentos (BCA), como aumento da validade e a possibilidade de oferecer às instituições alimentos processados no banco com mais uma etapa no processo de garantia de qualidade. Assim esse estudo teve como objetivo padronizar um questionário como intrumento de medição padrão para avaliação de aceitação e percepção dos individuos do BCA em relação ao tratamento de alimento por radiação ionizante e que também fosse um intrumento de divulgação de informação sobre essa tecnologia, tanto para essa pesquisa como para futuras pesquisas de avaliação de aceitação de irradiação de alimentos, pois não exite um questionário padrão para essa finalidade. Para a construção do questionário como instrumento de medida, foi realizada uma revisão abrangente e rigorosa da literatura. O questionário como instrumento de medida foi submetido ao comitê de ética em pesquisa e aprovado. Como resultado, o questionário conta de três partes, questões pessoais, questões assertivas e questões de múltiplas escolhas e, finalmente, uma questão informativa com o vídeo. O resultado positivo da digulgação do trabalhado realizado junto ao banco ficou evidenciado com mudança na aceitação de compra e consumo por alimentos irradiados que teve um incremento de 40% na população após o questionário. O teste não paramétrico para dados relacionados de Wilcoxon, revelou haver diferença estatística significante, entre as respostas da mesma população em relação ao tempo da pergunta , referente ao mesmo tema (p=0,038) antes e após intervenção com divulgação das finalidades e benefícios do Tratamento de alimentos por irradiação. Confirmados pelo teste de Mcnemar (p=0,03). Além disso, uma parceria entre a tecnologia disponível no IPEN/CNEN-SP e o banco de alimentos do Ceagesp está prevista para o próximo ano em 2019 para continuidade desse projeto. / Despite the poverty in the world, part of all food produced worldwide is wasted. The contrast of high food production in the world with hunger, food insecurity and food waste points to the need for combined actions such as the use of technologies as a solution to combat and eradicate hunger and food waste for the benefit of a dignified life and sustainable. Food banks have emerged around the world to receive food surpluses and pass them on to individuals in situations of urgent action due to the state of necessity. The creation of banks and the use of new technologies were encouraged by the United Nations to combat hunger, food insecurity and food waste. However, the lack of quality assurance of these foods already in the food bank restricts the desired integral donation. In this sense, the ionizing radiation with proven results that were recognized for more than 50 years, applied in the food of the bank, brought positive results in the samples treated in the chain of BCA, such as increased validity and the possibility to offer to the institutions processed foods in the bank with quality assurance. The purpose of this study was to standardize a questionnaire as a standard measurement instrument for the evaluation of acceptance and perception of the individuals of the bank in relation to the treatment of food by ionizing radiation and also as an instrument for the dissemination of information about this technology, both for this research, as well as for future research on the evaluation of acceptance of food irradiation, since there is no standard questionnaire for this purpose. For the construction of the questionnaire as a measurement instrument, a comprehensive and rigorous literature review was performed. The questionnaire as an instrument of measurement was submitted to the research ethics committee and approved. As a result, the questionnaire has three parts, personal questions, assertive questions and multiple choice issues, and finally an informative question with the video. The positive result of the work done at the bank was evidenced by a change in the acceptance of purchase and consumption of irradiated foods, which had a 40% increase in the population after the questionnaire. In addition, a partnership between the technology available at IPEN / CNEN-SP and Ceagesp\'s food bank is planned for next year in 2019 to continue this project.