The purpose of this study is to look at compulsive eaters' attitudes toward their feelings and also to study general attitudes toward fat and thinness in our society. This work was stimulated by Susie Orbach's (1978) reformulation of why women eat compulsively. Before reviewing her theory in detail, it seems useful to look at how overeating has been studied in the past. It is important to keep in mind that while Orbach is concerned with overeating, she is less concerned with overweight per ce (obesity), but rather with eating not related to physiological hunger. Thus obese individuals would be seen as a subset of compulsive eaters, with the other group consisting of those people who are at their normal weight but maintain this weight only through obsessing about their weight and dieting in general.

The stomachs of 183 bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) were collected from three Taiwanese longline vessels operating in the western Indian Ocean during the period from April to December 2006. Their fork lengths ranged from 89 cm to 198 cm. Distinguishable prey species, belonging to 28 families, consisted mostly of fishes, crustaceans, and cephalopods. Fourteen prey items were newly recorded, among them, five families (Anoplogastridae, Bothidae, Grammicolepididae, Pinguipedidae, and Sciaenidae) were firstly recorded as the diet of bigeye tuna. Two special dietary species were found for the first time. Oplophorus gracilirostris, the dominant numerical dietary species, had not been previously recorded; however, O. typus had been recorded in the past. The other special prey species found, Macrurocyttus acanthopodus (Grammicolepididae), was not only the first record in the stomach of bigeye tuna but also the first record in the Indian Ocean. The largest body length among prey species was 655 mm for an Alepisaurus ferox. The number of prey species appeared to decrease with the increasing size of the bigeye tuna, and larger Indian bigeye tuna tended to feed on larger prey species. In the stomachs of the bigeye tuna, Oplophorus gracilirostris was the most frequently found prey species (56.8%). The three numerical most dominant prey species were Oplophorus gracilirostris (38.2%), Charybdis smithii (8.8%), and Alepisaurus ferox (3.6%). In addition, the fish prey item, Alepisaurus ferox, had the highest percentage of prey weight. The total percentage of prey weight for prey fishes is similar to that reported in previous research, but the average weight of Alepisaurus ferox is heavier than the previous report. Additionally, the percentage of prey weight for Paralepididae is lower than the results of previous studies. Moreover, the occurrence and percentage of the number of Oplophorus gracilirostris are distinctly higher than the results of previous studies. These findings indicate that the percentage of mean preys number exist seasonal effect. Alepisaurus ferox was the most numerous prey in May to July; Oplophorus gracilirostris was the most numerous prey at 200 m depth in August to October 45¢XE to east; Charybdis smithii was the most numerous prey at 50 m depth in August to October 45¢XE to west. A possible reason to explain this phenomenon is that there are strong feeding migratory behavior in bigeye tuna.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-04-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:18:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pinto_tlf_me_botib.pdf: 10229682 bytes, checksum: e319a3314228da6cf44610341b2135ad (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / A composição da fauna de um riacho pode variar tanto em função de alterações sazonais em sua estrutura, como em função da presença ou ausência da mata ciliar, acarretando alterações na oferta de nichos e modificando a composição de espécies. Uma questão que tem sido pouco considerada em estudos de partilha de recursos no Brasil, sao mudanças no hábito alimentar, em função da disponibilidade de alimento e mudanças na escolha do alimento, em função de sua qualidade. Assim, a determinação da existência ou não de uma preferência alimentar pela ictiofauna de riachos permitiria uma análise das relarções tróficas entre os membros da comunidade, levando em conta os recursos disponíveis no ambiente e a seletividade alimentar das espécies. No presente trabalho, as comunidades de macroinvertebrados aquáticos e de peixes de um riacho de 3ª ordem situado no município de Itatinga (SP) foram estudadas com objetivo de verificar possíveis mudanças na estrutura destas comunidades e na seletividade alimentar dos peixes, em função de variações sazonais (estação seca-Junho/2006 e chuvosa-Dezembro/2006) e espaciais (presença ou ausência de mata ciliar). A partir de uma análise quantitativa da fauna bentônica em corredeiras e da dieta da ictiofauna, a preferência alimentar foi avaliada através da aplicação de índices de eletividade. Para a comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos foi observado um predomínio do filo Arthropoda, com destaque para a classe Insecta. Uma variação espacial e temporal foi verificada para os grandes grupos de macroinvertebrados bentônicos amostrados, com maiores valores de abundância, riqueza e elevada dominância de Insecta registrados para área aberta, durante a estação seca, e maiores valores de diversidade durante a estação chuvosa, nas duas áreas. A estrutura trófica da ictiofauna também variou espacial e sazonalmente... / The aim of this research was to describe the spatial and seasonal variations in the trophic structure of a stream fish community. The fishes were sampled on June 2006 (dry season) and December 2006 (rainy season), at an area shaded by a well-preserved riparian gallery forest (closed area) and at other area with herbaceous vegetation at the margin (open area). Macrophytes were abundant in the open area, covering the river bank and the bed. The diet analysis of the fish species sampled in the two areas showed a predominance of insectivores, mainly during the rainy season. Although aquatic insects were eaten by many species, leading to a high diet overlap between many pairs of species, differences related to the type (order/family) of insect consumed reduced this overlap. A more complex trophic structure was found in the open area during the rainy season, probably because of the great number of fish species and the high food resources availability. In the open area, the macrophytes were used as substrate by a diversified fauna. They also form an important barrier that traps the organic matter imported to the system from the upstream forested area. Seasonal and spatial variations of the fish diets emphasize the adaptability, greatflexibility and plasticity of their feeding habits and can be related to changes in the environmental complexity

No description available.

Orientador: Virgínia Sanches Uieda / Banca: Marcos Gomes Nogueira / Banca: Alaíde Gessner / Resumo: A composição da fauna de um riacho pode variar tanto em função de alterações sazonais em sua estrutura, como em função da presença ou ausência da mata ciliar, acarretando alterações na oferta de nichos e modificando a composição de espécies. Uma questão que tem sido pouco considerada em estudos de partilha de recursos no Brasil, sao mudanças no hábito alimentar, em função da disponibilidade de alimento e mudanças na escolha do alimento, em função de sua qualidade. Assim, a determinação da existência ou não de uma preferência alimentar pela ictiofauna de riachos permitiria uma análise das relarções tróficas entre os membros da comunidade, levando em conta os recursos disponíveis no ambiente e a seletividade alimentar das espécies. No presente trabalho, as comunidades de macroinvertebrados aquáticos e de peixes de um riacho de 3ª ordem situado no município de Itatinga (SP) foram estudadas com objetivo de verificar possíveis mudanças na estrutura destas comunidades e na seletividade alimentar dos peixes, em função de variações sazonais (estação seca-Junho/2006 e chuvosa-Dezembro/2006) e espaciais (presença ou ausência de mata ciliar). A partir de uma análise quantitativa da fauna bentônica em corredeiras e da dieta da ictiofauna, a preferência alimentar foi avaliada através da aplicação de índices de eletividade. Para a comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos foi observado um predomínio do filo Arthropoda, com destaque para a classe Insecta. Uma variação espacial e temporal foi verificada para os grandes grupos de macroinvertebrados bentônicos amostrados, com maiores valores de abundância, riqueza e elevada dominância de Insecta registrados para área aberta, durante a estação seca, e maiores valores de diversidade durante a estação chuvosa, nas duas áreas. A estrutura trófica da ictiofauna também variou espacial e sazonalmente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this research was to describe the spatial and seasonal variations in the trophic structure of a stream fish community. The fishes were sampled on June 2006 (dry season) and December 2006 (rainy season), at an area shaded by a well-preserved riparian gallery forest (closed area) and at other area with herbaceous vegetation at the margin (open area). Macrophytes were abundant in the open area, covering the river bank and the bed. The diet analysis of the fish species sampled in the two areas showed a predominance of insectivores, mainly during the rainy season. Although aquatic insects were eaten by many species, leading to a high diet overlap between many pairs of species, differences related to the type (order/family) of insect consumed reduced this overlap. A more complex trophic structure was found in the open area during the rainy season, probably because of the great number of fish species and the high food resources availability. In the open area, the macrophytes were used as substrate by a diversified fauna. They also form an important barrier that traps the organic matter imported to the system from the upstream forested area. Seasonal and spatial variations of the fish diets emphasize the adaptability, greatflexibility and plasticity of their feeding habits and can be related to changes in the environmental complexity / Mestre

Cette thèse vise à comprendre pourquoi une grande partie de la population malgache souffre de malnutrition alors que le pays est connu pour ses richesses en ressources naturelles, comme les feuilles de Moringa oleifera (MO). L’hypothèse principale est que la malnutrition est liée non seulement à la pauvreté, mais aussi aux croyances et comportements alimentaires. Une démarche en trois phases a été utilisée. La caractérisation nutritionnelle et sensorielle des poudres de MO a tout d’abord montré des variations des taux en protéine, lipides, acides aminés et gras, calcium, magnésium et fer et des propriétés organoleptiques en fonction du lieu d’origine de MO. Des études de croyances et pratiques alimentaires ont ensuite été réalisées dans deux régions en zones rurales et urbaines. Elles ont montré que les aliments glucidiques dominent dans l’alimentation. En revanche, les légumes-feuilles ne sont pas considérés comme nutritives. Les attitudes et comportements alimentaires sont plus basés sur les propriétés sanitaires des aliments que sur l’équilibre en nutriments et le caractère énergétique. Les facteurs déterminants le choix alimentaire de la population ont été identifiés:disponibilité, prix, pouvoir rassasiant, habitude et préférence. Enfin, quatre formulations combinant manioc et MO ont été évaluées par des enfants : le produit avec 1,2 % de poudre de MO et sucré est le plus accepté et choisi face aux autres qui contiennent moins de MO et non sucrés. Il serait possible de contribuer dans la lutte contre la malnutrition en proposant des produits pas chers et incorporant le MO avec des programmes d’éducations adaptés à chaque zone cible. / This work aims at understanding why a high proportion of Malagasy population suffer frommal nutrition, while Madagascar is rich on natural resources, like Moringa oleifera leaves (MO). The hypothesis is that malnutrition is related not only on poverty but also on food beliefs and behaviour. The studies integrating sociopsychology, food sciences and nutrition were conducted on three phases. First, nutritional and sensory characterizations of MO powder showed variations of protein, fat, amino acids, fatty acids, calcium, magnesium and iron contents and organoleptic proprieties depending on locations. Secondly, a study of food beliefs and practices was performed in two regions in urban and rural zones. It showed that Malagasy food is mostly based on carbohydrates foods and that leafy vegetables are not considered as nutritious. Food attitudes and behaviours were mostly based on sanitary proprieties of food than on the equilibrium of nutrients and the caloric characters. The determinants factors of food choice of the Malagasy population were identified: availability, price, satiating power, habit and preference. Finally, four formulations combining cassava roots and MO were evaluated by school age children: the sweet product with 1.2% of MO was the most accepted and chosen in front of the others containing less MO and not sweet. It is possible to contribute to fight against malnutrition by proposing cheap foods containing MO and by integrating information about MO in nutrition education programs adapted to each target area.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:58:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SAMANTA_WINCK_MADRUGA_dissertacao.pdf: 758831 bytes, checksum: 861d7f5231fc60c8a7680294bd36e0d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-10 / OBJECTIVE: To verify the prevalence of inadequate dietary fiber consumption habit and evaluate its association with socioeconomic, demographic and behavioral characteristics. DESIGN: A cross-sectional population-based study. SETTINGS: Pelotas-RS. The city holds nearly 320.000 inhabitants and is located in Southern Brazilian. SUBJECTS: A representative sample of the population was selected by a two-stage strategy; 3993 subjects (≥ 10 years) were interviewed. RESULTS: Sample was mostly female, white skin color and nearly 70% belonged to C socioeconomic level or lower. Inadequate dietary fiber consumption habit was positive for 65.6% (CI95% 64.2 67.1) of the sample. A higher prevalence was observed among men and teenagers. Adjusted analysis for the overall sample showed an association between inadequate fiber consumption habit and male, adolescents, lower socioeconomic level, current smoker, sufficiently active and people having under four daily meals. The age group-stratified analysis showed different associated factors. For the adolescents group, living alone was a risk factor to inadequate dietary fiber consumption, for the adults group sex (male), current smoker, sufficiently active and under four daily meals and, among the elderly just sex (male) and current smoker. Lower socioeconomic level was associated to the outcome in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: Inadequate fiber consumption habit is highly prevalent in the population. We must highlight that, although inadequate intake is very common, teenagers are at a higher risk, suggesting public health actions focusing this particular age group. Public health initiatives to improve eating patterns, concerning fiber consumption habits, must consider the contrast derived from associated factors. / O consumo diário de fibras faz parte do que se chama de uma dieta saudável . É um item alimentar importante na prevenção e controle de doenças crônicas tais como Diabete Mellitus, doenças do coração, colesterol e triglicerídeos elevados, além de ter papel fundamental no funcionamento do trânsito gastrointestinal prevenindo e tratando a prisão de ventre (constipação), complicação tão comum entre as pessoas atualmente. Além disso, um consumo ideal de fibras está cientificamente comprovado como fator auxiliar na perda de peso. O presente estudo investigou o hábito inadequado de consumo de fibras alimentares e seus fatores associados, na população de Pelotas-RS, como parte da dissertação de Mestrado em Epidemiologia pela Universidade Federal de Pelotas. A pesquisa ocorreu entre os meses de outubro e dezembro de 2005, quando 1507 domicílios de nossa cidade foram visitados. Desta forma, 3993 indivíduos com idade igual ou maior que 10 anos responderam ao questionário. A pesquisa mostrou que aproximadamente 65% da população não consome fibras alimentares adequadamente, sendo que os homens consomem menos alimentos ricos em fibras (71%) do que as mulheres (62%). A pesquisa mostra ainda que os adolescentes (10 - 19 anos) foram os que apresentaram maior percentual de hábito inadequado de consumo de fibras alimentares (78%) quando comparados aos adultos (64%) e aos idosos (55%). Os indivíduos de menor nível socioeconômico também 85 apresentaram maiores percentuais de consumo inadequado em relação aos níveis socioeconômicos mais altos. O trabalho ainda concluiu que fumar, ser sedentário, realizar menos de quatro refeições diárias e fazer refeições fora de casa, apresentam maiores riscos de consumir um dieta pobre em fibras alimentares. Sendo assim, recomenda-se que campanhas e programas de saúde pública sejam realizados no sentido de incentivar o consumo de alimentos ricos em fibras principalmente entre escolares e adolescentes pois existem evidências de que hábitos alimentares adquiridos na infância e adolescência podem ser precursores de hábitos saudáveis na vida adulta.