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Causes of food insecurity in Southern Africa : an assessmentAbdalla, Yousif Ismael 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric (Agricultural Economics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / Regional food security is considered one of the major challenges for the Southern African
Development Community (SADC) countries. SADC is one of the regions in the world currently
facing widespread transitory and chronic food insecurity (malnutrition), as well as persistent threats
of acute food insecurity (famine). The objective of this thesis, therefore, was to investigate and
assess the prevailing causes of food insecurity in Southern Africa.
The research revealed that transitory and chronic food insecurity (malnutrition) in the SADC region
exists due to the problems experienced with both the supply and demand sides of the food security
equation. However, though SADC has made limited attempts to tackle the problem of food
insecurity in the region, the Community did not appear to learn from the 1991/92 food insecurity
crisis when it recurred in 2001/02. This study consequently recommends that further investigations
take place into the primary data available in an attempt to address various issues relating to the
causes of food insecurity in Southern Africa in order to ensure long-term food security. Such issues
include the following: mobilising agriculture to increase food production rapidly enough to meet the
needs of the growing population of the region; bridging the prevailing gap between the public
actors, on the one side, and the private and informal actors, on the other, in order to deliver effective
food security services to the needy in the region; the designing of well-targeted food pricing
policies as an interim compromise between the social concerns relating to high and volatile food
prices and long-term economic growth and food security in the region; and the identification of the
role of women as food producers and agents of food security in the region.
On the supply side, the main food availability problems in the region lie on the agricultural level.
Low productivity and frequent disasters have been of a cyclic nature in SADC, leading to additional
difficulties with supplies. Such difficulties have been compounded by the inadequate political
support of the sector; a lack of investment therein; the instability of the world market; and an
increasingly unfair trade environment. Other major dimensions of the problem include: the
imposition of trade barriers, such as tariff, non-tariff and technical barriers, particularly the complex
and confusing tariff structure imposed by the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) countries
against other non-SACU SADC countries; the high cost of transport, especially in landlocked
countries, which has come about as a result of the weakening of the capacity and efficiency of the transport system in the region, due to a lack of investment in, as well as the poor performance of,
the transport sector. A lack of a diversified production structure in the SADC region was cited as
the main obstacle to the successful trade integration and economic development of the region.
Looking at the demand side, the main food access problems in the region consisted of a lack of food
entitlement (poverty) due to the weak economic growth resulting from unsuccessful macroeconomic
policies; a poor balance of payments situation; highly skewed patterns of income and
wealth distribution, resulting from maladministration due to short-sighted past colonial policies;
high levels of unemployment and land tenure insecurity; the failure of governance, both as regards a
lack of accountability and opposition to democratisation; and financial mismanagement. Rapid
population growth in the region resulted in an escalation in the demand for agricultural products, in
particular foodstuffs, and the reduced availability of arable land. The widespread preponderance of
Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) infection
was complicating the task of fighting hunger and undermining any attempts to strengthen the
livelihoods of the poor by depleting the adult agricultural labour potential in Southern Africa. A
lack of financial resources and institutional capacity (in the form of policy gaps) were the main
constraints to the implementation of successful poverty and food insecurity alleviation programmes
in the region, as comprehensive government intervention aimed at maintaining food security in the
region for most Southern Africans was unfeasible in the near future.
The research was conducted using the qualitative method of literature study, which proved a useful
descriptive and analytical framework for revealing significant causes of food insecurity prevailing
both in individual, households and at national levels in the SADC region. The study focused mainly
on the availability, and the ability to acquire, food, in an attempt to see how balance could be
achieved between the supply and demand sides of the food security equation by means of relevant
investigations. Documentary data were consulted in investigating the problem, in the light of the
fact that publications, such as books, academic journals and documents, illustrate the problem most
clearly.
In the planning of policy interventions, food insecurity in Southern Africa appears open to
improvement in the long term only if the actual income of households is increased, so that they can
afford to obtain enough food. Such improvement can take place in two ways: Firstly, by giving the
people who face transitory and chronic food insecurity the opportunity to earn enough to ensure that they can maintain an adequate food supply through domestic production, by improving agricultural
yield, and hence ensuring food security, at household level, and secondly, by means of the
facilitation of trade (in the form of food imports), by eliminating tariff, non-tariff and technical
barriers, and investing in the development of the transport infrastructure in the SADC region.
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African seed systems : the crises of food security and the rights of the farmer in Africa's globalising food regimeTaylor, Anthea Wedgwood January 2017 (has links)
A research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (International Relations), 2017 / Through a close reading of the changes that have occurred within African agriculture using Food Regime Theory, this study will attempt to further understand the impact that has been felt by small-scale farmers who are a dominant feature of African agriculture. This paper will seek to understand the influence that the increased corporatization of agriculture through globalization has had on the small-scale farmer in Africa. As agriculture has become more and more corporatized and commodi:ied, it becomes important to consider the changes that have occurred for those actors within the industry and how these changes will impact them. This paper is attempting to do that through a close reading of the changes that have taken place within an integral part of the agricultural process: the seed. / GR2018
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Growth and decline : understanding international food aid since 1993Jordaan, Eduard 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In 1993, international food aid reached a record high level, but by 1997 food aid had
fallen to its lowest level in more than two decades. Though the post-1993 decline of
food aid has been the dominant trend in food aid, there has also been a significant
growth in food aid during the period in question. This thesis aims to understand the
paradoxical, but parallel, growth and decline of food aid since 1993 from a neo-
Gramscian perspective. The neo-Gramscian approach to international relations is a
historically sensitive, non-deterministic Marxist perspective, normatively committed
to transformation towards a more just world order. This perspective assists us in
understanding the relative freedom enjoyed by the hegemon from the structural and
institutional constraints faced by other states. The neo-Gramscian approach is unique
in indicating the role of middle powers and international organisations in perpetuating
and legitimising the hegemonic order, whereby middle powers strongly support
international organisations. The decline of food aid occurred because agricultural
surplus availability has remained the most important factor determining food aid
levels, with food aid consequently declining as cereal prices increased after 1993.
Furthermore, the food aid regime has proved too weak to enforce a severing of the
link between food aid and agricultural surplus for most states, particularly the largest
food aid donor and hegemon, the United States. The growth of food aid has been the
result of the support given to relevant international organisations and agreements by
middle powers, despite middle powers initially having been manipulated into
participating in the food aid regime by the hegemonic United States. The possible
implications of the trends identified in this study for the future of food aid to Sub-
Saharan Africa, also enjoy consideration. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In 1993 het internasional voedselhulp 'n rekord hoogtepunt bereik, maar teen 1997
het voedselhulp geval tot die laagste vlak in meer as twee dekades. Alhoewel die post-
1993 afname van voedselhulp die uitstaande tendens in voedselhulp was tydens die
betrokke periode, het voedselhulp ook gegroei gedurende hierdie tydperk. Hierdie
tesis beoog om die teenstrydige, maar parallelle, groei en afname van voedselhulp
sedert 1993 te verstaan vanuit 'n neo-Gramsciaanse perspektief. Die neo-
Gramsciaanse benadering tot internasionale betrekkinge is 'n histories sensitiewe, niedeterministiese
Marxistiese perspektief, normatief verbind tot transformasie na 'n
meer regverdige wêreldorde. Hierdie perspektief help ons om die hegemoon se
relatiewe vryheid van die strukturele en institusionele beperkinge en struikelblokke
wat deur ander state in die gesig gestaar word, te verstaan. Die neo-Gramsciaanse
benadering is uniek in die klem wat dit plaas op die rol van middelslag-moondhede en
internasionale organisasies in die stabilisering en legitimering van die hegemoniese
orde. Die afname in voedselhulp het plaasgevind omdat die beskikbaarheid van
landbousurplus nog steeds die belangrikste bepalende faktor van voedselhulpvlakke
is, met 'n gevolglike afname in voedselhulp toe graanpryse gestyg het na 1993. Wat
meer is, die voedselhulpregime was te swak om 'n verbreking van die verband tussen
voedselhulp en landbousurplus af te dwing met betrekking tot die meeste
donateurstate, maar veral ten opsigte van die hegemoon en grootste donateur van
voedselhulp, die Verenigde State. Die groei van voedselhulp is te danke aan die
ondersteuning van die betrokke internasionale organisasies en ooreenkomste deur
middelslag-moondhede, alhoewel die hegemoniese Verenigde State middelslagmoondhede
aanvanklik moes manipuleer tot deelname aan die voedselhulpregime.
Die moontlike implikasies van die tendense geïdentifiseer in hierdie studie vir die
toekoms van voedselhulp na Sub-Sahara Afrika, geniet ook oorweging.
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The new partnership for Africa's development (NEPAD) and food security : reviewing the activities of the Comprehensive Africa Agrigulture Development Programme (CAADP)Olufunsho, R. T. 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) represents the New Partnership for Africa’s Developments’ (NEPAD) framework for revitalising Africa’s agriculture. Improving agricultural performance is at the heart of improved economic development and growth. NEPAD believes that agriculture will provide the engine for growth in Africa.
The CAADP framework was developed by the NEPAD Steering Committee in
collaboration with the Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations. It also includes the contributions of other institutions such as the International Fund for Agricultural Development (FAD), the World Food Programme (WFP), the World Bank, and the Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA). The CAADP focused on investments in four pillars that can make the earliest difference to Africa’s agricultural crisis. These mutually reinforcing pillars were expected to bring about improvements in terms of Africa’s agriculture, food security, and trade balance. This will ultimately enable Africa to reach its Millennium Development Goal of reducing hunger and
poverty by half by 2015 (WDR). For the purpose of this particular study, the first investment pillar, which is water and land management, will be scrutinised extensively, as this is critical to achieving the so much
talked about food security. The study will utilise both secondary and primary documents of NEPAD. More specifically the implemented water and irrigation projects in the East and West Africa countries will be reviewed to determine success in African agricultural development under NEPAD. It will identify specifically water management projects already implemented and those already
initiated, and find out whether the CAADP is set to deliver the Millennium Development Goal. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die ‘Omvattende Landbou Ontwikkelingsprogram’ (CAADP) is die raamwerk van NEPAD se pogings om Afrika se landbousektor te hergenereer. Verbeterde landbou is die kern van verbeterde ekonomiese groei en ontwikkeling in Afrika. Trouens, NEPAD glo dat landbou die dryfkrag van Afrika se ekonomiese groei sal wees. Die CAADP-raamwerk is ontwikkel deur NEPAD se leierskap, in noue samewerking met die Verenigde Nasies se Voedsel en Landbouorganisasie (FAO). Die raamwerk sluit ook in bydraes van ander liggame, soos die Internasionale Fonds vir Landbouontwikkeling (FAD), die Wêreldvoedselprogram (WFP), die Wêreldbank en die Forum vir Landbounavorsing in Afrika (FARA). Die CAADP fokus op vier investeringspilare wat Afrika se landboukrisis van onder af kan aanpak. Hierdie interafhanklike pilare is veronderstel om Afrika se landbou, voedselversorging en handelsbalans gelyktydig aan te pak. Hierdie stappe behoort te help dat Afrika die Millennium Ontwikkelingsoogmerk (nl. ‘n halvering van honger teen 2015) te
bereik. In hierdie studie val die klem op die eerste pilaar, nl. water en grondbestuur, as voorwaarde vir voedselsekuriteit. Die studie maak gebruik van sowel primêre en sekondêre dokumentasies van NEPAD, met besondere fokus op water en besproeiingsprojekte in Oos- en Wes-Afrika. Daar word gekyk na spesifieke projekte wat reeds bestaan en wat geïnisieer is, ten einde die sukses van CAADP te bepaal.
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Agriculture under the Doha Round and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa.Hailu, Martha Belete January 2005 (has links)
The objectives of the research was to critically analyse arguments for and against agricultural trade liberalization and its impact on food security, investigating the nexus between the three pillars of agriculture and food security, considering how the Agreement on Agriculture and the Food Aid Convention addressed the concerns that were raised by the different parties during the negotiation period, and finally it considered how the current multilateral negotiations in agriculture can provide a secure framework within which developing African countries can pursue effective policies to ensure their food security.
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Agriculture under the Doha Round and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa.Hailu, Martha Belete January 2005 (has links)
The objectives of the research was to critically analyse arguments for and against agricultural trade liberalization and its impact on food security, investigating the nexus between the three pillars of agriculture and food security, considering how the Agreement on Agriculture and the Food Aid Convention addressed the concerns that were raised by the different parties during the negotiation period, and finally it considered how the current multilateral negotiations in agriculture can provide a secure framework within which developing African countries can pursue effective policies to ensure their food security.
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Implications of environmental educators' perceptions regarding the use of genetically modified crops towards sustainable developmentLe Roux, Stephanus Jacobus 30 November 2004 (has links)
Genetically modified (GM) crops gained attention in southern Africa as countries are struggling with food insecurity and poverty to achieve sustainable development. The controversy around GM crops have provoked heated debates. GM crops are often perceived as a global risk to human health and the environment. The research question is what are the perceptions of environmental educators regarding the use of GM crops toward sustainable development. In the Decade of Education for Sustainable Development environmental educators will need to be key role players in addressing crucial issues such as GM crops. Their perceptions hold many implications for educational programmes. Environmental educators interviewed perceive GM crops as a serious issue. As mediators in a multidisciplinary setting between science and society, environmental educators can play a functional role. Open processes that require greater participation, criticality and reflexivity need to be facilitated in a complex biophysical and social context in southern Africa. / Educational Studies / M. Ed.(Environmental Education)
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Implications of environmental educators' perceptions regarding the use of genetically modified crops towards sustainable developmentLe Roux, Stephanus Jacobus 30 November 2004 (has links)
Genetically modified (GM) crops gained attention in southern Africa as countries are struggling with food insecurity and poverty to achieve sustainable development. The controversy around GM crops have provoked heated debates. GM crops are often perceived as a global risk to human health and the environment. The research question is what are the perceptions of environmental educators regarding the use of GM crops toward sustainable development. In the Decade of Education for Sustainable Development environmental educators will need to be key role players in addressing crucial issues such as GM crops. Their perceptions hold many implications for educational programmes. Environmental educators interviewed perceive GM crops as a serious issue. As mediators in a multidisciplinary setting between science and society, environmental educators can play a functional role. Open processes that require greater participation, criticality and reflexivity need to be facilitated in a complex biophysical and social context in southern Africa. / Educational Studies / M. Ed.(Environmental Education)
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Die voedselparadoks : 'n ondersoek na vraagstukke rondom voedselsekuriteit in Suid-AfrikaKotzé, Derica Alba 11 1900 (has links)
Text in Afrikaans / Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Miljoene mense ervaar voedselonsekerheid en een uit elke 50 hanger mense is woonagtig in Suid Afrika. Daar is genoeg voedsel op ons planeet om elke mens van 'n voldoende voorraad voedsel te verseker; dit waarborg egter nie voedselsekuriteit aan almal nie. Dit is die voedselparadoks: ondanks globale surplusproduksie van voedsel, ly miljoene mense wereldwyd aan wanvoeding en honger, maar veral in die ontwikkelende lande. Suid-Afrika is geen uitsondering nie en ten spyte van selfvoorsiening in voedsel, balanseer die voedselgelykstelling nie. Daar bestaan 'n ekstreme gaping tussen die produksie en verbruik van voedsel. Gevolglik is die probleem wat nagevors is in hierdie studie die gebrek aan voedselsekuriteit binne 'n wereldkonteks met voedselsurplusse en hoe dit reflekteer in Suid-Afrika. Teen hierdie agtergrond is daar 'n studie gedoen van die oorsake van
voedselonsekerheid en die teoriee en verduidelikings van hongersnood.
Die fokus van hierdie navorsingstudie is drieledig van aard. Eerstens fokus dit op 'n konseptuele ondersoek na hanger, armoede, voedselsekuriteit en hongersnood in Afrika. Tweedens is ondersoek ingestel na die oorsake vir die gebrek aan voedselsekuriteit in Afrika. Derdens is daar gefokus op Suid-Afrika en is 'n ondersoek gedoen na die voorkoms van hanger, wanvoeding, armoede en die nasionale konteks van voedselsekuriteit met die doel om vraagstukke daaromheen te identifiseer. Daar is bevind dat voedselsekuriteit bepaal word deur die beskikbaarheid van voedsel (aanbod) en die vermoe van mense om dit te bekom (aanvraag). Dit blyk dat die ontwikkelingsproses, regeringsbeleid, ekologiese omgewing en tegnologie, wetenskap en navorsing 'n direkte invloed het op die voedselsekuriteit van mense, en dat Suid-Afrika nie verskil van ander Afrikalande in hierdie
verband nie. Hoewel Suid-Afrika voedselselfvoorsiening bereik het, ly miljoene mense honger weens
armoede en die gebrek aan aansprake wat bydra tot 'n gebrek aan voedselsekuriteit. Die studie toon
dat die Suid-Afrikaanse regering verskeie beleidsmaatreels in plek het ter bevordering van
voedselsekuriteit, maar dat dit nie in die praktyk verwesenlik word nie. / Millions of people in the world experience food insecurity and one out ofevery 50 hungry people lives in South Africa. There is enough food on our planet to assure every person of an adequate supply of food; however, this does not guarantee food security for all. This is the food paradox: despite a global surplus production of food, millions of people experience malnutrition and hunger all over the world, but especially in the developing countries. South Africa is no exception and despite self-sufficiency in food, the food equation is not balanced. An extreme gap exists between the production and consumption of food. Consequently, the problem researched in this study is the lack of food security in a world context with surplus food and how this is reflected in South Africa. Against this background a study was undertaken of the causes of food insecurity and the theories and explanations of famine.
The focus of this research study is threefold. Firstly it focuses on a conceptual enquiry intohunger, poverty, food security and famine in Africa. Secondly there is an enquiry into the causes of the lack of food security in Africa. Thirdly it focuses on South Africa and an enquiry is done into the incidence of hunger, malnutrition and poverty, and into the national context of food security with the aim of identifying relevant problems in food security.
It was found that food security is determined by the availability of food (supply) and the
capability of people to obtain it (demand). It appears that the development process, government policy,
ecological environment and technology, science and research directly affect the food security of people, and that South Africa does not differ from other African countries in this regard. Although South Africa has achieved food self-sufficiency, millions of people experience hunger because of poverty and the lack of entitlements. The study shows that the South African government has various policy measures for the promotion of food security in place, but that food security does not materialise in practice. / Development Studies / D.Litt. et Phil. (Ontwikkelingsadministrasie)
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Die voedselparadoks : 'n ondersoek na vraagstukke rondom voedselsekuriteit in Suid-AfrikaKotzé, Derica Alba 11 1900 (has links)
Text in Afrikaans / Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Miljoene mense ervaar voedselonsekerheid en een uit elke 50 hanger mense is woonagtig in Suid Afrika. Daar is genoeg voedsel op ons planeet om elke mens van 'n voldoende voorraad voedsel te verseker; dit waarborg egter nie voedselsekuriteit aan almal nie. Dit is die voedselparadoks: ondanks globale surplusproduksie van voedsel, ly miljoene mense wereldwyd aan wanvoeding en honger, maar veral in die ontwikkelende lande. Suid-Afrika is geen uitsondering nie en ten spyte van selfvoorsiening in voedsel, balanseer die voedselgelykstelling nie. Daar bestaan 'n ekstreme gaping tussen die produksie en verbruik van voedsel. Gevolglik is die probleem wat nagevors is in hierdie studie die gebrek aan voedselsekuriteit binne 'n wereldkonteks met voedselsurplusse en hoe dit reflekteer in Suid-Afrika. Teen hierdie agtergrond is daar 'n studie gedoen van die oorsake van
voedselonsekerheid en die teoriee en verduidelikings van hongersnood.
Die fokus van hierdie navorsingstudie is drieledig van aard. Eerstens fokus dit op 'n konseptuele ondersoek na hanger, armoede, voedselsekuriteit en hongersnood in Afrika. Tweedens is ondersoek ingestel na die oorsake vir die gebrek aan voedselsekuriteit in Afrika. Derdens is daar gefokus op Suid-Afrika en is 'n ondersoek gedoen na die voorkoms van hanger, wanvoeding, armoede en die nasionale konteks van voedselsekuriteit met die doel om vraagstukke daaromheen te identifiseer. Daar is bevind dat voedselsekuriteit bepaal word deur die beskikbaarheid van voedsel (aanbod) en die vermoe van mense om dit te bekom (aanvraag). Dit blyk dat die ontwikkelingsproses, regeringsbeleid, ekologiese omgewing en tegnologie, wetenskap en navorsing 'n direkte invloed het op die voedselsekuriteit van mense, en dat Suid-Afrika nie verskil van ander Afrikalande in hierdie
verband nie. Hoewel Suid-Afrika voedselselfvoorsiening bereik het, ly miljoene mense honger weens
armoede en die gebrek aan aansprake wat bydra tot 'n gebrek aan voedselsekuriteit. Die studie toon
dat die Suid-Afrikaanse regering verskeie beleidsmaatreels in plek het ter bevordering van
voedselsekuriteit, maar dat dit nie in die praktyk verwesenlik word nie. / Millions of people in the world experience food insecurity and one out ofevery 50 hungry people lives in South Africa. There is enough food on our planet to assure every person of an adequate supply of food; however, this does not guarantee food security for all. This is the food paradox: despite a global surplus production of food, millions of people experience malnutrition and hunger all over the world, but especially in the developing countries. South Africa is no exception and despite self-sufficiency in food, the food equation is not balanced. An extreme gap exists between the production and consumption of food. Consequently, the problem researched in this study is the lack of food security in a world context with surplus food and how this is reflected in South Africa. Against this background a study was undertaken of the causes of food insecurity and the theories and explanations of famine.
The focus of this research study is threefold. Firstly it focuses on a conceptual enquiry intohunger, poverty, food security and famine in Africa. Secondly there is an enquiry into the causes of the lack of food security in Africa. Thirdly it focuses on South Africa and an enquiry is done into the incidence of hunger, malnutrition and poverty, and into the national context of food security with the aim of identifying relevant problems in food security.
It was found that food security is determined by the availability of food (supply) and the
capability of people to obtain it (demand). It appears that the development process, government policy,
ecological environment and technology, science and research directly affect the food security of people, and that South Africa does not differ from other African countries in this regard. Although South Africa has achieved food self-sufficiency, millions of people experience hunger because of poverty and the lack of entitlements. The study shows that the South African government has various policy measures for the promotion of food security in place, but that food security does not materialise in practice. / Development Studies / D.Litt. et Phil. (Ontwikkelingsadministrasie)
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