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Yes / The study extends customer-led co-creation research to the related staff-led value co-creation domain. In particular, the purpose of the study is to investigate the role of staff engagement as a facilitator of staff-led value co-creation. Design/methodology/approach: A new conceptual framework develops a model of staff-led value-creation, using three types of staff-led co-creation. A quantitative approach is used. Survey collection yielded a sample of 1165 employees in an Australian not-for-profit context across nineteen organizations. AMOS SEM (Structural Equation Modelling) analyzes the data. Findings: A major finding is the nexus between staff engagement and staff-led value co-creation. The nexus applies for three types of staff-led co-creation and three staff categories. Different explanatory mechanisms apply to each type of staff-led value co-creation. Research Limitations/implications: The not-for-profit context may not generalize to the for-profit sector, but future research could clarify this matter. Practical implications: The results can inform organizations wishing to create greater service contributions through greater staff participation, which can include a staff-initiating (staff-led) role. Different value co-creation targets require different corporate triggers, reflecting the different explanatory mechanisms of each co-creation type. Social Implications: The not-for-profit context provides major social implications. Originality/value: The emphasis on staff-led value co-creation augments the customer-led co-creation literature. Additionally, exploring the (staff) engagement to (staff) value co-creation nexus is a novel contribution.

No / Organizations in the not-for-profit (NFP) sector are increasingly collaborating with other organizations to mutually raise overall joint value created. However, literature on inter-organizational collaborations in the NFP sector lacks a clear, empirically proven understanding about which factors drive such joint value creation and whether and how these factors and their effects differ for the two parties involved. Based on the relational view and an analysis of 121 partnership dyads, we identify that some factors governing the successful creation of joint value differ for the two partners while others are relevant to both parties. Those latter factors, in turn, differ in their effects on the respective outcome.

This work is aimed to find out what are the motives of people to cross from for-profit to non- profit sector and what life experiences and opinions of those who work in both sectors are. The work examines whether the sectors are different (and how) and whether they can feel some change after being and working in both sectors. Conceptual section places the issue in a broader context, which presents key concepts related to the topic. This explained through the literature, while also bringing some research on work motivation. In the empirical part I analyze the testimony of five respondents, with analysis divided into four thematic blocks. I analyze here the start of their careers, how they feel about career as a word, what means to them. After that I analyze their motives to cross from for-profit to the nonprofit sector, as well as their own comparison between the two sectors. In the last part of my work I slightly analyze their philosophy of life and I also ask about the career and how they think their career could continue. In other chapters, I bring my research results and their comparison with the submitted literature.

This study uses the competing Burton Clark's "Cooling Out Theory" and Daniel Bell's "Theory of the Postindustrial Economy" to examine the function that for-profit colleges and universities (FPCUs) play in American higher education and how it is different from non-profit traditional colleges and universities (TCUs). This was done through three sections of analysis. The first examined if students who enroll at these FPCUs are less academically prepared than those attending non-profit traditional colleges or universities. The second tested if academic preparedness is associated with postsecondary performance at FPCUs to the same degree it is at TCUs. The final section of analysis looked at FPCU graduates to see if they have different short-term job outcomes when compared to traditional college graduates. This research utilizes The Beginning Postsecondary Survey 2009- a restricted-use longitudinal data set produced by the National Center for Education Statistics that followed 16,700 first-time college enrollees from 2003 until 2009. This data set includes information on student demographics, academic performance, enrollment history, and job outcomes. The results of this study indicated that when compared to traditional college students, FPCU students are less likely to be academically prepared for college and are more frequently characterized by risk factors that previous research has shown makes it less likely they will complete their degree. This research also found that unlike TCUs, high school academic performance is not associated with post-secondary performance or likelihood of degree attainment at FPCUs. Finally, it was observed that FPCU graduates were less likely to have jobs related to their degree and earned less income than TCU graduates, but had about the same degree of job satisfaction.

Sociala medier har blivit en stor del av människors vardag och ger därmed en stor möjlighet för organisationer och företag att nå ut till fler människor. Trots att organisationer har haft några år på sig att hitta strategier anpassade till just sociala medier så är det fortfarande många som ser det som ytterligare en kanal till att endast informera och marknadsföra istället för att använda det till att skapa relationer med publiken. Den här uppsatsen har därför som syfte att undersöka hur Friends, som är en icke-vinstdrivande organisation, kommunicerar på Facebook för att bygga och vårda relationer med deras publik. En relation mellan organisation och publik grundas ur ett gemensamt intresse för varandra och ett ömsesidigt engagemang. Studien utgår från teorier kring sociala medier, engagemang, dialog och relationsskapande kommunikation för att skapa en större förståelse för hur en icke-vinstdrivande organisation använder Facebook som en relationsskapande kommunikationskanal. De metoder som använts i studien är en kvantitativ innehållsanalys för att få en övergripande bild över innehållet på Friends Facebook-sida och på vilket sätt det engagerar publiken och en kvalitativ innehållsanalys för att djupare analysera hur Friends kommunicerar för att skapa relation och engagera publiken och hur de hanterar dialogen i kommentarsfältet. Med hjälp av metoderna har Friends Facebook-sida studerats i form av inlägg, kommentarer till inlägg, gillningar, delningar och bemötandet av kommentarer. Resultatet av analysen visar att Friends till viss del använder Facebook för att nå ut med information kring organisationen och dess syfte, men att de även till stor del anänder Facebook för att engagera publiken på olika sätt. Detta görs genom att bland annat uppmana publiken att själva gå ut och bidra till ett bättre samhälle och genom underhållande och glädjande budskap som är kopplade till organisationens värderingar. Friends använder sig av många relationsskapande element i inläggen som att tacka och uppmärksamma publiken, personliga tilltal och omtal samt värdeladdade ord. De bemöter också olika typer av kommentarer på ett sätt som är anpassat till kommentaren vilket gör att de efterliknar en riktigt dialog. I de flesta svar använder Friends ett personligt bemötande och en personlig signatur som underlättar för fortsatt dialog. / Social media has become a big part of people's daily lives and therefore provides a great opportunity for organizations and businesses to reach out to more people. Although organizations have had a few years to find strategies adapted to social media, there are still many who see it as another channel to merely informing and market instead of using it to create relationships with the audience. This essay aims therefore to examine how Friends, who is a non-profit organization, communicate on Facebook to build and nurture relationships with their audiences. A relationship between the organization and the audience are based on a shared interest in each other and a mutual commitment. The study is based on theories of social media, engagement, dialogue and relationship-building communications to create a greater understanding of how a not-for-profit organisation use Facebook as a relationship-building communications channel. The methods used in the study is a quantitative content analysis to get an overall picture of the content of Friends Facebook page and the way it engages the audience and a qualitative content analysis to deeper analyze how Friends communicates to create relationship and engage their audience and how they handle the dialogue in the comment field. With the help of the methods, Friends Facebook page where studied in the form of posts, comments to posts, likes, shares, and answers to comments. The results of the analysis show that Friends partly are using Facebook to reach out with information about the organization and its purpose, but also use Facebook to engage the audiences in different ways. This is done by, among other things, encourage the audience to go out and contribute to a better society themselves and through entertaining and gratifying message that is linked to the organization's values. Friends uses many relationship-building elements in posts like giving thanks and recognize the audience, personal addressing and emotionally charged words. They also treat different kinds of comments in a way that is tailored to the commentary, which means that they mimic a real dialogue. In many of the comments Friends uses a personal approach and a personal signature that facilitates continued dialogue.

Guided by the conceptual framework of self-directed learning and culture, this study investigated the effectiveness of Title IV private, for-profit colleges and universities (FPCUs). Little research has examined this topic, which is problematic considering the disproportionate rate of student loan defaults experienced by Black FPCU borrowers. A phenomenological design was used to explore the meaning of academic achievement for Black doctorate recipients who attained a doctorate in psychology through an FPCU. This study specifically examined how Black students experience the completion of doctoral psychology programs at 2 FPCUs and what factors contributed to these students finishing their degrees. A unique-criterion-purposive sample of 7 Black students who completed doctoral psychology programs at FPCUs within the past 5 years was recruited to participate in telephone interviews. Moustakas' data analysis steps were applied to the data. The results indicated that study participants saw an association between attaining their doctorates in psychology and their self-actualization. They shared the experiences of selecting a suitable FPCU, choosing a specialty area, negotiating transfer credits, completing the doctoral coursework phase, and completing the dissertation phase. Their commitment to achieving self-actualization was a salient experience in finishing their degrees. A core aspect of self-actualization was their cultural knowledge, which helped them to overcome challenges and persevere. However, the results uncovered some insufficiencies in the FPCUs' practices. They have implications for positive social change by highlighting how FPCU academic support services might use cultural knowledge and self-actualization strategies to maximize the successful matriculation of Black students.

由於台灣幅員狹小，經濟發展則以出口為導向。過去，我國經濟發展策略均偏向於勞 力密集工業，所以企業規模均不太大。目前，基於經濟現況之需要，攻府正積極鼓勵 發展技術密集之產業，因此亟須加強獎勵營利事業之合併，以增強外銷競爭能力。 經濟發展與工業技術能力之提昇，而要一個賦稅環境與之配合，而賦稅環境決定於政 府賦稅政策。目前我國對企業合併租稅之獎勵，不但無法配合現階段之經濟發展，而 且對合併之事業而言，僅具消極意義，殊難發揮積極獎勵效果。因此，本文擬就現行 我國對企業合併租稅徵免之規定並參酌美、日等先進國家之規定，分成七章十五節， 逐一來探討並剖析其利弊得失，俾益於未來修訂之參考，以促進改善我國企業之結構 並增強對外競爭能力。