Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / With the aim of develop a computational tool for thermodynamic optimization of heat exchangers, a computational code was implemented to solve the Navier-Stokes equations in an axisymmetric domain using the finite volume method and central differencing with Runge-Kutta explicit temporal advance and pressure-velocity coupling of fractional step type. This work presents results of the numeric simulation of the fully developed flow with heat transfer in a tube of circular section with ribs or obstacles, periodically spaced in the flow direction. The simulations were carried out in two regimes, laminar and turbulent, out of the completely rough region, and in four different geometries. In the cases with the high Reynolds number, the Smagorinsky subgrid model with damping function was used to include the effects of the quasi-two-dimensional scales not solved. In both cases, the primitive variables were decomposed to use periodic boundary conditions in the flow direction and non-slip boundary conditions in the walls. The results obtained in laminar regime are satisfactory. In the turbulent regime the results show the deficiency of the Smagorinsky subgrid model, when it is applied in two-dimensional domains. / Com o objetivo de desenvolver uma ferramenta computacional que permita a otimização termodinâmica de trocadores de calor, foi implementado um código computacional para resolver as equações de Navier-Stokes num domínio axissimétrico, usando o método dos volumes finitos e diferenças centradas, com esquema temporal explícito de Runge Kutta e acoplamento pressão-velocidade do tipo passo fracionário. Neste trabalho são apresentados resultados da simulação numérica de escoamentos completamente desenvolvidos e com troca de calor, em um tubo de seção circular com nervuras ou obstáculos periodicamente espaçados na direção do escoamento. As simulações foram feitas em dois regimes, laminar e turbulento, fora da região completamente rugosa, e para quatro geometrias diferentes. Nos casos com números de Reynolds mais elevados, foi empregado o modelo de turbulência sub-malha de Smagorinsky com função de amortecimento, para incluir os efeitos das escalas quase bidimensionais não-resolvidas. Em ambos os casos, as variáveis primitivas foram decompostas para empregar condições de contorno periódicas na direção do escoamento e de não-escorregamento nas paredes. Os resultados obtidos em regime laminar são satisfatórios e, em regime turbulento, mostram a deficiência do modelo sub-malha de Smagorinsky, quando aplicado em domínios bidimensionais. / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Este trabalho tem como propósito investigar através do método Design Construtal a influência do espaçamento (S0) entre cilindros de seção transversal elíptica na maximização da densidade de transferência de calor em um escoamento externo sob efeito de convecção forçada. A razão de aspecto (r) entre os eixos vertical e horizontal dos cilindros elípticos também é um parâmetro avaliado. O estudo proposto é assumido bidimensional, incompressível, laminar e permanente. O regime de escoamento é dirigido por uma diferença de pressão ΔP, que se mantém através do domínio e é governada pelo número de Bejan (Be). Foram avaliados escoamentos com quatro diferentes números de Bejan, Be = 102, 103, 5.103, 104. O fluido que escoa através do domínio possui as propriedades termofisicas definidas pelo número de Prandtl, Pr = 0,72. O método Design Construtal, associado à busca exaustiva, foi empregado para determinar as restrições, graus de liberdade e o objetivo na avaliação geométrica do sistema A solução numérica das equações de conservação de massa, quantidade de movimento e energia foram resolvidas baseadas no método de volumes finitos, através do código comercial de dinâmica dos fluidos computacional FLUENT®. As geometrias e malha do domínio computacional foram desenvolvidas no pacote GAMBIT®. Como resultados, obteve-se que os casos ótimos apresentaram resultados consideravelmente melhores do que as demais configurações, onde se obteve ganhos de desempenho na densidade de transferência de calor de 50% a 97% em relação às configurações de menor desempenho estudadas. Além disso, foi possível verificar que o sistema adapta sua geometria ótima para cada condição de escoamento, a fim de proporcionar a melhor arquitetura de fluxo para atender ao objetivo térmico de maximizar a transferência de calor em um menor espaço físico, atendendo os princípios da Teoria Construtal. / This work investigates, through the Construtal Design method, the influence of the spacing (S0) between cylinders with elliptic cross in the maximization of the heat transfer density in an external flow with forced convection. The aspect ratio (r) between the vertical and horizontal axes of the elliptical cylinders is also evaluated. The proposed study is assumed twodimensional, incompressible, laminar and permanent. The flow regime is directed by a pressure difference ΔP, which is governed by the Bejan number (Be). The flows were evaluated for different values of the Bejan number, Be = 102, 103, 5.103, 104. The fluid flowing through the domain has its thermophysical properties defined by Prandtl number, Pr = 0.72. The Construtal Design method, associated with the exhaustive search, was used to determine the restrictions, degrees of freedom and objective in the geometric evaluation of the system. The numerical solution of the mass conservation, momentum and energy equations is solved based on the finite volume method, using the commercial fluid dynamics software FLUENT ®. The geometries and mesh of the computational domain were developed in the GAMBIT® package. The results show that the optimal cases performs considerably better than the other configurations, with an increase in the heat transfer density of 50% to 97% in comparison to the performance of lower level cases studied. In addition, it was possible to verify that the system adapts its optimal geometry to every flow condition in order to provide a better flow architecture that meets the thermal objective of maximizing a heat transfer in a smaller physical space in agreement with the principles of the Constructal Theory.

Orientador: Marcelo Moreira Ganzarolli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-22T20:18:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Avelar_AnaCristina_M.pdf: 5757345 bytes, checksum: ab66436b252ec7b8b48d4756dd9e7f42 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1997 / Resumo: Os constantes avanços tecnológicos em eletrônica e informática tem tornado os sistemas eletrônicos cada vez mais compactos, aumentando-se a quantidade de calor a ser removida dos componentes e placas de circuito impresso. Por este motivo, atualmente são exigidos sistemas de dissipação de calor altamente eficientes. Este estudo analisa teórica e experimentalmente a transferência de calor em canais verticais formados por placas de circuito impresso dispostas paralelamente, resfriadas por convecção natural e propõe uma modelagem, baseada em relações existentes na literatura, que busca prever a distribuição de temperaturas em pontos significativos nos canais e placas em função da potência dissipada e da distância entre as placas. Este estudo visa também analisar os efeitos do aquecimento não-uniforme das placas que formam o canal. Na simulação teórica, devido à pequena espessura da placa o gradiente de temperatura ao longo da espessura da mesma foi desprezado e resolveu-se numericamente a equação de transferência de calor em coordenadas cartesianas bidimensionais e em regime permanente. Equacionou-se balanços de energia para os componentes e para o ar no canal e o problema foi resolvido numericamente através de um programa computacional. As placas de circuito impresso utilizadas nos testes experimentais, concebidas exclusivamente para fins de estudos térmicos, possuem uma base de epóxi com 25 resistores discretamente distribuídos sobre sua superfície de 200x164mm. Realizou-se testes com aquecimento uniforme e não-uniforme, variando-se a potência por componentes nas placas. Variou-se também as potências por placas e as distâncias entre as mesmas. Testou-se as potências de 2, 4,6 e 8 W e as distâncias entre placas de 12,24, e 48mm. Verificou-se boa concordância entre os resultados numéricos e experimentais, principalmente para a menor distância entre placas, 12 mm, onde a diferença entre os resultados teóricos e experimentais foi muito pequena / Abstract: The constant technological advances in electronics and computations have made the electronic system increasingly more compact, thus increasing the amount of heat to be removed ITomthe components and printed circuit boards. For this reason, highly efficient system of heat removal are presently required. This study analyses both theoretically and experimentallyheat transfer in an array of vertical parallel printed circuit boards, cooled off by natural convection and proposes a modeling, based on correlation found in literature which tries to predict temperature distribution in significant places in the channels and boards as regards dissipated power and distance among boards. This study also aims at analyzing nonuniform heating effets of the channel made boards. In the theoritical simulation, due to the board' s small thickness, the temperature gradient across the board has been neglected, and the equation of heat transfer in two-dimensional Cartesian was numericallysolved, and on a steady state. Energy balances for the componentes were formulated, and the problem was numerically solved by a computer programo The printed circuit boards used in the experimental tests, manufactured speciallyfor heat trasnfer studies have an epoxy basis with 25 resistors discretely distributed on 200 x 164 mm. Uniform and non-uniform heating tests were performed, thus a variation of power and distance among them had a variation. The 2, 4, 6 and 8 W power and distance among 12, 24 and 48 mm boards were tested. Good agreements between numerical and experimentalresults were observed, mainlyfor the smaller distance among boards, 12 mm, the differencesbetween the theoretical and experimentalresults were small / Mestrado / Termica e Fluidos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

La présente étude vise à comprendre les écoulements ainsi que les transferts de chaleur par convection dans une configuration représentative d’un moteur de traction automobile. La zone d’étude est constituée d’un stator extérieur lisse et fixe et d’un rotor intérieur tournant. Deux géométries de rotor ont été étudiées : un rotor cylindrique et un rotor encoché. Un écoulement axial est superposé à l’écoulement produit par la rotation. Pour le rotor lisse, des mesures ont été réalisées pour des valeurs du nombre de Reynolds axial de 2500 à 13900 et de rotation de 1250 à 4000. Pour le rotor encoché, le nombre de Reynolds axial varie également de 2500 à 13900 et le nombre de Reynolds de rotation de 5000 à 26000. Les mesures de vitesse réalisées par PIV au sein des encoches montrent un écoulement tourbillonnaire contrarotatif complexe. Dans la zone d’entrée, on peut noter une forte interaction entre l’écoulement des encoches et celui provenant des zones polaires. Les résultats thermiques obtenues par thermographie infrarouge sur le rotor encoché montrent que les transferts thermiques augmentent avec l’augmentation du nombre de Reynolds axial mais l’influence de la vitesse de rotation est plus complexe. Enfin, la comparaison des résultats thermiques entre rotors lisse et encoché, a permis de mieux comprendre l’effet des encoches sur le refroidissement global. / The present work aimed to experimentally study the flow and heat transfer in a configuration corresponding to the gap of an automotive electrical motor (a thin airlayer between the rotating (rotor) and stationary (stator) parts.) Two rotor geometries are studied: one cylindrical and the other one with four slots which reproduce a synchronous motor used in automotive traction. An axial flow is superimposed to the rotation flow thanks to a ventilation system. The two most important parameters are axial Reynolds number and rotational Reynolds number. Velocity measurements are performed by PIV and heat transfer by infrared thermography coupled with heated thin foils. A complex counter rotational vortex flow has been recorded in the slots. Moreover, this slot flow seems to interact with the pole flow in the inlet region. This interaction seems to disappear rapidly after entrance area. Heat transfer rate is 3D, with great differences between the two slots faces and the pole. Classically, heat transfer rate grows with increasing axial Reynolds number. The relation between heat transfer rate and rotation Reynolds number is more complex

This thesis consists of description of design and construction of device for measuring air velocity created in it´s practical part. In introduction is mentioned basic theoretical information related to given problem, in the next chapters is descripted design and construction of measuring device along with description of calibration proces. At the end is placed chapter about testing the final device.

This Ph.D. thesis is focused on theory and experimental investigations developing of new knowledge about polymeric hollow fiber heat exchanger (PHFHE). The state-of-the-art study of plastic heat exchangers shows that their usage is limited by several niches where their advantages significantly dominates, or where the use of non-plastic competitors is not impossible. On the other hand, plastic heat exchangers (and PHFHEs in particular) are devices of increasing interest. It is shown that use of small tubes (fibers) allows PHFHEs to be more competitive than conventional plastic heat exchangers. Small hydraulic diameter of a fiber causes high heat transfer coefficients, reduces thermal resistance of plastic wall and allows it to create light and compact design. Detailed study of fluid flow and heat transfer inside the hollow fiber showed that conventional approaches for single-phase laminar flow can be utilized. Poiseuille number equal to 64 and Nussel number about 4 are recommended to be used to predict pressure drops and heat transfer coefficient, respectively. Additional attention should be paid to careful determination of fiber diameter and liquid properties (viscosity). Scaling effects, such as axial heat conduction, thermal entrance region and viscous dissipation can be neglected. The study of outside heat transfer showed that heat transfer on fiber bunches are intense and are competitive to contemporary compact finned-tube heat exchangers. The Grimson approach showed clear correlation with experimental results and, thus is recommended to predict heat transfer coefficients on fiber bunches. Two types of fouling (particulate- and biofouling) of outer fiber surface were experimentally studied. It was found that particulate fouling by titanium oxide particles is not intense and deposits can be removed relatively easy. However, fouling is much more intense when it is associated with biofouling caused by wastewater. In this case, smooth and low-adhesive surface of plastic is not sufficient precaution to prevent deposit formation.

No description available.

No description available.

[pt] Vibrações induzidas por escoamento tem apresentado cada vez mais importância na indústria do petróleo. A vibração de colunas produção, somada aos ciclos normais de oscilação de temperatura e pressão dos poços, pode causar o desgaste dos diversos micro-componentes presentes no sistema. Uma potencial fonte de perturbação, em poços injetores, é a turbulência do escoamento formado por um jato que sai em alta velocidade da coluna de injeção e atinge a parede do revestimento. No presente estudo, investiga-se o efeito causado por jatos confinados no espaço anular formado por dois tubos concêntricos. A geometria assemelha-se àquela de um poço injetor, entretanto os números de Reynolds analisados são inferiores ao caso real. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar o comportamento desse tipo de escoamento sob diferentes condições, no que diz respeito a número de Reynolds, distância em relação a superfície e número de jatos presentes no espaço anular. O escoamento no interior do espaço anular foi caracterizado com a técnica de velocimetria por imagem de partículas com alta resolução temporal (time resolved PIV). O comportamento dinâmico das perturbações foi analisado e as estruturas espaciais mais relevantes foram estimadas utilizando a decomposição por modos próprios ortogonais. Os resultados mostram que na presença de dois jatos o escoamento o escoamento apresenta flutuações periódicas mais intensas, com frequências bem definidas, sugerindo um acoplamento dos jatos. Foram realizados experimentos para estimar os coeficientes de transferência de calor associados com esse escoamento. Para isso, foram realizados experimentos com aquecimento da superfície do tubo externo. Nos casos com jatos próximos a superfície, os resultados sugerem que ocorre uma redução da transferência de calor na região de estagnação do jato. / [en] Flow induced vibration has shown an increasingly higher relevance in oil and gas industry. The vibration of completion strings, plus normal cycles of wells, can cause premature failure of micro-components present in the system. Flow turbulence is a potential source of vibration for the system. In injection wells, the fluid flows from the inner pipe (completion string) towards the surface of the external pipes (casings). This flow frequently has a turbulent behaviour, due to the high flow rates employed. In the present study, flow resulting from jets in a confined annular space is investigated, for different parameters, including Reynolds number, pipe diameters and number of jets. The geometry resembles that of an injection well, however the Reynolds numbers analyzed are lower than the actual case. The flow field inside the annular space is characterized using time resolved PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) techniques. The dynamic behavior of the perturbations was analyzed and the most relevant spatial structures were estimated using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD). Results show that, in presence of two jets, flow exhibits intense periodic fluctuations, with well-defined frequencies This suggests the presence of a coupling between jets. Experiments are carried out to estimate the heat transfer coefficients associated with this flow. In the cases with jets close to the surface, results suggest that a reduction of heat transfer occurs in the region of jet stagnation.

Forced convective drying using a wind turbine mechanically connected to a ventilation fan was hypothesized for low cost and rapid grain drying in developing countries. The idea was tested using an expandable wind turbine blade system with variable pitch, at low wind speeds in a wind tunnel. The design was based on empirical and theoretical models embedded in a graphical user interface (GUI) created to estimate airflow-power requirements for drying ear corn. Output airflow (0.0016 - 0.0052 m3kg-1s-1) increased within the study wind speed range (2.0 - 5.5 m/s). System efficiency peak (8.6%) was observed at 3.5 m/s wind speed. Flow resistance was overcome up to 1m fill depth in 0.5 m x 0.5 m wide drying bin. Drying study at different airflow rates (no forced convection, 0.002 m3kg-1s-1 and 0.008 m3kg-1s-1) were conducted in a controlled environment at 35oC and 45% relative humidity with mean drying time; 40.3, 37.9 and 22.9 h respectively, that reduced with increasing airflow while drying the ear corn from 22% to 15% moisture content. The overall result supports the hypothesis that the wind convection system increased grain drying rates and should be further developed.